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DAA
Test 1
73
Anatomy
Graduate
09/18/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cell Signaling
Definition

Paracrine signaling

 

Juxtacrine signaling

 

Direct transmission of signal between cells via gap junctions

 

Term
Induction
Definition

Epithelial: mesenchymal interations

 

Epithelial: epithelial interations

 

Inducer intities

 

Responder responds: must be competent to respond

 

Cross-talk: required for each to continue process

Term
Paracrine signaling
Definition

1. diffusible proteins trave short distances to target cell

 

2.bind to specific targetvia receptor molecules

 

3. act via signal transduction pathways

 

4.ultimate intracellular target is transcription factor.

 

5.transcription factors activates or inhibits specific gene expression

 

6. families of paracrine signaling molecules

Term
Families of paracrine signaling molecules
Definition

FGF- Fibroblast Growth Factor

 

Wnt- related to Drosophila wingless

 

hedgehog

 

TGFβ- transforming growth factor β

Term
Juxacrine signaling
Definition

-acts over shorter distances

 

1.non-diffusible factors

 

2.protein on cell surface of one cell interacts wih receptor on adjacent cell

 

3.ligands of extracellular matrix secreted by one cell interact with receptors of adjacent cells

Term
Ichthyosis
Definition
excesive keratinization of skin
Term
Anomalies
Definition

Albinism

 

Ichthyosis

 

Hair

 

Mammary Glands

Term
Albinism
Definition
melanocytes don't produce melanin
Term
Hair (anomalies)
Definition

hypertrichosis: excessive hair; localized or general

 

atrichia: absencce of hair

 

Term
Mammary Glands
Definition

polythelia: extra nipples

 

polymastia: extra breasts

 

inverted nipple: failure of mammary pit to evert

Term
Skin Derivatives
Definition

* form interactions between ectoderm (epidermis) and mesenchyme (dermis)

 

Hair

 

Glands

Term
Hair (skin derivitives)
Definition

Epidermal contributions (from hair buds)

 

Dermal contributions

 

Lanugo

Term
Epidermal contributions
Definition

hair shaft

 

epidermal root sheath

 

sebaceous glands; secrete oily sebum

 

Term
Dermal contributions
Definition

dermal root sheath

 

arrector pili muscle

 

hair papillae with nerve and blood vessels

Term
Lanugo
Definition
first hair; shed at birth
Term
Glands
Definition

Sweat glands

 

Mammary glands

Term
Sweat glands
Definition

Eccrine: most common; solid downgrowth from epidermis then canalizes

 

Apocrine- found mostly in axilla and pubic regions; downgrowth of epidermis in junction with hair formation; duct opens into hair follicle

Term
Mammary glands
Definition

Mammary ridge: thickened epidermal band from axilla to groin

 

Mammary buds: in thoracic region of ridge; penetratede dermis to for ducts and glands

 

Mammary pit: depression in surface epithelium; site of opening of lactiferous ducts at birth

 

Nipple formed by proliferation of mesenchyme surrounding pit; appeaars postnatally

Term
Skin
Definition

Epidermis

 

Dermis

Term
Epidermis
Definition

1. Initally single layer of ectoderm

 

2. two layers during month 2

 

3.multiple layers develop during second trimester from basal layer

 

4.melanocytes from neural crest

 

5.Periderm lost by end of second trimester and definitive layers of epidermis are all present and serve as protective barrier between fetus and amniotic fluid

 

6. vernix caseosa

Term
Dermis
Definition

1. Corium: upper layer forms dermal papillae; lower part forms reticular dermis

 

2. from mesoderm

 

3. from neural crest ectoderm- head and neck

Term
from mesoderm
Definition

a. trunk

 

(1) dorsal from dermatomes of somites

(2) lateral and ventral from lateral mesoderm

 

b.limbs from lateral mesoderm

Term
Vernix caseosa
Definition

a. outer covering present at birth

 

b. secretion from sebaceous glands, degenerating cells and hairs

 

c. protects skin from amniotic fluid

Term
2 layers of epidermis in month 2
Definition

a. periderm

 

-flattened, superficial

-during first trimester may take part in exchange of water, sodium and glucose between fetus and amniotic fluid

 

b. basal (germinative)

 

-layer that will give rise to additional layers

Term
Skeletal System Origins
Definition

A. mesenchyme

 

B. paraxial mesoderm

 

C.somatic mesoderm

 

D. neural crest

 

E. types of bone formation

Term
Mesenchyme
Definition

*embryonic connective tissue*

 

1. pluripotent cells

 

