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Digestion physiology
Digestion physiology
62
Anatomy
Professional
08/26/2012

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Term
Where are carbohydrates broken down
Definition
The mouth and small intestine
Term
Where are fats broken down
Definition
The mouth and small intestine
Term
Where are proteins broken down
Definition
Stomach and small intestine
Term
Digestion is controlled by what nervous system
Definition
Parasympathetic via the Vagus nerve
Term
What breaks down starch into polysaccharides
Definition
the release of ptyalin (salvatory amalyase) from CN 7 and 9
Term
What shuts off salvatory amalyase?
Definition
HCL in stomach
Term
When carbs reach the small intestine what are they broken down by?
Definition
pancreatic amalyase
Term
Where is pancreatic amalyase made?
Definition
pancreas
Term
How is pancreatic amalyase delivered?
Definition
through the pancreatic duct (duct of wirsung) to the second section of the duodenum through the ampulla of vata and the sphinctor of oddi
Term
What is does the amalyase break down the polysaccharide into?
Definition
disaccharide
Term
What are individual disaccharide enzymes broken down into monosaccharides by?
Definition
brush boarder cells
Term
Lactase is broken down into
Definition
lactose
Term
Lactose is broken down into
Definition
glucose and galactose
Term
Sucrase is broken down into
Definition
sucrose
Term
Sucrose is broken down into
Definition
glucose and fuctose
Term
Maltase is broken down into
Definition
maltose
Term
Maltose is broken down into
Definition
glucose and glucose
Term
The monosaccarides are absorbed and sent to __
Definition
the liver via the portal vein
Term
For the digestion of protein gastric glands give rise to
Definition
parietal cells (oxyntic cells) and chief cells (peptic cells)
Term
Chief cells produce
Definition
pepsinogen
Term
Parietal/oxyntic cells make
Definition
HCL, intrinsic factor for B12 absorbtion in the terminal ileum
Term
What is the purpose of HCL in the stomach
Definition
converts pepsinogen to pepsin which breaks down protein into polypeptides
Term
What makes mucous?
Definition
mucous neck cells or cardiac gastric cells
Term
What gives rise to gastic cells?
Definition
pyloric glands
Term
Gastric cells produce ___
Definition
gastrin which increase gastric secretions and motility and mucous
Term
When polypeptides reach the small intestine what converts trypsinogen into trypsin
Definition
enterokinase (brush boarder cells)
Term
When trypsinogen is converted into trypsin what is activated
Definition
all other proteolytic enzymes and then gets transported to the liver for digestion
Term
What protects the pancreas from digesting itself
Definition
trypsin inhibitor
Term
What can happen if trypsin inhibitor is blocked
Definition
acute pancreatitis
Term
What breaks down polypeptides in the small intestine
Definition
chymotrypsinogen
Term
What digests elastin fiber that holds meat together?
Definition
proteolastase
Term
What helps break into individual amino acids then gets sent to the liver?
Definition
carboxypolypeptidase
Term
what has enterocytes that are the brush boarders of the microvilli
Definition
crypts of liberkuhn
Term
What releases aminopolypeptidase and dipeptidase to break down poly and dipeptides into amino acids?
Definition
crypts of liberkuhn
Term
What do goblet cells produce?
Definition
mucous
Term
What starts the breakdown of fat
Definition
sublingual lipase (10%)
Term
How much fat is broken down in the stomach
Definition
none
Term
What causes the production of pancreatic lipase to break down fat?
Definition
cholecystokinin
Term
In response to fat the pyloric sphinctor is
Definition
closed by estrogastrone
Term
What effect does the Closing of the pyoloric sphinctor have on gastrin
Definition
inhibitory
Term
The inhibitory effect of gastrin causes the gallbladder to release ___
Definition
bile
Term
What does the effect of bile do?
Definition
increases the surface area of fats to be acted on
Term
What does bile create?
Definition
micelles
Term
What do micelles do with the fat
Definition
they carry digested fat to the microvilli of the lacteal glands for absorption
Term
Where is fat absorbed and in what form?
Definition
lymphatics in the form of chylomicrons
Term
Long chain fatty acids are absorbed in the ___
Definition
lymphatics
Term
Medium chain fatty acids are absorbed in the
Definition
portal system to the liver or lymphatics
Term
Small chain fatty acids are absorbed
Definition
in the liver directly through the portal system
Term
What is the mineral of B12
Definition
cobalt
Term
What needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed in the terminal ileum
Definition
methylcobalamin or cyanocobalamin
Term
What happens if there is a decrease of intrinsic factor in the stomach
Definition
pernicious anemia (macrocytic, normochromatic anemia) aka megaloblastic anemia
Term
What is the standard treatment of a decreased intrinsic factor
Definition
folic acid (B9/methylfolate) or B12 (methylcobalamin) injections
Term
What happens if a decreased intrinsic factor is left untreated?
Definition
posterolateral sclerosis of the spinal cord (combined systems disease)
Term
What can stop B12 absorbtion in the ileum?
Definition
fish tapeworm (diphyllobothrium latum)
Term
what are larger than normal cells
Definition
macrocytic megaloblastic
Term
What are cells of normal color
Definition
normochromatic
Term
what are cells of less color
Definition
hypochromatic
Term
What is the function of B12 or folic acid
Definition
to mature cells
Term
If an immature cell is larger than normal folic acid or B12 may
Definition
shrink the RBC through DNA synthesis (Macrocytic Megaloblastic anemia)
Term
If folic acid and B12 has nothing to do with hemoglobin it is
Definition
normochromic (sometimes boards only has Hypochromic)
Term
If the cell is iron or hemoglobin deficient it is
Definition
hypochromic
Term
if there is less iron it will cause less hemoglobin causing
Definition
microcytic (cell shrink)
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