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| War with Nepal 1814-1815; war with Burma 1824-1826; War with Afghanistan 1839-1842. Goal - total British dominance of the Subcontinent |
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1814-1815
Reasons:
1. Need for Nepalese Sal trees to make good railroad ties
2. It was good land to grow tea
3. Monitor Russian movements
war declared because Nepalese sheep herders invaded Company territory |
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| March 4, 1816. Peace treaty between British and Nepalese. Reduced the size of Nepal |
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1824-1826.
Reasons:
1. Burmese were cold to British overutres
2. Irawady delta was good for growing rice, could help feed cotton-growing India
3. Burmese teak for furniture
4. Create a Contigous coastline
War started over Shapuri Island, small island only existed in low tides, fisherman were on it |
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1826.
Burma lost territory, paid British £1 million, accept British court resident |
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| Result of War with Afghanistan |
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| Russians stay north, British South, Amir of Afghanistan a compromise |
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| Provisions of the Charter Act of 1813 |
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1. BEIC charter extended
2. British sovereignty over Company's possesions
3. Monopolies granted before were withdrawn
4. Restricted size of army
5. Sent a Bishop and 3 archdeacons
6. Missionaries allowed
7. 100,000 rupees granted to "study knowledge in India" |
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| 1828-1835 Utilitarian, liberal gov. gen. Charter renewed under him. educated women |
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1. All company's provisions were withdrawn
2. All-India character for the Government rather than provinces (political rule)
3. created a legislative council
4. Appt of a law commisioner
5. No discrimination by birth or color |
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Transfer of civil servants
Restrictions on allowance
Restricted opium trade
Introduce English in schools
Suppression of Sati
Public works programs |
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| Mutiny against British rule, widespread but failed uprising |
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| Causes of the Mutiny of 1857 |
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Appointment imperialist GG George Ramsay Earl of Dalhousie (1848-56)
2. Doctrine of lapse
3. Abolition of titles and pensions
4. Increased missionary activity/threatened Hindus
5. Inequality of pay in the military
6. Oversees assignment
7. Immediate: Greased cartridge - pig/cow fat |
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| Reasons why Mutiny of 1857 failed |
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1. Mutiny was localized in cities in the North
2. Lacked central leadership
3. lacked mass base - not much nationalism
4. Opposition of Maharajas & landlords
5. British were well equipped
6 "lucky year for the British"
7. Sikhs supported British |
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| Results of the Mutiny of 1857 |
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British gave the EIC a bill for £110 milion for troops
EIC could not pay the bill, taken over by british
British knew the company couldn't pay it
everything remained the same under a "new boss" |
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| GG 1880-1884. Catholic. Utilitarian. Idealist. 1880 Repealed the Vernacular Press Act. 1881 passed the resolution on Local Government, 1883 Bengal Tenancy Act |
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Founded 1885
Three phases:
1. 1885-1906 Constitutional Phase - Ended with 'Surat Split' and the birth of the Muslim league
2. 1906-1919 Militant Phase ended with jalianwalabagh massacre
3. 1919-1947 Gandhian Phase, ended with India/Paki split |
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| British Civil servant who helped Indian peasants, but eventually outstayed his welcome as a help to the Indians, resigned "his failue was his sucess" Indians needed room to grow |
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| GG George Nathaniel Curzon |
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1898-1905. imperialist, wanted to kill the IN congress. targeted religion as a dividing point.
saw Bengal as a good target, split it up "gerrymandering" |
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| 1905 - focused on local products, benefitted Indian business, Gopal Krishna Gokhale |
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| Started 1906, first goal to be loyal to the British |
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| INC - if the majority of the minority opposes something it is vetoed |
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| 1906 Occured at the session in Surat. Radical wing lead by B.G. Tilak and moderate led by Gokhale |
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| 1746-1794. created the Asiatic society, translated sanskrit |
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| 1823-1900. German philologist studied sanskrit |
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| Impact of Western education, British system of educatioin, spread of western insitutions like social clubs, spirit of inquiry not emoirzation like sanskrit/arab ed., Challenge posed by christ. missionaries on the success of schools. Result: western schools more pop than trad. ones |
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| Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy 1744-1833 from Calcutta. Argued that Hinduism witnessed around the empire was not the Tru hinduism, tur Hinduism is through the Vadas. "One goal" Society founded 1830. Order of service (christian concept), meet Tuesday and read sanskrit, redainf from scripture, rejection of priesthood. Hindu examingin itself from within |
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Sec. of the Samaj 1850-56. Gave emphasis to social reforms:
1. Improvement of the condition of women
2. Education of working class (untouchables)
3. Producing inexpensive religious and secular literature
4. Temperance and charity
Work towards civil marriage - civil marriage act of 1872 |
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Subsidiary of the Brahmo S, prayer society, worked with the framework of hinduism but with protest, Observed Hinu custom not religion, did not think the vedas were infallible. Social reforms:
rerefjection of caste system
widow remariagge
eradication of purdah and child marriages
education of women |
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1875, Dayananda Sarasrati founder, from affluent famly, framed constitution of th AS,