2. may come from a variety of sources

(a) most from mesoderm

(b) from nerual crest (ectoderm)

Term
Paraxial mesoderm (Somite development)
Definition

*somitomeres and somites*

 

a. segmentation of paraxial mesoderm; during third week

 

b. develop in rostral-caudal direction for 2-3 weeks; total of 42-44 pair

 

c. subdivisions

Term
Subdivisions of somite development
Definition

(1) sclerotome: bone (vertebrae)

 

(2) dermatome: dermis of the skin

 

(3) myotome: skeletal muscle

Term
Types of bone formation
Definition

1. Intramembranous: flat bones of head and face

 

2. Endochondral: most of skeleton; cartilage model

Term
Skull Formation
Definition

A. Neurocranium

 

B.Viscerocranium

Term
Neurocranium
Definition

1. Vault

 

2.Base

Term
Neurocranium Vault
Definition

*by intramembranous ossification

 

a. mostly from neural crest mesenchyme

 

b. flat bones separated by connective tissue sutures (frontanelles)

 

c. frontal, parietal and part of occipital bones

 

Term
Neurocranium Base
Definition

*by endochondral ossification

 

a. neural crest and paraxial mesoderm (somitomeres)

 

b.separate cartilages that fuse

 

c. ethmoid, sphenoid, base of occipital, and petrous portion of temporal bone

Term
Viscerocranium (face)
Definition

*by intramembranous ossification

 

1. neural crest

 

2. pharyngeal arches I and II

Term
Pharyngeal arches I and II
Definition

a. arch I: maxilla, mandible, nasal, zygomatic, and squamous portion of temporal bone; malleus and incus

 

b. arch II: stapes and styloid process of temporal bone

Term
Trunk
Definition

A. Vertebral column

 

B. Ribs

*form from costal processes of thoracic vertebra

 

C. Sternum

*from somatic mesoderm of ventral body wall

Term
Vertabral Column
Definition

1. vertebral body from 4 half-sclerotomes

 

-shifts location of muscle, nerve and blood vessel in relation to segmented structure

 

2. notochord persists between vertebra as nucleus pulposous of intervertebral disc

Term
Limbs
Definition

A. somati mesoderm (lateral plate)

 

B. apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

 

C. fattened hand plate and foot plate at ~week 6

 

D. axes of patterning limb

 

E. bones form by endochondral development

 

F. lower limb lags 2-3 days behind development of upper limb

 

G.rotation of limbs

Term
Rotation of limbs
Definition

1. upper rotates 90° laterally

 

2.lower rotates 90° medially

Term
Bones form by endochondral development
Definition

1. cartilage appears week 6

 

2. ossification begins during week 7

Term
Axes of patterning in limb
Definition

1. AER- proximo/distal axis

 

2.ZPA- anterior (cranial)/ posterior (caudal) axis

 

3.wnt/engrailed- dorsal ventral axis

Term
Flattened hand and foot plate
Definition

1. digital rays: formed by end of week 6; AER confined to tips of rays

 

2.intervening regions undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) to form digits

 

3.ZPA (zone of polarizing activity) at caudal tip of plate determines order of digits

Term
Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)
Definition

1. essential for limb outgrowth

 

2.Ineracts with mesoderm to form structures along proximal/distal axis

 

3.may act as a "clock" for mesoderm

 

4.maintains underlying mesoderm in undifferentiated highly mitotic state

Term
Somatic mesoderm (lateral plate)
Definition

1. begins at the end of week 4

 

2. morphogenesis complete by end of week 8

Term
Skeletal Anomalies
Definition

Skull

 

Vertebrae

 

Limbs

 

General

Term
Skull Anomilies
Definition

1. cranioscchisis: cranial vault incomplete; anencephaly

 

2.craniosynostosis: premature closure of sutures

 

3.microcephaly: small skull due to failure of brain to grow

Term
Vertebra Anomalies
Definition

1. Klippel-Feil syndrome: reduced number of cervical vertebrae; others fused or abnormal

 

2.spina bifida occulata (cleft vertebra): vertebral arches do not form

 

3.spinal bifida cystica: accompanied by spinal cord anomalies

 

4. hemivertebra: congenital scoliosis

Term
Limb Anomalies
Definition

1. Amelia: lack of limbs

 

2. polydactyly: extra digits

 

3.syndactyly: fused digits

 

4.club foot: foot adducted and plantar flexed; often accompanied by syndactyly; more frequent in males

 

5.congenital hip dislocation: underdevelopment of acetabulum and head of femur; more frequent in females

