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Digestive System
digestive system
119
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
05/04/2014

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Term
Organs of digestion
Definition
Alimentary canal or GI tract
Term
Accessory organs
Definition
helps alimentary canal
Term
GI tract organs:
Definition
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, anus
Term
pathway through GI tract:
Definition
oral cavity, esophagus,stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum,anus,anal canal
Term
parts of small intestine
Definition
duodenum-jejunum-illium (illiocecal valve) (DJI)
Term
parts of large intestine
Definition
cecum-ascending colon-transverse colon-descending colon- sigmoid colon)
Term
accessory organ names:
Definition
teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
Term
purpose of digestive system:
Definition
Acquire nutrients and water!!
Term
Digestion process:
Definition
ingestion, propulsion(swallowing and peristalsis), mechanical digestion(mouth,stomach,small intestine), chemical digestion(mouth,stomach,small intestine), absorbtion, defacation
Term
small intestine absorbs:
Definition
alcohol(80%) and nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fats) vitamins, electrolytes
Term
stomach absorbs:
Definition
alcohol (20%)
Term
large intestine absorbs
Definition
water and some electrolytes
Term
Peristalsis vs. segmentation
Definition
peristalsis= bolus moving down(propel!)! Segmentation(in small intestine)= churns and breaks up bolus to move down in segments(mixes)
Term
absorbed nutrients passed into:
Definition
veins! and then into the liver!
Term
Except for...
Definition
fats! THey're absorbed through lacteal ducts and circulate through the body before going to liver
Term
Histological organization of the Digestive System
Definition
aka. the layers of cell tissues!
Term
1. Mucosa layer (innermost layer)
Definition
true epithelium+ lamina propria+ muscularis mucosae
Term
2. Submucosa layer
Definition
has arteries, veins, nerves, lymph, etc.
Term
3. Muscularis mucosa
Definition
smooth muscle that changes shape of lumen. inner=circular smooth muscle, outer= longitudinal smooth muscle
Term
4. Serosa(mesothelium)or adventititia
Definition
visceral peritoneum
Term
Enteric nervous plexus
Definition
internal organs! controls digestion
Term
Submucosal
Definition
signals submucosal glands to secrete and musclaris mucosa to contract
Term
Myenteric
Definition
"muscles"= located between circular& longitudinal layers of muscularis externa, controls peristalsis and segmentation!
Term
4 basic mucosal types
Definition
protective/secretory/absorptive/absorbative protective

KNOW TYPE OF TISSUE AND WHERE IT'S LOCATED!
Term
Protective
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anal cavity)
Term
Secretory
Definition
simple columnar epithelium (secrets MUCUS!!! in stomach
Term
Absorptive
Definition
Simple columnar cells (absorbs nutrients in small intestine. has villi thats separated by Crypts!)
Term
Absorptive/Protective
Definition
Simple columnar cells (absorbs water/electrolytes and then switches to stratified squamous(protective)
Term
overall cell types
Definition
simple columnar for absorbtion, stratisfied squamous for protection
Term
DIVISIONS OF ALIMENTARY CANAL
Definition
Term
Oral cavity
Definition
1) vestibule and oral cavity
Term
vestibule
Definition
space between lips and alveolar ridge (gums)
Term
alveolar ridge
Definition
line between tooth and gum(if teeth were taken out)
Term
Frenulums
Definition
labial frenulum= lip to gum
lingual frenulum=tongue to floor of oral cavity
Term
roof of oral cavity formed by:
Definition
hard and soft pallate- hard pallate= maxillary and palatine bones
Term
salivary glands
Definition
under tongue(submandibular and sublingual duct), and along cheeks(parotid papilla) by ear!
Term
Lips/cheeks formed by what muscles?
Definition
orbicularis oris/ buccinator
Term
Soft palate has 2 lateral arches:
Definition
palatoglassal arch(palate to tongue) in front
Palatopharyngeal arch(palate to pharynx) behind! and palatine tonsils are in between those 2 arches
Term
TONGUE!
Definition
Term
covered in:
Definition
papillae (not taste buds)
Term
Filiform
Definition
"filament shape"- most numerous- pointed cones, no taste buds
Term
Fungiform
Definition
"fungus shape"- shaped like mushrooms, taste buds are under them
Term
Circumvallate
Definition
"around-wall"- circular wall shape, has taste buds within it.
Term
Foliate
Definition
folds on the side of a tongue
Term
Sulcus Terminalis
Definition
terminal groove- separates circumvallate papilla and lingual tonsil
Term
Fauces
Definition
opening between oral cavity and oropharynx. behind tongue!
Term
Borders of the fauces=
Definition
1) palatoglossal arch 2) uvula 3) sulcus terminalis 4ish) palotophyrengeal
Term
Tonsilar Ring
Definition
ring of protective tonsils in the oropharynx= palatine+ lingual tonsils.
Term
More on 3 salivary glands!
Definition
parotid/sublingual/submandibular
(what type of cells)
Term
paRotid
Definition
seRous cells- amylase and lysozyme
Term
sUblingual
Definition
MucoUs cells- for lubrication
Term
sUbMandibular
Definition
Serous and Mucous cells (both!)
Term
Teeth
Definition
2 incisors"incision-cut"/ 1 canine "dog" for tearing/ 2 premolars "before-molar"/ 3 molars "to grind"
Term
Innervations (symph and parasymph)to digestion
Definition
symph= greater/lesser/least splencnik! parasymph= vagus
Term
ESOPHAGUS
Definition
muscularis externa muscle
Term
upper 1/3
Definition
skeletal(voluntary)
Term
middle 1/3
Definition
mixed!
