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diabetes
diabetes
56
Anatomy
Graduate
05/23/2012

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Term
define diabetes mellitus
Definition
chronic metabolic disorder characterized with hyperglycemia caused by inadequate insulin production or utilization
Term
what size arteries are affected by diabetes
Definition
all size arteries are affected by diabetes
Term
are diabetic neuropathies peripheral or central
Definition
can be both
Term
if a patient has DM and there is a potential to have a silent MI, how can you find out when the patient's muscle/heart becomes ischemic
Definition
exercise testing
Term
what is macroangiopathy
Definition
pathology of large arteries, such as CAD, PVD, CVA
Term
what iis microangiopathy
Definition
pathololgy of small artieres such as in eyes, kidnesy, CAD
Term
what are effects of DM
Definition
macroangiopathy, microangiopathy, peripheral neuropathies, autonomic nervous system abnormalities such as silent MI, circulatory problems
Term
what are circulatory problems of DM
Definition
skin breakdown, poor wound healing, decreased distal hair growth, decreased ability to feel distal pulse, decreased perfusion to distal digits gives inaccurate oxygen saturation levels
Term
what type of energy requires glucose
Definition
anaerobic energy
Term
when does the anaerobic energy system kick in
Definition
at the beginning and at the end of exercise
Term
what is the function of blood glucose
Definition
blood glucose gives us an immediate energy source through anaerobic metabolism
Term
what happens when we have an opverabnundance of blood glcuose
Definition
glucose can be stored in the liver and muscle in the form of glycogen
Term
what happens when we don't have enough blood glucose
Definition
our body encourages the transfer of glycogen from muscle/liver into blood as glucose.
Term
in particular, what 2 things will encourage thte transfer of muscle/liver glycogen into blood glucose
Definition
glucagon, catecholamines
Term
besides encouraging transfer of muscle/liver glucagon into blood gclucose, what else do catecholamines do
Definition
increase heart rate and contractility in exercise
Term
what molecule increases the storage of glucose as glycogen
Definition
insulin
Term
what do diabetic medications do
Definition
they do the job that our endogenous insulin does, which is to take glucose out of the blood and put it into storage as glycogen
Term
if you take glucose out of the blood, does the blod's glucose increase or decrease
Definition
decrease
Term
what are signs/symptoms of diabetes
Definition
polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss plus casual plasma glucose >200mg/dL
Term
what is fasting glucose plasma and what should it be
Definition
fasting without food for 8 hours, <126 mg/dL
Term
what should your 2 hr plasma glocse be
Definition
<200 mg/dL
Term
describe type I DM
Definition
autoimmune destruction of inuslin producing panreatic beta cells. Little to no endogenous insulin production. Survival dependent on exogenous insulin therapy
Term
what is another term for type I DM
Definition
insulin dependent diabetes mellitis
Term
what is another term for type II DM
Definition
non insulin dependent diabetes mellitis
Term
which type of diabetes usually presents later in life
Definition
type II
Term
what are risk factors for DM
Definition
obesity, family history, lack of exercise
Term
is endogenous present in type II dm
Definition
yes
Term
what happens in dm type II
Definition
hyperglycemia increases rate of hepatic glucose production because cells are insulin resistant
Term
what is ketosis
Definition
too many ketones in the blood. Caused by breakdown in muscle tissue. Rare in type ii dm
Term
describe treatment of DM
Definition
individualized, education, diet changes, oral hypoglycemic agents, insuli therapy, exercise, pancreas and islet cell transplant
Term
what are treatments for type I
Definition
short, intermediate, and long acting insulin; continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump; implantable pump
Term
what are type II treatments
Definition
diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin
Term
what should be considered in diabetes and exercise
Definition
exercise intensity, type duration; type of insulin used; injection site; time between injection and exercise; time between last meal and exercise
Term
can exercise improve DM enough that some patients don’t need meds
Definition
yes
Term
what happens if a person injects insulin into their quads and then does leg extensions
Definition
increased bloodflow will help carry insulin to body faster. Could cause hypoglycemia
Term
if glucose is <70, wath should diabeteic patient do before exercising
Definition
have a snack
Term
when glucose is >250, should a dm patient exercise and why
Definition
no. when we exercise, we create lactic acid. The increased acidity in the blood combined with a very high blood sugar can create undesired symptoms
Term
when muscles are exercising, can they take up glucose out of the blood as quickly
Definition
no
Term
if you start with hyperglycemia in exercise, what will happen
Definition
glucose will be released by the liver and it will exceed peripheral utilization. You will get excessive mobilization of free fatty acids, which will lead to ketoacidosis, which will lead to coma or death
Term
how do patients feel with hyperglycemia
Definition
blurred vision, lethargy, altered mentation, impaired balance
Term
what should you do if a patient is hyperglycemic
Definition
have them take their insulin
Term
what causes hypoglycemia with exercise
Definition
inadequate food before exercise; injected insulin near exercising muscle; exercising at time of peak insulin effect; delayed hypoglycemia after exercise
Term
what should a patient do who experiences hypoglycemia with exercise
Definition
eat something sugary
Term
what are advantages of exercise for patients with DM (this could be on exam)
Definition
weight loss, enhanced glucose utilization by muscles, decreased plasma glucose in NIDDM for 12-16 hours, improved fitness, modified CV risk factors
Term
what are cardiovascular factors to consider with DM
Definition
silent MI/angina, higher mortality rate with acute MI (2x in males, 3x in females); deaths from cardiac pump failure, arrhythmias occur 1-2 months after MI; 2x risk of VF; HTN twice as prevalent; atherosclerotic heart disease and hypertension lead to heart failure; orthostatic hypotension; blunted HR response to exercise; peripheral vascular disease can lead to amputation; stroke more likely
Term
pulmonary factors with DM
Definition
increased infection; sleep-related breathing problems; mild abnormal PFT's
Term
what are PT considerations for Dm
Definition
monitor HR, BP,blood glucose; no exercise if >250; no exercise if <80 = eat snack and recheck; may adjust insulin to lower dose after a period of training; keep snacks readily available; target HR 50% max; fluid replacement; good footwear/hygiene/inspection; never exercise alone; medical ID; DM and amputtations
Term
what are the units for BMI
Definition
kg/m^2
Term
what BMI is underweight
Definition
18.5 or less
Term
what BMI is normal
Definition
18.5-24.9
Term
what BMI is overweight
Definition
25-29.9
Term
what BMI is obse
Definition
30-39.9
Term
what BMI is extremely obese
Definition
40 or greater
Term
what additional physical attribute other than weight and height can indicate risk of diseaes
Definition
waist circumference greater than 40 in for men or greater than 35 in for women
Term
what is a health hip to waist ratio for men
Definition
0.90
Term
what is a healthy hip to waist ratio for women
Definition
0.85
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