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Digestive System
digestive
61
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/13/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term



OTHER NAMES OF

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?

Definition



1. Alimentary canal

           2. Gastronintestinal syste

3. GI tract

Term

 

 

Breaking down found

mechanically & chemically

Definition

 

 

 

Digestion

Term

 

 

Elimination of waste from digestive

process

Definition

 

 

 

Defacation

Term

 

 

Movement of simple food substances from

GI tract into the blood

Definition

 

 

 

Absorption

Term

 

 

Use of simple food

substances by the cells

Definition

 

 

 

Metabolism

Term

 

 

What are the 4 functions of the

digestive system?

Definition

 

 

1. Digestion

  2. Defacation

  3. Absorption

  4. Metabolism

Term

 

 

 

Main organs of digestive system

Definition

 

-Mouth

-Pharynx

-Esophagus

-Stomach

-Sm. & lg. intestine

Term

 

 

Accessory organs of digestive system

Definition

-Teeth

-Tongue

-Salivary glands

-Liver

-Gallbladder

-Pancreas

-Appendix

Term

 

 

 

5 functions of the oral cavity/mouth

Definition

 

1. Ingestion of food

2. Mechanically digest food from chewing/mixing

3. Chemically digest carbs (CHO) w/ salivary amylase

4. Speech

5. Sense of taste

Term

 

 

Oral cavity

Definition

 

-Lined w/ mucous membranes

-Hard & soft palate=roof of mouth w/ uvula in center of soft

-Direct food/fluids into oropharynx to prevent

them going into nasopharynx & nasal cavity

Term

 

 

1.What is made up of skeletal muscle

& covered w/ mucous membrane?

 

 

2.What bone is it attached to?

Definition

 

 

1. Tongue

 

2. Hyoid bone

Term

 

 

 

What attaches tongue to floor of mouth?

Definition

 

 

 

Frenulum

Term

 

 

 

Sensory nerves for taste

Definition

 

 

1. Facial nerve

2. Glossopharyngeal

Term

 

 

Motor nerve for tongue movement

Definition

 

 

 

Hypoglossal

Term

 

 

Salivary glands

Definition

 

 

-Secrete saliva which moistens chewed food

-contains enzyme that digests CHO

(salivary amylase or ptyalin)

 

Term

 

 

 

3 pairs of salivary glands and where located

Definition

 

1. Parotid gland--largest---just below & in front of ears

 

2. Submandibular glands--posterior corners of mouth

 

3. SL glands--below tongue

Term

 

 

4 major types of teeth

Definition

 

1. Incisors (front teeth)

 

2. Canine (cuspids)

 

3. Premolars (bicuspids)

 

4. Molars (Tricuspids)

Term

 

 

 

What are the 2 sets of teeth

Definition

 

                  1. Deciduous (baby teeth)

                    -20 by age 2-2.5

                          -Cut 1st tooth-6 mos.

 

2. Permanent

                     -32 by age 17-24

                     -Cut perm.-6 yrs.

Term

 

 

 

Visible portion above gum

Definition

 

 

 

 

Crown

Term

1. Narrow portion surrounded by gum

 

2. Portion that fits into socket of jaw

 

3. Makes up bulk of tooth

 

4. Very hard substance that covers crown

Definition

1. Neck

 

2. Root

 

3.Dentin

 

4. Enamel

Term

 

 

1. Outer covering of neck & root of tooth

 

2. Lines socket & anchors tooth in place

Definition

 

 

1. Cementum

 

2. Periodontal membrane

Term

 

 

Inner portion of tooth made up of

connective tissue

-has blood, lymphatic vessels & sensory nerves

Definition

 

 

 

 

Pulp cavity

Term

 

 

 

Receives food from mouth

Definition

 

 

 

Oropharynx

Term

 

 

 

Connects to esophagus

 

-No digestion occurs here

-only swallowing

Definition

 

 

 

Larynogopharynx

Term

 

 

 

Coordinates swallowing action

Definition

 

 

 

Mendula oblongata

Term

 

 

 

Swallowing process

Definition

1. Bolus of food pushed into pharynx by tongue

2. Muscles in pharynx contract

3. Breathing stops momentarily

4. Soft palate & larynx elevate

(keeps food from entering lungs)

5. Epiglottis closes off larynx

6. Smooth muscles of esophagus begins to move bolus

Term

 

-10" long tube from pharynx to stomach

 

-smooth muscle in wall moves bolus to stomach

 

-mucous membrane lining -mucus lubricates

 

-0 digestion occurs here

Definition

 

 

 

 

Esophagus

Term

 

 

4 layers of wall of digestive tract

Definition

1. Mucosa

-mucus membrane lining w/ mucus that coats GI tract

2. Submucosa

-Connective tissue w/ many blood vessels & nerves

3. Muscularis

-Smooth muscle layer has longitudinal & circular fibers

4. Serosa

-Serous membrane covering of organs & peritoneum lining of abd. cavity

Term

 

 

 

Where is stomach located

Definition

 

 

Upper abd. cavity under diaphragm

 

-LUQ

Term

 

 

 

Function of stomach

Definition

1. Temporary storage tank of food

2. Mechanically digests-churns & mixes bolus to a thick creamy consistency=chyme

3.Chemically digests proteins

4. Produces intrinsic factor

-chem. needed for Vit. B12

5. Produces hydrochloric acid

-kills bacteria & softens meat fibers

Term

 

 

 

