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Digestive System
General structure and functions
107
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/02/2009

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Cards

Term
Caries
Definition
Cavities in  the tooth enamel caused by plaque and bacterial buildup on the tooth
Term
Dysentery
Definition
Painful, bloody diarrhea due to an infectious agent
Term
Intussusception
Definition

Type of intestinal obstruction in which one part of the intestine constricts and gets pulled into the immediately distal segment of intestine; most commonly seen near the ileocecal junction.

 

Symptoms include bloody stools and severe abdominal pain

Term
volvulus
Definition

twisting or torsion of an intestinal segment around itself.

 

if left untreated obstruction of digestive material results and the segment necroses due to poor blood supply.

Term
What are the digestive organs
Definition

oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

 

 

Term
What are the accessory digestive organs
Definition

teeth

tongue

salivary glands

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

Term
Mechanical digestion
Definition
physcial breakdown of ingested materials
Term
Chemical digestion
Definition
enzymatic breakdown of molecules
Term
Propulsion
Definition
moves materials through the GI tract
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
moves materials from the mouth toward the anus
Term
Secretion
Definition
the production and release of fluids
Term
Absorption
Definition
the movement of transport of materials across the wall of the GI tract
Term
Vestibule
Definition
is the space between the cheeks or lips and the gums
Term
Oral cavity proper
Definition
lies central to the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae
Term
Fauces
Definition
represent the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx
Term
Palatine tonsils
Definition
monitor ingested food and drink for antigens, and initiate an immune response when necessary
Term
What are the three pairs of multicellular salivary glands
Definition

parotid

submandibular

sublingual

Term
Partoid Salivary Glands
Definition

are the largest

located anterior and slightly inferior to the ear

saliva is conducted thorough the parotid duct

 

Term
Submandibular Salivary Glands
Definition

are inferior to the body of the mandible

Produce most of the saliva

submandibular duct transports saliva from each gland through a papilla in the floor of the mouth

Term
Sublingual Salivary Glands
Definition

are inferior to the tongue and internal to the oral cavity mucosa

 

Term
Mucous Cells
Definition
secrete mucin, which forms mucus upon hydration
Term
Serous Cells
Definition
secrete a watery fluid containing ions, lysozyme, and salivary amylase
Term
The salivary glands are primarily innervated by  the
Definition
parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Term
Facial Nerve VII innervates
Definition
the submandibular and sublingual glands
Term
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX innervates
Definition
the parotid gland
Term
Dentition
Definition
teeth
Term
Dental Alveoli
Definition
are sockets within the alveolar processes of both the maxillae and mandible that the roots of the teeth fit into
Term
The roots, the dental alveoli, and the periodontal ligaments that bind the roots to the alveolar processes form
Definition
a gomphosis joint
Term
Cementum
Definition

each root of a tooth is ensheathed within this hardened material

 

(rough quarry stone)

Term
Enamel
Definition

forms the crown of the tooth

Hardest substance in the body

composed of calcium phosphate crystals

Term
Dentin
Definition

forms the primary mass of a tooth

comparable to bone but harder

 

Term
Mesial Surface of the tooth
Definition
is the surface closest to the midline of the mouth
Term
Distal Surface of  the tooth
Definition
is farthest from  the mouth midline
Term
Pharyngeal Constrictors
Definition

contract sequentially during swallowing

form the wall of the pharynx

 

Term
Tunics
Definition

a tube from the GI tract to the esophagus through the large intestine

 

Four layers:  mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and  the adventitia or serosa

Term
Vagus nerves (X) innervate
Definition
pharyngeal muscles
Term
Pharynx
Definition

innervated by the vagus nerve (X)

external carotid arteries supply blood

drained by the internal jugular veins

Term

Parietal peritoneum

 

Definition
the portion of the serous membrane that lines the inside surface of the body wall
Term
Visceral Peritoneum
Definition
the portion of the serous membrane that reflects to cover the surface of internal organs
Term
What cavity lies between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
Definition
Peritoneal cavity
Term
Peritoneal Cavity
Definition

a potential space where the peritoneal layers that face each other secrete a lubricating serous fluid.

