Term
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Definition
| Removing cells from a tissue and examining them under a microscope. A diagnostic aid. |
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Term
| What is an alternative to cytology? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| For identification of masses, lesions, fluid in the body cavity, and pathology of internal organs |
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Term
| What are some advantages to cytology? |
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Definition
-No special equipment needed
-Fast procedure
-Relatively non-invasive (anesthesia usually not needed)
-Often can ID cellular reaction (inflammation, neoplasia, hyperplasia)
-May be able to ID cause |
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Term
| What are some disadvantages of cytology? |
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Definition
-Some training needed to ID cells
-May not be able to ID cells (if TOO abnormal)
-May need to supplement with histoathology |
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Term
| What is the tissue sample required for histopathology called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is anesthesia required for histopathology? |
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Definition
| Usually, because a piece is being surgically removed |
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Term
| What do we store the sample in before sending it off to the pathologist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the sample when it is sent off for pathology? |
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Definition
| Sample is prepared to go into the microtome, which slices the tissue thin. The slices are put on slides to be examined with the microscope. |
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Term
| What are some advantages of histopathology? |
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Definition
-Slides examined by trained pathologist
-Tissue architecture visualized
-Special stains can be used
-May give more precise diagnosis |
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Term
| What are some disadvantages of histopathology? |
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Definition
-More involved procedure
-Expensive
-Pathologist does not see patient
-Takes time |
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Term
| Why is it important to be thorough when reporting patient history and description of lesion to the pathologist? |
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Definition
| Will increase the chances of getting accurate results |
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Term
| What are 4 cytological techniques? |
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Definition
-Aspiration
-Impression smear
-Wash
-Scraping |
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Term
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Definition
| Inserting a needle into the lesion |
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Term
| What is an impression smear? |
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Definition
| When we touch a slide to the lesion or swab lesion and roll onto slide |
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Term
| What is important to remember to do when making an impression smear? |
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Definition
| If open lesion, blot blood first |
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Term
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Definition
| When you flush the area with saline |
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Term
| When would we do a scraping? |
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Definition
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Term
| What size needle should we use for aspiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why should you stop aspirating if you see tissue in the hub of the needle? |
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Definition
| Because you don't want the sample to be contaminated with whatever substance has entered the hub |
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Term
| What are some important things to remember when handling samples? |
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Definition
-Always culture first if needed
-Make slide ASAP
-Use squash or smear
-Always make 2 slides and stain 1 |
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Term
| Why do we only stain one of the slides we make? |
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Definition
| So that if the first slide is not stained properly, we can stain the second one differently |
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Term
| When would we use gram stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What color does gram positive bacteria stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What color does gram negative bacteria stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| When examining slide, why do we look at it on low power? |
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Definition
| To assess staining and cellularity |
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Term
| What are the 2 things you are looking for when examining a slide? |
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Definition
-Which cellular reaction is occurring
-The cause of the reaction |
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Term
| What are 3 cellular reactions that can occur? |
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Definition
-Inflammation
-Hyperplasia
-Neoplasia |
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Term
| What is the most common cellular reaction seen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The body's reaction to insult |
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Term
| What are the 3 inflammatory reactions you can see? |
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Definition
-Acute
-Chronic active
-Chronic |
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Term
| What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? |
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Definition
-Swelling and redness
-Warmth and pain
-Not using the body part |
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Term
| What is the most common inflammatory reaction seen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of cells must be segs to be called an acute reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When the nuclei of cells become small, dark, and condensed |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear fragmentation, chromatin disintegrates into variably sized granules |
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Term
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Definition
| Swelling of nuclear membranes |
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Term
| What does karyolysis look like? |
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Definition
| Ragged nucleus with reduced staining |
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Term
| If eosiniphils are seen, what is that commmonly due to? |
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Definition
| Allergy, parasites, or eosinophilic disease |
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Term
| If there are greater than 10% eosinophils what do we call this? |
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Definition
| an eosinophilic inflammatory reactionn |
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Term
| What is another name for chronic-active inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of segs/macs should be present? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of macrophages have to be preset to be called a chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is chronic inflammation usually seen with? |
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Definition
| systemic fungi and foreign bodies |
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Term
| What is granulomatous inflammation? |
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Definition
| Type of chronic inflammation. There is a fibrous wall around the tissue |
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Term
| What does granulomatous inflammation look like? |
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Definition
| Firm small or large masses that are usually white. |
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Term
| What are the 2 "special" macrophages? |
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Definition
-Epithelioid Cells
-Giant cells |
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Term
| What do epithelioid cells look like? |
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Definition
| They have abundant pale cytoplasm, and a vesicular nucleus (lacy chromatin) |
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Term
| What do giant cells look like? |
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Definition
| Large, multinucleated cells with abundant pale cytoplasm |
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Term
| What are 2 types of tissue cells you may see in cytology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two tissues do we not commonly see in cytology? |
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Definition
-Muscle tissue
-Nervous tissue |
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Term
| What is the second Cellular reaction that can occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the population of normal cells. |
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Term
| What specific tissues can you see hyperplasia in? |
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Definition
-Lymph nodes
-Spleen
-Prostate |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of hyperplastic cells? |
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Definition
-Mostly young cells
-Large nuclei
-Basophilic cytoplasm
-High N:C ratio
-Normal mitotic figures |
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Term
| What is the only tissue that can have all three cellular reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the third cellular reaction that can occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two types of neoplasia are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some characteristics of benign neoplasms? |
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Definition
-Can be circumscribed (have distinct edges)
-Grow slowly
-Not invasive(don't grow into surrounding tissue)
-Grow to a certain size, then stop.