1. Vedas alone authoratative
2. Everyone pays 1% of income for literature
3. Vedas should be taught to all- readless of caste etc.
opposed Child marriage - men 25, w 16
5. favored inter-caste marriages
6. Introduced the cermony of Sudhi |
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| 1897, Ramakrishna Parahamsa 1836-1886, many forms of God 1 god w/ many names, Swami Vivekanonda 1862-1902 started a monastic order 1897. |
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Muslim reaction to the Hindu Renaissance, created the aligarh School modeled after Eton and the Aligarh Muslim University modeled after Oxbridge. Broad themes, ed/soc reform:
1. foster understanding between the British and the Muslims
2. Encourage the Muslims to embrace eng. ed
3. Abstain from the politics of aigtaion
4. Produce an intellectial class among the Muslims |
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| 1909, on paper it increased Indian representation on paper in the INC |
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| Har Dayal and the Ghadr movement |
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| means mutiny movement, thought they should fight, wanted weapons, cooperated with germans during ww1, British had him arrested sent to DC |
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| equivalent to Patriot act, during ww1 |
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| sent him to study shit, never mean an indian, proposed a set of litigation, court changes, new defintion of evidence, punjab did not react well to the Rowlatt Bills |
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| 17 April 1919, park surrounded by buildings, only one narrow entrance/eit, about 6,000 people there, 50 gurkhas, took 1600 bullets only 71 did not hit people |
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| 1869-1948, "Great Soul," not particularlly bright growing up, learned law in England, learned about discrimination as a legal interpreter in S. AFrica, created Satyagraha, influenced by Tolstoy, Ruskin, thoreau; said that violence was better than cowardice, spent 233(3)8 days in prison, gave him time to think and write, became a pulic servant in 1897, never held office, |
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| Gandhi's method of nonviolent conflict resoultion, influenced by Tolstoy, Ruskin, Thoreau |
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| 1889-1964, moderate, socialist, rationalist, historian, first prime minister, only spoke english. |
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| 1897-1945 (?), Revolutionary, wanted to gain independence, preferably by violent means, led Azad Hind and sided with Germany durin ww2 |
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| 1891-1956, Harijan untouchable cause. Was a doctorate in England, lawyer in Germny, still untouchable in India. Preferred british to Indian (caste) rule, advocated minority rights |
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| 1876-1956, Muslim Cause, Anglophile, loved cigars |
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| Nationwide Salt Satyagraha |
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| 1935, salinet features - communal electorate and princely states |
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| Gandhi's act with the untouchables |
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| Muslim Leauge won only 4.8% of the toatl Muslim vote, Jinnah lost faith in electorate process |
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| Prince of Wales and Repulse |
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| Sunk 10 December 1941, two ships were supoosed to protect India Burma and the asian colonies |
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| 15 February 1942, 85000 british australian indian troops japs invade burma |
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| formed August 1942, 40,000 Indian pows quipped by japanese and Germans, led by Bose, declared Azad Hind free India in exile recognized by Axis |
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| Stafford Cripps sent to india on Roosevelt's insistence because he wanted support of the INdian people, failed |
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| 8 August 1942, proposal for british to vacate india, induce anarachy, so Indians would want Britian back |
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| Hated Japs, oversaw the british changover to Indians |
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| 16 August 1946, massive death toll, Muslims acting on the suggestion of Jinnah to fight for Independent Muslim state |
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reaction to imperialism,
1. Blend of taioist/confucian popular belifs
2. Sueprstious beliefs
3. Emphasis on physical fitness
were poor, wanted to take out anger on foreigners slogan "Support the Ching. Exterminate the foreigners" |
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| "Righteous and Harmonious Band" - united the many separate groups of boxers |
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| 27 May 1900 I Ho Tuans attack of Pekin-Tientsin Railway, June 20 1900 Empress dowager tzu Hsi declaration of war on foreingers |
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| Allied forces (boxer rebellion) |
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| Japanese, Russian, British, American, French, Italians, Austrians. Germany fought separately. |
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| Provisions of Boxer Protocol |
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| war indemnity of 450 million taels to be paid over 39 years at 4% interest customs duty collateral, punishment of boxers, destruction of defensive structures, |
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| born Canton 1894, from the south, grew up in Hawaii and western educated, tried to overthrow the gov't of canton in 1895 then fled to London. 1905 formed the Chinese United League (KMT) in Japan, organized 8 failed plots before 1911, declared president of the republic of China 1 January 1912. Three Principles nationalism, democracy, people's livelihood. Eventually succumbed to the cult of personality |
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| 9/10 October 1911 Wuchang uprising, engineering battalion rose up and defeated the first troops, Ching army was not used to uprising from the south, , Sun Yat Sen declared president but gave power to Tuan Shih kai |
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given power of the new Chinese republic by Sun Yet Sen, military background, died in 1916, Sun's offer:
1. Shift capital to Nanking
2. Accept provisional constitution, abolish monarchy give 3 years to restore unity, 4-9 years training in constiutional methods, 10th year free elections, died 1916
China was till basicaly controlled by foeigners, he new it.
