Term
| What 5 stages of society did Marx identify? |
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Definition
| primitive community, slave state, feudal state, capitalist system, socialist society. |
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Term
| Define Mechanical Solidarity |
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Definition
| As defined by Durkheim - is primitive, is based on a strong collective consciousness (kin ties, religion, etc.). There is a low division of labour, laws are harsh, intense, rigid, and the deviant are severely punished. |
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Term
| Define Organic Solidarity |
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Definition
| as defined by Durkheim - typified by large populations, distributed in specialized roles in many diverse structural units. Reveal high degrees of interdependence among individuals and corporate units with exchange, legal contracts, and norms regulating these interrelations. The collective consciousness becomes more enfeebled and abstract |
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Term
| What key aspect of 'modern societies' did Weber identify? |
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Definition
| rationality - deliberate, matter of fact calculations of the most efficient means to accomplish a particular task |
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Term
| Who proposed binaries between traditional and modern communities? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who designed the take-off model? |
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Definition
Rosteau
- a character of Marx theories of development |
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Term
| Who is a key intellectual of dependency theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Andre Gunder Frank say modernization theory does not consider? |
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Definition
Colonialism.
Dependency theory is a cultural critique - it says stop blaming the victim |
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Term
| How did Tonnies refer to traditional community |
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Definition
Gemeinschaft
- small
-geographically based
- homogranous
- intimate connections, often familial
- self-reliant with regard to meeting the vast majority of social, political, economic, institutional needs
- stable - membership consistant
- exclusive |
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Term
| How does Tonnies refer to modern urban society? |
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Definition
Gesellschaft
- individuals guided by self interest
- people adopt a contractual attitude cooperating only as much as required
- social relationships are impersonal, superficial, and fleeting |
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Term
| What are the 5 stages of the take off model |
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Definition
traditional society,
preconditions for take off (commercial exploitation of agriculture and extractive industry),
take off (development of a manufacturing sector),
drive to maturity (development of wider industrial and commercial base)
high mass consumption (exploitation comparative advantages in international trade)
SEE DIAGRAM IN WEEK 5 |
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Term
| What 2 types of societies did Andre Gunder Frank identify |
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Definition
metropolitan - rich colonial powers
satellite - weaker |
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Term
| Name 2 postdevelopment theorists |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Isbister assert? |
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Definition
| That economic growth in advanced capitalist countries created the third world poverty in its wake. The cause of continuing poverty is therefore the failure of the third world to break its ties with the rich capitalist countries |
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Term
| What does deterritorialization and supraterritoriality mean? |
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Definition
that
- distance becomes almost irrelevant
-boundaries are increasingly permeable
- groups and cultures increasingly don't have a territorial basis (deterritorialization)
- a new kind of non-physical'place is emerging (supraterritoriality - transcends territories) |
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Term
| What does an empowerment approach assert? |
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Definition
| Is grounded in the conviction that poor people themselves are invaluable partners for development, since they are the most motivated to move out of poverty. Nobody has more at stake in reducing poverty than poor people themselves |
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Term
| What is the concept of 'poor people's agency?' |
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Definition
| Embedded in a culture of inequality, poor people need a range of assets and capabilities to influence, negotiate, control, and hold accountable other actors in order to increase their own well-being. These assets and capabilities can be individual or collective. Because power is multidimensional, so are these assets and capabilities. |
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Term
| What 2 phrases does Arjun Appadurai use to capture the collective aspects of psychological empowerment among impoverished groups |
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Definition
'terms of recognition' and 'capacity to aspire'
- both are characteristics embedded in social groups and determined by their collective cultural experience. Unless poor people fight to change their terms of recognition as a group, opportunities will bypass them. |
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Term
| Define 'Capacity to Aspire' |
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Definition
Defined as the forward-looking capacity of individuals and groups to envision alternatives and to aspire to different and better futures. If a person cannot conceive better times, he or she is unlikely to take action towards that end. Generating the capacity to envision a different future is therefore an important part of intervention.