 

The peritoneal cavity lubricates both the body wall and the internal organ surfaces

Term
Intraperitoneal Organs
Definition

stomach

part of the duodenum of the small intestine

jejunum

ileum of the small intestine

cecum

appendix

transverse colon of the large intestine

sigmoid colon of the large intestine

Term
Retroperitoneal Organs
Definition

most of the duodenum

pancreas

ascending and descending colon of the large intestine

rectum

Term
Mesenteries
Definition
are folds of peritoneum that support and stabilized the intraperitoneal GI tract regions
Term
Greater Omentum
Definition
extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of  the abdominal organs
Term
Lesser Omentum
Definition
connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver
Term
Hepatogastric ligament
Definition

runs from the liver to the stomach

part of the lesser omentum

Term
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Definition

runs from the liver to the duodenum

part of the lesser omentum

Term
Mucosa
Definition
composed of epithelium, and underlying lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae
Term
Submucosa
Definition

a dense irregular connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

 

 

Term
muscularis
Definition

usually has two smooth muscle layers

1) an inner circular layer

2) outer longitudinal layer

 

Term
Adventitia
Definition

the outermost covering

composed of areolar connective tissue with dispersed collagen and elastic fibers

Term
Serosa
Definition

composed of areolar CT

dispersed collagen

elastic fibers

covered by visceral peritoneum

Term
Esophagus deviates from the default pattern of the tunics in what way
Definition

its mucosa has a stratified squamous epithelium

its muscularis has a skeletal muscle in its superior region and smoothe muscle in its inferior region

Term
The stomach differs from the default pattern of the tunics in what way
Definition
its muscularis has three layers of smooth muscle not two
Term
The small intestine differs from the default pattern of the tunics in what way
Definition

it doesn't

 

it follows the basic default pattern of the tunics

Term
The large intesting differs from the default pattern of the tunics in what way
Definition
muscularis - the outer longitudinal layer of muscle forms three distinct bands called teniae coli
Term
What Blood vessels supply the abdominal GI track
Definition

celiac trunk

superor mesenteric artery

inferior mesenteric artery

Term
Lacteal
Definition
are responsible for absorbing dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins
Term
Esophagus conducts
Definition
swallowed materials from the pharynx to the stomach
Term
What are the three swallowing phases
Definition

1) voluntary phase - moves bolus into the pharynex

2)  pharyngeal phase - moves the bolus through the pharynx into the esophagus

3)  esophageal phase - conducts the bolus to the stomach

Term
Where do the mechanical digestion and the chemical digestion occur
Definition
in the stomach
Term
What are the four stomach regions
Definition

cardia

fundus

body

pylorus

Term
What is the stomach mucosa composed of
Definition

simple columnar epithelium

containing gastric pits and gastric glands

Term
The muscularis of the stomach has
Definition

three smooth muscle layers

1) inner oblique

2) middle circular

3) outer longitudinal

Term
Five types of secretory cells for the gastric glands
Definition

1) surface mucous cells - secrete mucin

2) mucous neck cells - secrete acidic mucin

3) parietal cells - secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

4) chief cells - secrete pepsinogin

5) enteroendocrine cells - secrete gastrin and other hormones

Term
GI tract autonomic plexuses
Definition

celiac plexus

superior mesenteric plexus

inferior mesenteric plexus

Term
Celiac Plexus
Definition

contains sympathetic axons from T5 -T9

 

parasympathetic axons form the vagus nerve

supplies structures that receive their blood suppy from branches of the celiac trunk

 

Term
Superior mesenteric plexus
Definition

contains sympathetic axons from T8-T12

 

Parasympathetic axons from the vagus nerve

transmits autonomic innervation to structrues that receive their blood supply from branches of the superior mesenteric artery

Term
Inferior mesenteric plexus
Definition

sympathetic axons from L1-L12

 

