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Development of the head and neck
N/A
85
Anatomy
Graduate
02/29/2012

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Cards

Term
Paraxial mesoderm is present in what form?
Definition
Somitomeres and somites
Term
What is formed by paraxial mesoderm?
Definition
Posterior portions of the cranial base and cranial vault, skeletal muscles of the craniofacial region, dermis, connective tissue, and caudal meninges
Term
What is formed by lateral plate mesoderm?
Definition
Laryngeal cartilages and other connective tissues
Term
What is formed by neural crest cells?
Definition
Pharyngeal arches and some facial skeletal structures, sensory ganglia of CN V, VII, IX, and X
Term
When do pharyngeal arches first appear?
Definition
Fifth week of development
Term
How many pairs of pharyngeal arches exist during development?
Definition
Six though 5th is rudimentary or absent in humans
Term
What separates the pairs of phayngeal arches?
Definition
Externally by pharyngeal clefts and internally by pharyngeal pouches
Term
What are the different components of each pharyngeal arch
Definition
Skeletal, muscular, nervous, and arterial components
Term
What makes up the first pharyngeal/mandibular arch?
Definition
Maxillary process, mandibular process, stomodeum (joins fronotonasal prominence to form the face around the primitive oral cavity)
Term
The cartilage of the first pharyngeal arch is known as what?
Definition
Meckel's cartilage, also forms the malleus, incus, and anterior ligament of the malleus of the inner ear and the sphenomandibular ligament
Term
What skeletal bones are formed by the first pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Maxilla, premaxilla, zygomatic bone, and squamous part of the temporal bone
Term
What muscles are formed by the first pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric, tensor veli palatini, and tensor tympani
Term
What is the nerve of the first pharyngeal arch?
Definition
CN V (trigeminal n.)
Term
Which branch of CN V (trigeminal n.) innervates the muscles derived from the first pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Mandibular division (V3)
Term
What is the name of the cartilage derived from the second pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Reichert's cartilage
Term
Reichert's cartilage gives rise to what structures?
Definition
Stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, and the lesser horn and upper part of the hyoid bone
Term
What muscles are formed by the second pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Muscles of facial expression (including buccinator), stylohoid, posterior belly of the digastric, and stapedius
Term
What is the nerve of the second pharyngeal arch?
Definition
CN VII (facial n.)
Term
What branch of CN VII (facial n.) carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Definition
Chorda tympani branch
Term
What is formed by the cartilage of the third pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Lower part of the body and greater horn of the hyoid bone
Term
What muscles are derived from the third pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Stylopharyngeus
Term
What innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Definition
CN IX (glossopharyngeal n.)
Term
Cartilage that forms the larynx is derived from which pharyngeal arches?
Definition
4th and 6th pharyngeal arches
Term
What muscles are formed by the fourth pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Muscles of the soft palate (excluding tensor veli palatini), muscles of the pharynx (excluding stylopharyngeus), and cricothyroid muscles of the larynx
Term
What innervates soft palate and pharynx muscles formed by the fourth pharyngeal arch? What innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
Definition
Pharyngeal branch of CN X (vagus n.) and external laryngeal branch of CN X (vagus n.) respectively
Term
What muscles are formed by the sixth pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx (excluding cricothyroid)
Term
What innervates the muscles formed by the sixth pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Recurrent larungeal branch of CN X (vagus n.)
Term
Outpocketings of the pharyngeal wall internally separating pharyngeal arches are known as what?
Definition
Pharyngeal pouche
Term
What is another name for the first pharyngeal pouch?
Definition
Tubotympanic recess
Term
What is formed by the first pharyngeal pouch?
Definition
Primitive tympanic cavity and auditory (Eustachian) tube, contributes to tympanic membrane
Term
What is formed by the second pharyngeal pouch?
Definition
Palatine tonsil and part of the tonsillar fossa
Term
What is formed by the third pharyngeal pouch?
Definition
Inferior parathyroid gland by dorsal portion and thymus by ventral portion
Term
What is formed by the fourth pharyngeal pouch?
Definition
Superior parathyroid gland by dorsal portion and the ultimobranchial body by the ventral portion which gives rise to parafollicular (C) cells
Term
What structure is formed by the four pairs of pharyngeal clefts?
Definition
External auditory meatus from the first cleft only
Term
What temporary cavity is formed by pharyngeal clefts 2-4?
Definition
Cervical sinus
Term
What plugs the external auditory meatus from months 3-7?
Definition
Meatal plug
Term
What forms the auricle?
Definition
The mesenchymal proliferations known as auricular hillocks from the first and second pharyngeal arches
Term
What remnant of the cervical sinus is located laterally along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Definition
Lateral cervical cyst or branchial cyst
Term
When does development of the face begin?
Definition
Fourth week
Term
What structures form the face?
Definition
The five facial primordia - frontonasal prominence, two maxillary prominences, and two mandibular prominences
Term
What ectodermal thickening invaginates to form the nasal pit?
