Term
| Do kidneys superimpose more in dogs or cats? |
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Definition
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Term
| What influences serosal detail? |
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Definition
| it is the opacity between organs. Influenced by intra abdominal fat (falciform fat, retroperitoneal, mesenteric, omental) and contents of abdominal organs; ie gas |
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Term
| Do younger or old animals have better seroal detail? Why? |
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Definition
| Older animals have better detail b/c they have more white fat. Brown fat has a high fluid content and hinders detail |
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Term
| [image] where is each arrow pointing? |
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Definition
dark red- gastric fundus
light green- RT kidney
blue - left kidney
yellow- colon
orange- SI
grey- spleen
black- liver
light red- pylorus |
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Term
| [image] Where are the arrows pointing? |
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Definition
yellow- mesentric fat
purple- retroperitoneal fat
light blue- fat in falciform ligament |
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Term
| [image] Describe the finidng |
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Definition
| Normal abdominal rad of a fat cat, arrows pointing to large fat deposits |
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Term
| [image] Describe the finidngs |
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Definition
| Normal lateral abdominal rad of 8 week old puppy. Less detail is present b/c higher amount of brown fat |
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Term
| [image] Is this a normal or abnormal rad? |
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Definition
| NORMAL. This is a thin dog (greyhound or whippet) lack intra abdominal fat |
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Term
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Definition
1. craniodorsal
2. cranioventral
3. mid abdomen
4. caudodorsal
5.caudoventral |
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Term
| [image] regional descriptors |
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Definition
A- left cranial
B- right cranial
C- middle
D- dorsal |
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Term
| [image] Describe the location of the mass |
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Definition
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Term
| Radiographic signs of peritoneal fluid (3) |
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Definition
1. poor abdominal contrast; homogenous soft tx/fluid opacity
2. border effacement of liver, bladder
3. retroperitoneal space is normal- kidneys visible |
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Term
| Conditions that may cause peritoneal fluid |
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Definition
1. neoplasia (melanoma, carcinomatosis, peritoneal seeding-splenic neoplasia)
2. pancreatitis
3. free urine or bile
4. intestinal perforation |
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Term
| Ground glass appearance is characteristic of ... |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a "swirling snow storm" effect on a live US indicate (in terms of peritoneal fluid)? |
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Definition
| chronic; cells and protein create the white snow effect |
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Term
| What do seaweed fonds" on a live US indicate (in terms of peritoneal fluid)? |
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Definition
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Term
| [image] dog comes in HBC whats going on? |
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Definition
Fracture of L6
free intra abdominal fluid
intestines distributed throughout the abdomen
could be ruptured bladder or heamorraghe |
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Term
| How do you tell the difference between transudate and exudate on US (in terms of peritoneal fluid) |
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Definition
transudate should be more acellular and appear anechoic
exudate has increased protein content and cells so it is echogenic |
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Term
| What is the diagnostic of choice to differentiate between a hemorrhage or free urine when rads indicate peritoneal fluid? |
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Definition
| Positive contrast radiography!! DO NOT JUST TAP THESE. you may hit an enlarged spleen and mistakenly diagnosis hemorrhage. Can use US guided aspiration if you do this. |
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Term
| Three causes of uroperitoneum? |
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Definition
| rupture of bladder, rupture of ureters within the peritoneal cavity, rupture of the urethra |
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Term
| [image] What rad feature is demonstrated by these arrows? |
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Definition
| Ground Glass appearance, typically of peritonitis. this case wsa pancreantitis |
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Term
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Definition
| Bladder rupture (positive contrast study) contrast has leaked into the abdominal cavity . When preforming these take the catheter to the ischium not the abdomen, this will help you catch intra pelvic urethras. |
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Term
| 4 causes of peritoneal hemorrhage |
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Definition
| ruptured spleen, ruptured liver, avulsed blood vessel, erosion of a vital structure by a neoplasma |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of serosal detail due to peritoneal hemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
| Peritoneal hemorrhage. Blue- fibrin clot. Yellow is fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Retroperitoneal Mass with soft tx opacity. lack of renal definition. arrows indicate ventral displacement of the colon |
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Term
| [image] Which is a dog liver, which is a cat? |
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Definition
| Left is dog, right cat. Arrows show normal gastric axis, use gastric axis to determine liver position.These are normal rads. Only caudal ventral liver margin is visible. NOTE gastric axis varies in dog breeds. |
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Term
| Describe liver US protocol |
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Definition
probe at xiphisternum
angle cranio dorsally
fan from left to right to image entire liver. if liver is SMALL, need to scan intercostally |
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Term
| T/F on US of dog gallbladder, you can see the bile duct and common bile ducts |
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Definition
| FALSE. GB is anechoic, rounded or pear shape. ducts cannot be seen. [image] |
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Term
| [image] label the sagittal sonogram |
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Definition
star- liver
red- spleen
light bulb- gallbladder
yellow - diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| hepatomegaly, line indicates displacement of gastric axis |
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Term
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Definition
| hepatomegaly, line indicates displacement of gastric axis |
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Term
| What do you have to remember to check on possible hepatomegaly rads? |
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Definition
check if inspiratory or expiratory
inspiratory diaphragm pushes liver caudally |
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Term
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Definition
| mild hepatomegaly, this is inspiratory rad so liver looks more displaced caudally. Gastric axis is normal here. this might just be a fatty dog, check US before panicking |
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Term
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Definition
| rounded liver edge indicated hepatomegaly. here is normal for comparison [image] |
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Term
| What is the best way to determine liver size? |
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Definition
| Rads. US is very difficult to determine |
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Term
| [image] Rule Outs for a diffusely hypOechoic liver? (3) |
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Definition
| Lymphoma, congestion, acute hepatitis |
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Term
| [image] Rule outs for diffusely hypERechoic liver? (6) |
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Definition
| hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroid, non-specific hepatopathies, fatty infiltration, cirrhosis, lymphoma (rare) |
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Term
| [image] rule outs for multiple nodules; |
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Definition
hyperplasia, metaplasia, haematomas (can be from rat poisoning or truama) primary liver neoplasia, cirrhousis
FNA is required, can sedate animal to prevent damage and rupture into abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
| Liver target lesion, most likely secondary metastatic lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| Small nodule liver from cirrhosis |
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Term
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Definition
Microhepatica (PSS)
-liver is within the costal arch
-stomach axis is displaced cranially (arrow) |
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Term
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Definition
positive contrast injected into mesenteric vein; by passed the liver and passes through patent ductous venous to the CVC.
This is an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt |
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Term
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Definition
d- bile duct
l- liver
g- gallbladder
the marked distension of the bile ductis due to pancreantitis or neoplasia (bile duct carcinoma) or infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Choleith in GB, with acoustic shadowing |
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Term
| What is a normal dog breed variation of the spleen? |
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Definition
| GSD spleen can go as far as the bladder and still be normal |
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Term
| Physiological cause of splenomegaly |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Splenomegaly. Splenic tail is large , extends along the florr of the abdomen. Lost triangle shape but still sharply defined. Would also look like this if patient was sedated up |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal spleen. arrow points to tail |
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Term
| where is the head of the spleen located on a VD? |
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Definition
| lateral to fundus of the stomach [image] |
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Term
| Describe splenic echotexture |
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Definition
| hyperechoic, densely pakced, granular |
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