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| American feeling after civil war – fostered a desire to stay out of foreign entanglements (George Washington’s warning) - some urged abolition of the foreign service because it might lead to involvement in the struggle’s of the world’s great powers – President’s had no training in languages or diplomatic relations. But in the 1870’s – they took an increasing interest in abroad events. |
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| the imposition of control over other peoples through annexation, military conquest, or economic domination. Americans weren’t interested in this – but they were interested in expansion beyond the country’s borders, like in California and Oregon. |
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| formulated by German biologist Ernst Haeckel suggested that the development of the race paralleled the development of the individual. Primitive people were thus in the stages of childhood, and they needed supervision and protection. |
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| Josiah Strong – Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis |
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| a congressional minister and expansionist – suggested the strength of developing ideas – overseas missionary work, the book called on foreign missions to civilize the world under the Anglo-Saxon races – argued for expanding American trade and domination. Trade was important because the desire for material things was a hallmark for civilized people, and so was the Christian religion. So Americans could civilize inferior races around the world. |
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| relating to the nations of North, South, and Central America, collectively or in cooperation with one another. Blaine and Harrison focused on this, and created the Pan-American Union, for the exchange of general information – political, scientific, and cultural knowledge, promoted trade and other agreements. |
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| served briefly as secretary of state under Garfield, and laid extensive plans to establish closer commercial relations with Latin America, wanted to find Caribbean markers for American goods, he made a hemispheric system of peaceful intercourse, arbitration of disputes, and expanded trade, also wanted to annex Hawaii. He wanted reciprocity – divert Latin American trade from Europe to the U.S. – resulted in greater exports of flour, grain, meat, iron, and machinery. |
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| after Lord Salisbury – the British foreign secretary repudiated the doctrine as internal law - Cleveland defended it, he asked Congress for authority to appoint a commission to decide the boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana (Cleveland sided with Venezuela), and enforce its decision. Britain made a treaty to divide the territory. |
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| Crossroads of the Pacific |
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| Hawaii islands, trading ships stopped there. |
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| strong-willed nationalist, she was resentful of white minority rule and decreed a new constitution that gave greater power to native Hawaiians. Americans revolted and marines were sent ashore, in 3 days, the bloodless revolution was over and they set up a provisional government. |
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| Feb 14, 1893, treaty was signed to annex it but Senate refused to ratify it because there were only 2 weeks left in Harrison’s term, and Cleveland withdrew it and returned the queen to power, but the provisional gov. established the Republic of Hawaii. It was finally annexed in 1898. |
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| 3000 miles to the south of Hawaii, offered a strategic location along the sea-lanes of the south pacific, senate approved a treaty granting a naval station there, tension between Germany and G. Britain, they all wanted the islands, they made an agreement to divide them between the U.S. and Germany, and give Britain lands elsewhere in the pacific. |
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| main fore behind the new navy – strategist – industrialism produced vast surpluses of goods for which markets must be found – distant ports – required a large merchant marine and powerful navy to protect it. |
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| sensationalist reporting practiced mainly by a handful of newspapers IN NY that were eager to increase sales. |
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| “Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!” |
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| an explosion tore through the hull of the Maine in Havana, 266 people died, this was the new slogan that people chanted outside of the White House under McKinley. Americans blamed it on Spain. McKinley asked Spain to declare an armistice, end the re-concentration policy and move toward Cuban independence. |
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| offered by Colorado senator Henry M. Teller, pledged that the U.S. had no intention of annexing Cuba. |
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| Spanish-American war, over after 10 weeks, few Americans died and it was a quick victory, at the start U.S. was unprepared military-wise, the army sucked, their guns had a puff of smoke that gave away their position, food and sickness were problems. |
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| Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Infantry |
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| ¼ of invasion force of Cuba was black, served with exceptional gallantry in the war. |
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| served with distinction campaigns against the Indians in the west, a troop of the 9th was stationed in Virginia, but whites protested and they were ordered back to the west. |
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| Sixth Massachusetts Regiment |
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| took part in the invasion of Puerto Rico – only black volunteer unit to see action in the Caribbean. |
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| Military Information Division |
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| a sign of the increasing professionalization of the army, had detailed diagrams of Spanish fortifications in Havana and other points. |
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| commander of the Asiatic Squadron in Hong Kong – crushed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, so now Manila and the Philippines were within American grasp, he was a hero; he sank 8 Spanish warships. M & P surrendered. |
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| troops stormed the strong fortifications at the hill, defenders held back the army, Roosevelt rallied troops to take Kettle Hill, next to SJ Hill. |
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| losses were heavy, dense trees hid the enemy and smokeless powder gave no clue to their position, the Spanish defenders withdrew, and U.S. prepared to counter. |
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| army troops met little resistance in capturing it, when Spain’s battle fleet sunk, Spain was helpless against attacks on the colonies/shores, the war was over. Spain ceded PR to U.S. |
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| American reps demanded the cession of the Philippines, in return, the U.S. paid $20 million. December 1898 it was signed. |
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| Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, Samuel Gompers, Thomas B. Reed, Mark Twain |
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| argued forcefully against annexing the Philippines, they said it violated the very principles of independence and self-determination on which the U.S. was founded. Gompers was worried about ‘half-breeds and semi barbaric people’ who might undercut wages and the union movement, they didn’t want assimilation of other races. |
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| 1898 – opponents of expansion formed it to fight against the peace treaty, claimed 30,000 members, membership was centered in new England, enlisted more democrats than republicans, they were weakened because they didn’t have a coherent program. |
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| 4300 American lives and 50,000-200,000 Filipino lives. |
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| leader of the Filipinos, early organizer of the anti-Spanish resistance, he worked for American victory because he was sure the U.S. would grant independence, established local governments with appointed provincial governors, warfare broke out over the question of Filipino independence. Shifted to guerilla tactics, U.S. tortured people and burned homes, starved many into submission. |
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| prominent Ohio Judge – McKinley sent a special Philippine commission to the islands under him, they were directed to est. a civil government, Taft was named civilian governor of the islands after they captured Aguinaldo. |
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| established civil government in Puerto Rico, organized the island as a territory, made its residents citizens of PR, and empowered the president to appoint a governor general and council to serve as the upper house of the legislated, and the lower house of delegates would be elected. |
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| (to the new Cuban constitution) – stipulated that Cuba should make no treaties with other powers that might impair its independence, acquire no debts that it couldn’t pay, and lease naval bases such as Guantanamo to the U.S., and it empowered the U.S. to intervene in Cuba to maintain orderly government. |
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| public health campaign, army surgeon – wiped out yellow fever. |
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| China was weakened by years of warfare, and so Japan, England, France, Germany, and Russia divided parts of it up into the spheres, and forced China to grant concessions that allowed them rights to develop particular areas and threatened U.S. hopes to trade exclusively with it. |
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| Secretary of State John Hay |
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| addressed identical diplomatic notes to England, Germany, Russia, France, Japan, and Italy, asking them to join the U.S. in establishing the Open Door Policy |
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| urged 3 agreements: 1) nations possessing a sphere of influence would respect the rights and privileges of other nations in that sphere, 2) the Chinese government would continue to collect tariff duties in all spheres 3) all nations would not discriminate against other nations in levying port dues and railroad rates within their respective spheres of influence. |
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| in Peking (Beijing) – 1900 – a secret intensely nationalistic Chinese society called the boxers tried to oust all foreigners from their country. They drove them into their legations and penned them up for 2 months. The U.S. joined Germany and Britain to send troops to lift the siege. Hay made sure to reform the Open Door policy to reflect preserving China’s independence. |
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