After he died, period of warlord rule |
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| Chinese march about Versailles |
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| 17 November 1918, 6000 students, a nationalist event |
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| 1870-1942, started a magazine called "new youth," radical, anti-establishment, emphasized: be independent, not servile, progressive, not conservative, comsmoplitan not isolationist, utilitarian not impractical, scientific not visionary. Emphasized youth and was anti-confucius |
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| 1891-1962, educated in the US, emphasized pragmatism, humanism, nationalism, scientific. methods of thought, emancipation of women. Started the "Plain language movement" wanted to remove flowery, class-system status-based characteristics of the language. Advice - "Go West" |
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| "New tide" magazine for university students, 1918 appointed "fiery youmg Mao zedong as library assistant |
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| December 1937, 300,000 chinese killed |
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| Greater East Asia Co-prosperity sphere |
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| Formally proposed August 1 1940, supported asian nationalist movements, Japan wanted to control asia like britain, both islands, "asia for asians," installed a bunch of puppet leaders in India Burma Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, China, and Manchukuo (Machuria/korea) |
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| Young Men's Buddhist Association, founded in Burma in 1906 |
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| British refused to take off their shoes when entering Buddhist temples |
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| 1936, Burmese Nationalism, Thakin was what Vietnamese called whites, equivalent to "master" Burmese began calling themselves Thakin |
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| Burmese nationalist leader, fled to Thailand to escape the British, worked with the Japanese and S.C. Bose in 1942 when they invaded, then started secret negotiations with Mountbatten in 1945, won elections in 1948, Burma independent 1948 |
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| Indonesian upper class, educated elite, supported the dutch, children studied in Netherlands |
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| Burmese nationalist leader, fled to Thailand to escape the British, worked with the Japanese and S.C. Bose in 1942 when they invaded, then started secret negotiations with Mountbatten in 1945, won elections in 1948, Burma independent 1948 |
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| Indonesian upper class, educated elite, supported the dutch, children studied in Netherlands |
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| little people, lower class, indonesian "untouchables" |
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| 1908, students in newly founded indonesian medical school started modern political organization, demanded more participation in government, and spoked malaysian because it was less hierarchical linguistically than javanese, dissolved in 1935 |
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| Indonesian equivalent of the Muslim league founded in 1912, started by the wong cilik, wanted more participation, was anti-chinese merchant class |
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| 1914, Indonesian communist party, he was Dutch |
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| In its 1917 congress refused to reject capitalism, foreign bad, Indo-capitalism good. |
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| 1924, goal to solve social problems through self-help, |
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| Sukarno and the Indonesian Nationalist Party |
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| 1927 formed from the Study club, goals were mass organization and non-cooperation with the Dutch, 1940 "imprisoned," 1942 released by Japanese, made head of Jap advisory board, 1946 captured by Dutch, UN outraged, released on 27 Dec 1949 Indonesia granted independence same day |
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| wasn't ordained because he wasn't spanish, started a native religious brotherhood "St. Joseph and the Virgin" executed in 1841, some consider him the first nationalist |
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| Illustrados and the Propaganda movement |
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| educated Philippine elite, interested in tagalog cultural nationalism and Pre-Spanish history |
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1861-1896, famous exponent of the propaganda movement, A wealthy mestizo (Chinese father and Philippino mether) – educated in Jesuit schools – couldn’t enter the Order, 1882 went to Madrid to study medicine.
1886 Published a novel Noli Me Tongere (Touch me not)
Church branded the book as “heretical, impious, offensive and scandalous, 2nd novel El Filbussterimo (The eign of Greed) drew on experiences with peasants, both in spanish, 1892 returned to Philippines and startedLiga Fillipino encourage participation in the civil service
branded anti-national and and exhiled to |
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1892, founded Jose Rizal, nonviolent civic society. Goals:
1. Unite the archipelago into a comapct unit
2. Mutual hep
3. Defense against organized violence
4. Encouragement of education, agriculture, and commerce
5. study and application of reforms |
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| Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan |
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| In Rizals, absense radicalism grew, Bonifacio and Anguiralo organized Katipunan secret society, favored radical change and revolution, Rizal goes to Cuba in protest, Revolt as soon as Rizal left, Rizal was blamed, executed in 1896, Katipunan resembled Nationalist army. Jan 1898 Aginaldo accepted cash and amnesty in exchange for voluntary exile in Hong Kong. |
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| Spanish American War/ Treaty of Paris |
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| 1898, America purchased Philippines for 20 mil. Taft's goal was to train them for their own government. |
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| Philippines during World War II |
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| 1943 Japanese invaded, Philippinos switched loyalty to Japanese. Americans forgave them after recapture in Oct 1944. Granted independence 1946 |
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