Term
General Anomalies
Definition

achondroplasia

 

a.abnormal cartiage formation

 

b.disrupts epiphyseal plates

 

c.dwarfism, short extremities

 

d.hereditary, autosomal dominant

Term
Placenta Origins
Definition

A. Maternal: functional layer of endometrium

 

B. Fetal: trophoblast and especially extraembryonic mesoderm (chorionic plate)

Term
Fetal Villi
Definition

Primary: trophoblast cell ~day 13

 

Secondary: core of mesoderm ~day 16

 

Tertiary: develop blood vessels in mesoderm (chorionic plate)

Term
Functions of the skeletal system
Definition

1. support- rigid framework

 

2.protection

3.body movement- levers

4. provide an anchoring point for muscles

5.calcium/phosphorous metabolism

6.hematopoiesis

Term
Shapes of bones
Definition

1. long bones

2. short bones

3. flat bones- cranial bones, ribs, scapula

4.irregular bones- vertebra

5.accessory bones

6.wormian bones- aka sutrual bones

 

Term

Methods of ossification

 

Definition

1. intramembranous

 

2.Endochondral

Term
Intamembranous Ossification
Definition

-ossification begns in membranes (sheets of connective tissue- 'membrane bones")

 

a. mandible

b.clavicles

c.bones of the skull- neurocranium and viscerocranium

 

 

Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition

-ossification occurs within a preexisting hyaline cartilanginous model

 

-"chondrogenic bones"

 

-long,short and irregular bones

Term
facial bones
Definition

Viscrocranium- bones of the face

-develop by intrmembranous ossification

 

 

Term
Ossification exceptions
Definition

-Sphenoid bone :endochodral

 

-Portion of occipital bone- base of occiput

 

-Ethmoid bone: endochondral

 

-Portion of temporal bone: petrous: endochondral

Term
Homeostasis and physiologic function of bone
Definition

1.hematopoieses

 

2.calcium storage and release

-Function of Calcium

-Control of Calcium levels in the blood

 

Term
Function of Calcium
Definition

-blood clotting

-nerve transmission

-muscle contraction

 

Term
Control if calcium levels in the blood
Definition

-bone

 

-kidney

 

-parathyroid glands

 

-diet/GIT

Term
Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
Definition

-hypocalcemia- tetany: muscle spasms (lock jaw)

 

-pH is proportional to HCO3/CO2

 

-hypercalcemia

 

Term
Essential Nutrients for Bone development
Definition

-calcium, phosphorous, magnesium

 

-Vitamin D: absorption of Ca

 

-Vitamin A: osteoblast function

 

-Vitamin C: necessary for osteoid synthesis

 

-Protein

Term

The Axial Skeleton

 

Definition

-The skull: 22 bones (cranial and facial bones) excluding the auditory ossicles

 

-Auditory Ossicles: 6 bones total

 

-Hyoid bone: located above the larynx

 

-Vertebral column: 26 bones in the adult

 

-Ribcage/ sternum

Term
The Appendicular Skeleton
Definition

-Pectoral Girdle: scapula and clavicles

~cingulum membri

 

-Upper extremities: humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges

 

-Pelvic Girdle: 2 ossa coxae

~cingulum membri inferioris

 

-Lower extremitiies: femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges

Term
Cranial Cavity
Definition

a. calvaria

 

b. cranial fossa

Term

Cranial bones

 

Definition

1. cranial cavity

 

2. cranium

Term
Skull Divisions
Definition

a. cranial bones (8)

 

b.facial bones (14)

Term
Facial Bones
Definition

*14 bones not in contact with the brain*

 

-all paired except for vomer and mandible

 

-AKA viscerocranium

Term
Bones froming the Cranium (neurocranium)
Definition

1. Paired

-temporal bone

-parietal bone

 

2. unpaired

-frontal bone

-occipital bone

-sphenoid bone

-ethmoid bone

 

Term
Bones forming the faceial skeleton (viscerocranium)
Definition

1. paired

-nasal bones

-palatine bones

-lacrimal bones

-zygomatic bones

-maxillae

-inferior nasal conchae

 

2.unpaired

-vomer bone

Term
Fontanels
Definition

 

-Anterior: Frontal, closes by 18-24 mo. (last to close)

-becomes bregma

 

-Posterior: Occipital, closes by 2 months ( first to close)

-becomes lambda

 

-Anterolateral: Sphenoidal, closes by 3 months

-becomes pterion

 

-Posterolateral: Mastoid, closes by 1 year

-becomes asterion

Term
Sutures
Definition

Saggital

 

Coronal

 

Squamous

 

Metopic

 

Lambdoidal

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