Definition
Nasal placode
Term
The two medial nasal prominences merge to form what?
Definition
Intermaxillary segment
Term
What is formed by the intermaxillary segment?
Definition
Philtrum of the upper lip, portion of the maxillary alveolar process carrying the four incisor teeth, primary plate
Term
The medial nasal and maxillary prominences fuse to form what?
Definition
Upper lip
Term
What forms within the nasolacrimal groove between the lateral nasal and maxillary prominences?
Definition
Nasolacrimal duct which connects the lacrimal sac to the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity
Term
What forms the dorsum of the nose?
Definition
Frontonasal prominence
Term
What forms the sides of the nose?
Definition
Lateral nasal promineces
Term
What forms the crest and tip of the nose?
Definition
Medial nasal promineces
Term
Where does the oronasal membrane break down?
Definition
Future site of the incisive canals, forms the primitive choanae
Term
What forms the lower lip?
Definition
Mandibular prominences
Term
What forms the secondary palate?
Definition
Lateral palatal shelves which are outgrowths from the maxillary prominences
Term
What is a potential cause of deficient neural crest migration and proliferation causing facial clefts?
Definition
High doses of retinoic acid (vit A)
Term
A failure of the maxillary and medial nasal prominences to fuse causes what defect?
Definition
Cleft lip
Term
When does the first pharyngeal arch form the anterior 2/3 (body) of the tongue?
Definition
When the lateral lingual swellings overgrow the tuberculum impar
Term
When does the third pharyngeal arch form the posterior 1/3 (root) of the tongue?
Definition
When the tissues from the third pharyngeal arch overgrows 2nd pharyngeal arch tissues in the copula
Term
What forms the extreme posterior part of the tongue?
Definition
Epiglottic swelling of the fourth pharyngeal arch
Term
What provides GSA innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Definition
Trigeminal nerve
Term
What provides SVA taste innervation for the tongue?
Definition
CHorda tympani branch of CN VII along with the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve (V3)
Term
What provides GVA and SVA taste sensation for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Definition
CN IX (glossopharyngeal n.)
Term
What innervates the extreme posterior portion of the tongue?
Definition
Superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
Term
Tongue muscles develop from what structures?
Definition
Occipital somites
Term
What innervates tongue muscles?
Definition
CN XII (hypoglossal n.)
Term
Describe ankyloglossia
Definition
Insufficient tissue degeneration results in short lingual frenulum that extends tot he tip of the tongue
Term
What makes the site of thyroid gland development?
Definition
Foramen cecum
Term
What connects the thyroid primordium to the foramen cecum as it migrates to its final position?
Definition
Thyroglossal duct, may cause a thyroglossal cyst or aberrant thyroid tissue
Term
The skull develops from what sources?
Definition
Paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells
Term
Viscerocranium is considered what part of the skull?
Definition
Facial skeleton
Term
The neurocranium is considered what part of the skull?
Definition
Enclosure which supports and protects he brain
Term
What are the different portions of the neurocranium?
Definition
Flat bones forming the sides and the roof are the cranial vault, floor of the neurocranium is the cranial base
Term
What is another name for the skullcap?
Definition
Calvaria
Term
How is bone formed in the cranial base?
Definition
Endochondral ossification (chondrocranium)
Term
How is bone formed in the cranial vault?
Definition
Intramembranous ossification (desmocranium)
Term
What is the landmark that separates the chondrocranium from neural crest cell and paraxial mesoderm origin?
Definition
Hypophyseal fossa
Term
Growth of the cranial base occurs at what landmarks?
Definition
Synchondroses (cartilaginous joints) and sutures
Term
Growth of the cranial vault occurs at what landmarks?
Definition
Sutures and fontanelles
Term
True or false, the neonatal brain more than doubles in volume during the first two years.
Definition
True
Term
Premature fusion of sutures is known as what?
Definition
Craniosynostosis
Term
What are the consequences of craniosynostosis?
Definition
Restricted growth causes compensatory overgrowth at the remaining open sutures
Term
The most common form of craniosynostosis due to early fusion of the sagittal suture causing a narrow skull is known as what?
Definition
Scaphocephaly
Term
What causes trigonocephaly?
Definition
Wedge shaped deformity of the forehead due to premature fusion of the metopic suture
Term
What causes oxycephaly?
Definition
"Tower skull" results from bilateral coronal suture fusion
Term
What causes plagiocephaly?
Definition
Neurocranial and facial asymmetry due to unilateral premature fusion of the coronal and/or lamboidal sutures
Term
What are some effects of midfacial hypoplasia?
Definition
Abnormally small nasal and nasopharyngeal air spaces, results in difficulty breathing, difficulty eating due to malocclusion, possible impaired hearing
Term
What causes exopthalmos/proptosis?
Definition
Protrusion of the eyeball due to decrease in volume of the orbit - obitostenosis
Term
What gene defects may cause craniosynostosis?
Definition
Mutations in genes for fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR2 & FGFR1)
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