The rich have a greater capacity than the poor |
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Term
| Differences between development and modernization |
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Definition
| with empowerment, development does not require outside intervention or import of western norms or attitudes. It also moves away from the association of tradition as static or negative. |
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Term
| Discuss the green revolution in India |
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Definition
- applied modern western-type farming techniques to developing countries to icnrease food production - used High-Yielding varieties of seeds (HYV)
- HYV must be used with inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, credit facilities, machinery, price support, etc.
- tractors introduced to replace water buffalos, land consolidation, improved communication
- led to conflicts between the Sikhs and Hindus |
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Term
| What did Bauman contribute to modernization theory? |
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Definition
| Said that traditional traits of third world societies were thought to dissolve through contact with modernity. |
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Term
| How does modernization theory consider culture |
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Definition
Assumes that culture, viewed as the 'essence' of a society, rather than institutions or structural conditions, is responsible for the failure to develop, and that Western cultural values are superior to those of other societies.
If culture is a form of collective thinking, it presents a barrier to rational economic calculation necessitated by 'modernization' because of the way it allegedly consists of optimistic, self interested, calculative individuals, for whom modern culture provides a framework to act freely and respond to market incentives.
In summary, modernization approach assumes that Third World cultures are a barrier to modernizatino - Yousifi, Week 5 reading1. |
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Term
| How do post development thinkers perpetuate dichotomies of tradition/modernity? |
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Definition
| They use the same concept of bounded culture by interpreting development processes not only as the western imposition of capitalism on the 'third world' but also as cultural imperialism, irrevocably destroying indigenous cultures and identities. The binary is reversed, the local and traditional become the valued and authentic counterweight to a western modernity seen purely in negative terms. |
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Term
| How does globalization call into question conventional ways of viewing culture? |
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Definition
1) Alternative ways of development - the East Asian Miracle - have become known
2) recognition that the boundaries of cultural systems are leaky, and that traffic and osmosis are the norm, not the exception. |
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Term
| What is anthropology's view of culture? |
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Definition
| suggests that culture, as a cement of 'sociall organization' can be harnessed for positive social and economic transformation, particularly through the ways in which power relations and individual agency with within a society. By positioning a group within the social hierarchy, culture provides the means for high status groups to maintain their superior position, whereas for those at the low end, it can limit aspirations, create discrimination, and block mobility. Culture is therefore fundamentally linked to the perpetuation of inequality. |
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Term
| What are informal constraints as defined by Yousifi |
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Definition
| sanctions, taboos, customs, traditions and codes of conduct within institutions. Informal rules change only gradually |
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Term
| What are formal rules as defined by Yousifi |
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Definition
| constitutions, laws, property rights as codified in institutions. Formal rules can be changed overnight |
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Term
| How does Douglass North view culture |
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Definition
econmically - culture as communities of common ideologies and a common set of rules that they all believe in - a practical way of life that responds to changes in price and costs, drawing the economic system along with it.
North argues that it is by the development of the rule of law and the protection of civil and political freedoms that developing countries can achieve long-term economic growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| pg 20-21 of course week 5 reading 1 |
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Term
| Hofstede defined culture as 'the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes members of one human group from another'. What four 'universal categories of culture' around which programming occurs did he identify? |
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Definition
-individual-collective
- power-distance
-uncertainty avoidance
-femininity-masculinity. |
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Term
| What do organizational scholars believe? |
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Definition
| hold that the theoretical principles underlying and explaining organizational behaviour is universal |
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Term
| What do culturalists in the context of management believe? |
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Definition
| that management practices in developing countries are rooted in local cultural values. |
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Term
| Who is the author of 'Becoming a Development Category'? |
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Definition
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Term
In 'Becoming a Development Category' the author describes how bikas projected what?
what had it replaced? |
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Definition
materialism as human salvation, the sole source of happiness, emancipation, and redemption from hunger and poverty.
It appeared to have replaced a traditional Hindu conception of devotion and duty, and as a channel to salvation |
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