3 parts of the stomach

Definition

1. Fundus

-enlarged portion to lt. & above esophageal opening

 

2. Body

-Central portion of stomach

 

3. Pyloris

-lower narrow sections that connects to sm. intestin

Term

 

 

 

2 sphincters of stomach

Definition

1. Cardiac

-b/w esophagus & stomach

 

2. Pyloric

-b/w stomach & sm. intestine

Term

 

 

 

3 layers of smooth muscle in stomach

Definition

1. Longitudinal fibers

 

2. Circular fibers

 

3. Oblique fibers (diagonal)

Term

 

 

 

Functions of small intestines

 

 

 

Definition

1. Receives chyme from stomach

 

2. Chemically digests

 

3. Very little mech. digestion

 

4. Most abosorption occurs here

Term

 

 

 

Small intestine includes what 3 areas

Definition

 

1. Duodenum: 10-12"

 

2. Jejunum: 8'

 

3. Ileum: 11'

Term

 

 

 

When stomach empty

lies in folds called

Definition

 

 

 

Rugae

Term

 

 

 

Mucosa lays in circular folds called

Definition

 

 

 

Plicae

Term

 

 

 

Most of chem. digestion occurs

Definition

 

 

 

Duodenum

Term

 

 

 

What absorbs fatty acids, glycerol, fat soluble vit.

Definition

 

 

 

 

Lacteals

(lymph capillaries)

Term

 

 

 

3 functions of lg. intestines

Definition

1. Receives residue from sm. intestines

 

2. Absorption of H20 & dissolves substance like min./vit.

(natural bacteria in lg. intestine helps in synthesis of Vit k)

 

3. Elimination of undigested materials (defacation)

 

(2.5" diameter/5' long)

Term

 

 

 

Muscle b/w sm. intestine & lg. intestine

Definition

 

 

 

Ileocecal valve

Term

 

 

 

S-shaped that connects to rectum

Definition

 

 

 

Sigmoid colon

Term

 

 

 

Bend of colon b/w ascending & transverse colon

Definition

 

 

 

Hepatic flexure

Term

 

 

 

Bend of colon b/w transverse & descending colon

Definition

 

 

 

 

Splenic flexure

Term

 

 

 

2 sphincters of the anal canal

Definition

 

1. Internal anal sphincter

-smooth muscle

 

2. External anal sphincter

-anus-skeletal muscle

Term

 

 

Serous membrane that lines abd. cavity

& covers the organs in cavity

Definition

 

 

 

Peritoneum

Term

 

 

2 layers of peritoneum

Definition

 

1. Parietal layer

               -lines abd. cavity

 

2. Visceral layer

-line outer layer or covering of organs

Term

 

 

 

Organs outside of peritoneum

Definition

 

 

 

 

Retro peritoneal

 

ex. kidneys

Term

 

 

 

3 parts of extensions of peritoneum

 

Definition

1. Mesentery

-dbl layers fan-folded extension of peritoneum

-attaches to wall of abd. cavity & envelopes sm. intestines

2.Greater omentum

-attaches to lower edge of stomach & drapes over intestines (apron)

3. Lesser omentum

-lower edge of liver to upper curve of stomach

Term

 

 

 

Where is liver located

Definition

 

 

 

RUQ of abd.

-extends to lt.

Term

 

 

 

Functions of liver

Definition

1. Production of bile

2. stores excess glucose as glycogen

3. Processes a.a. for use by body & forms waste urea

4.Involved in fat metabolism-forms lipoproteins

5. process bilirubin

6. Synthesis of plasma proteins

(albumin, globulins, clotting factors)

7. Phagocytosis of old RBC

Term

 

 

 

2 ways metabolism is done

Definition

1. Catabolism

-Release of energy from food breakdown

 

2. Anabolism

-building food molecules into complex substances

Term

 

 

 

 

How are carbs metabolized

Definition

 

--Mainly catabolized for energy

--Glucose + O2 = energy

 

 

-if excess glucose-anabolized into glycogen

Term

 

 

 

How is fat metabolized

Definition

 

--Mainly catabolized for enery & anabolized for adipose tissue

-but produces waste (acid ketones)

fats (fatty acids & glycerol) + O2 = energy + acid

 

- if excess fatty acids & glycerol then-anabolized as adipose tissue

 

Term

 

 

 

How is protein metabolized

Definition

 

 

 

Anabolized

-for protein synthesis

Term

 

 

3 series of chemical reactions in glucose metabolism

Definition

 

 

1. Glycolysis

 

2. Citric acid (Krebs) cycle

 

3. Electron transfer system

Term

 

 

-Changes glucose to pyruvic acid

-Anaerobic

-sm. amt. of energy- generates 2 ATP

-Occurs in cytoplasm

Definition

 

 

 

 

Glycolysis

Term

 

-Changes pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide

 

-Aerobic

 

-yields lg. amt. of energy

 

-occurs in mitochondria

Definition

 

 

 

Citric acid (Krebs) cycle

Term

 

-T/f enery from high energy electrons (from citric acid cycle) to ATP molecules

 

-Aerobic

 

- Located in mitochondria

Definition
Term

 

 

 

Anabolic process of joining glucose molecules together in a chain to form glycogen

Definition

 

 

 

Glycogenesis

Term

 

 

 

Catabolic process of breaking apart glycogen chains

releasing individual glucose molecules for use in ATP

Definition

 

 

 

 

Glycogenolysis

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