Parasympathetic axons from the pelvic splanchnic nerves supplies structures that receive blood from branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

Term
Parasympathetic innervation promotes what in the digestive system
Definition

promotes activity

stimulates gland secretion and peristalsis

relaxes the GI sphincters

induce vasodilation

increase blood flow

Term
Sympathetic innervation in the GI
Definition

inhibits digestive system activity

inhibits GI gland secretion

inhibits peristalsis

closes the GI sphincters

vasoconstricts the blood vessels

Term
Small Intestine
Definition
finishes chemical digestion and absorbs most of the nutrients
Term
The small intestine is divided into the
Definition
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Term
The large intestine
Definition
absorbs fluids and ions, and compacts undigestible wastes
Term
The large intestine is composed of the
Definition

cecum

ascending colon

 transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

rectum

anal canal

Term
The large intestine mucosa lacks ________ but contains ________________
Definition

villi

intestinal glands

Term
The outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis forms three discrete bands called
Definition
teniae coli
Term
The teniae coli cause the wall of the colon to bunch into sacs called
Definition
haustra
Term
The liver receives venous blood from the
Definition
hepatic portal vein
Term
The liver receives oxygenated blood from the
Definition
hepatic artery proper
Term
Liver functions
Definition

bile production

drug detoxificaiton

storage of nutrients and glycogen

synthesis of plasma proteins

Term
Gallbladder functions
Definition
stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver
Term
Pancreatic acini produce
Definition
pancreatic juice that neutralizes acidic chyme
Term
What controls the large intestine activity
Definition
local autonomic reflexes regulate large intestine movements
Term
Superior esophageal sphincter
Definition

the area where the esophagus and the pharynx meet

 

the sphincter closes during inhalation of air so the air enters the larynx and trachea instead

Term
Inferior esophageal sphincter
Definition
the orifice between the esophagus and the stomach
Term

Stomach

 

Cardia

Definition
is a small, narrow, superior entry way into the stomach lumen form the esophagus
Term

Stomach

 

fundus

Definition
is the dome-shaped region lateral and superior the esophageal connection with the stomach.  Its superior surface contacts the diaphragm
Term

Stomach

 

body

Definition
is the largest region of the stomach, it is inferior to the cardiac orifice and the fundus
Term

Stomach

 

pylorus

Definition
is a narrow, medially directed, funnel-shaped pouch that forms the terminal region of the stomach. 
Term
The hepatic ducts drain what into what
Definition
bile into a single common hepatic duct
Term
The cystic duct merges with
Definition
the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
Term
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct merge to empty their contents into the
Definition
dueodenum via the major deuodenal papilla
Term
Age-related changes in the digestive system lead to
Definition
reduced secretions and diminished absorption of nutrients
Term
The gut tube has a
Definition

superior foregut

central midgut

inferior hindgut

 

Term

Baby

 

Stomach formation begins by week

Definition
4 week of development
Term
Differential growth rates cause the
Definition
greater and lesser curvatures of teh stomach to form
Term
The liver, parenchyma, gallbladder, and pancreas develop from
Definition
endoderm outgrowths of the duodenum
Term
The small and large intestines form from the
Definition
midgut and hindgut beginning in week 5
Term
The ________ cells of the stomach secret hydrochloric acid (HCI)
Definition

Parietal

 

Term
Parietal cells also produce ________ _______ a molecule that binds vitamin B12
Definition
intrinsic factor
Term
Chief cells
Definition

synthesize and secrete enzymes -pepsin

 

Term
Enteroendocrine cells
Definition
secrete gastrin, a hormone that enters the blood and stimulates the secrtory activities of the chief and parital cells and the contractile activity of gastric muscle
Term
The small intestine is innervated by
Definition
the superior mesenteric plexus
Term
Biliary Apparatus
Definition
is a network of thin ducts that carry bile from teh liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
Term
Portal Triads
Definition

hepatic portal vein

hepatic artery

bile duct

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