Term
inferior 1/3
Definition
smooth(involuntary)
Term
histology:
Definition
Term
lumen
Definition
is collapsed except when food goes through it
Term
mucosa layer
Definition
protective stratifies squamous epithlium
Term
submucosa
Definition
has mucus glands!! lubricates bolus of food
Term
external layer
Definition
is adventitia, not serosa
Term
where does the esophagus pass through diaphragm?
Definition
t10 (esophageal hiatus)
Term
cardiac sphincter
Definition
muscle fibers of diaphragm that serve as sphinctor
Term
STOMACH
Definition
site of chemical and mechanical digestion
Term
Regions of stomach (4)
Definition
Cardiac (attaches to esophagus), Fundus (part that goes above the entrance), Body, Pyloris (pyloric sphincter to prevent food from leaving stomach) "gate watcher"
Term
Greater/ Lesser curvature
Definition
known as greater/lesser omentum (outer and inner borders)
Term
Rugae
Definition
folds formed when stomach decreases in size
Term
Histology of stomach
Definition
Term
Gastric pits
Definition
lined by modified simple columnar cells "mucus secreting cells"! NO goblet cells here!
Term
Mucus neck cells
Definition
secrete mucus and line the neck of the gastric pits
Term
why mucus in the stomach?
Definition
protects it from digesting itself
Term
In fundus and body of the stomach, gastric pits have:
Definition
Gastric Glands!(3 types)
Term
Parietal cells
Definition
secrete HCl(acid hydrolizes food) and intrinsic factors(to absorb vit. b)
Term
Chief cells
Definition
secretes pepsinogen(protease) to breakdown proteins
Term
Enteroendocrine cells(G-cells)
Definition
internal organs+hormone secreting! secretes gastrin
Term
Gastrin is produced when:
Definition
food enters the stomach!
Term
Gastrin stimulates:
Definition
parietal cells to secrete HCl.
Term
Muscularis externa of stomach
Definition
has 3 layers of smooth muscle (1 extra layer to help churn food) innermost=oblique, middle=circular, outer=longitudinal
Term
Helicobacter pylori
Definition
causes ulcers!
Term
Exocrine vs. Endocrine
Definition
Exocrine= chemicals through a duct to a surface! Endocrine= hormones through circ system to other cells
Term
SMALL INTESTINE!
Definition
site for absorbtion of nutrients
Term
3 parts:
Definition
duodenum "intestine 12 digits wide", jejunum, ilium
Term
duodenum begins when?
Definition
right after pyloric sphinctor
Term
ilium ends when?
Definition
at ileo-cecal valve
Term
HISTOLOGY OF SMALL INTESTINE
Definition
specialized for absorbing nutrients
Term
Absorptive cells
Definition
modified simple columnar cells
Term
Lacteal essels
Definition
specialized ducts of lymph system to carry fat
Term
Goblet cells
Definition
mucus secreting cells
Term
Paneth cells
Definition
secrete lysozymes to break up bacteria- located at base of crypts
Term
Peyers Patches
Definition
aggregated lymphoid nodules (white patches)
Term
Plicae circularis
Definition
"circular folds" that increases surface area for absorption along with villi(on mucosa) and microvilli(on apical surface of cells)
Term
Crypts (of Lieberkuehn)
Definition
located in small intestine between adjacent villi
Term
muscularis externa has 2 layers
Definition
inner circular and outer longitudinal
Term
Brunners Glands
Definition
specialization in duodenum= mucus secreting cells in submucosa
Term
Enteroendocrine cells
Definition
food entering duodenum stimulates secretion of cholecystokinin and secretin
Term
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Definition
goes to gallbladder! signals gallbladder to CONTRACT and release bile into duodenum
Term
Secretin
Definition
goes to pancreas! stimulates pancreas to secrete digestive juices and bicarbonate into duodenum
Term
LARGE INTESTINE
Definition
site for absorption of water and elecrolytes
Term
6 parts:
Definition
cecum, ascending/transverse/descending/sigmoid colon, rectum
Term
where does LI begin?
Definition
ileo-cecal valve
Term
right colic flexure
Definition
Hepatic flexure- where ascending colon becomes transverse colon
Term
left colic flexure
Definition
Splenic flexure- where transverse colon becomes desceding colon
Term
vermiform appendix
Definition
extension of the cecum (worm-like)
Term
Taenia coli
Definition
"ribbons+colon" longitudinal smooth muscle of muscularis externa (3 bands cause the lumen to be triangle shaped)
Term
Haustra
Definition
pockets formed by contraction of taenia coli
Term
epiploic appendages
Definition
fat filled pouches that hangs from the colon
Term
villi in LI?
Definition
no! since maximum surface absorbtion isn't needed
Term
HISTOLOGY OF LI
Definition
specialized for absorbing water/electrolytes, and lubricating solid feces!
Term
absorptive cells
Definition
modified simple columnar cells for absorption
Term
goblet cells
Definition
a lot of them to keep things lubricated
Term
crypts (of lieberkuehn)
Definition
very deep
Term
abundant aggregated lymphoid nodules
Definition
in submucosa, not macroscopic, so not peyers patches!
Term
muscularis externa has 2 smooth muscle layers
Definition
inner circular and outer longitudinal
Term
longitudinal msucles are the:
Definition
taenia coli
Term
Rectum
Definition
becomes the anal canal after it passes the anal valve
Term
anal valve=
Definition
simple columnar epithelium becomes stratified squamous (epidermis)
Term
internal sphinctor vs. external sphincter
Definition
internal= smooth (involuntary)/ external= skeletal(voluntary) w/ help of levator ani
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