-Glands may increase secretions |
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Term
| What are some common benign tumors? |
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Definition
-Fibromas (Sarcoid in horses)
-Lipoma
-Adenomas
-Skin tumors |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of malignant neoplasms? |
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Definition
-Grow fast
-Locally invasive/destructive (destroy surrounding tissue)
-Metastasize (spread to different sites)
-Anaplastic (don't resemble the cells theyre meant to be)
-Some may look benign |
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Term
| What are the Cytologic signs that we see associated with neoplasia? (benign and malignant) |
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Definition
-Uniform population of pleomorphic cells
-Nuclear and cytologic criteria.. (the more cytologic criteria you seen, the more likely it is malignant |
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Term
| Why is inflammation commonly associated with neoplasia? |
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Definition
| Because the tissues are growing so quickly that the blood supply can't keep up. When the blood supply can't keep up you see inflammatory reactions. Also when tissues destroy other tissues |
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Term
| What does pleomorphic mean? |
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Definition
| Differences in the appearance of the same cell type |
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Term
| What is the nuclear criteria of malignant neoplasia? |
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Definition
-multiple # and sized nucleoli
-multiple # and sized nucleus
-variable staining of chromatin
-irregular nuclear membrane
-variable N:C ratio between cells
-abnormal mitotic figures |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation in nuclear size |
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Term
| What is the cytoplasmic criteria for malignant neoplasms? |
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Definition
-Increased basophilia
-Increased vacuolation
-Varying amounts per cell
-Indistinct cytoplasmic edges |
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Term
| What are the types of malignant tumors? |
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Definition
-Carcinomas
-Sarcomas
-Discrete cell neoplasms |
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Term
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Definition
| A malignant tumor of connective tissue |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of sarcomas? |
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Definition
-Firm
-Often must be scraped
-There are few cells seen
-Cells are elongated and hard to tell from another |
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Term
| What are some common sarcomas? (6) |
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Definition
-Osteosarcoma
-Fibrosarcoma
-Lymphsarcoma
-Chondrosarcoma
-Hemangiosarcoma
-Melanosarcoma |
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Term
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Definition
| A malignant tumor of epithelial tissue |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of carcinomas? |
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Definition
-In epithelial tissue
-Very cellular
-May see glandular cells |
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Term
| What are some common carcinomas? (6) |
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Definition
-Squamous cell carcinoma
-Mammary adenocarcinoma
-Prostatic carcinoma
-Adrenal adenocarcinoma
-Thyroid adenocarcinoma
-Transitional cell tumor |
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Term
| What are discreet cell tumors? |
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Definition
| Malignant tumors that affect one cell type |
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Term
| What is a basal cell tumor? |
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Definition
| A common skin tumor (most common in cats)that is usually benign and often on head, neck or shoulders. Will see cell clumps with high N:C ratio and blue cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| A usually benign tumor commonly seen in the oral cavity, ears, forelimb skin,, digits, or GIT in dogs |
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Term
| When are plasmocytomas malignant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some characteristics of melanomas? |
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Definition
-Common on the skin and in the mouth
-Have brown to green-black granules
-Malignant if poorly differentiated
-Most in mouth malignant
-Rare in cats |
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Term
| What percentage of skin melanomas are benign? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are mast cell tumors? |
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Definition
| The most common skin tumor in dogs |
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Term
| Are all mast cell tumors potentially malignant in dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| When will you see an increased chance of malignancy in mast cell tumors in dogs? |
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Definition
| If they are located in the perineum, groin, or around the muzzle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are characteristics of histiocytomas? |
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Definition
-Usually round nuclei with basophilic cytoplasm
-See most in dogs < 3 years old
-fast growing
-may spontaneously regress |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Transmissible Venereal Tumors? |
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Definition
-Found on the lips and genitalia of dogs
-Transmissible
-Numerous round cells
-abundant blue cytoplasm |
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Term
| Where is lymphoid tissue found? |
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Definition
| All throughout the body, especially lymphnodes, tonsils, and the intestines |
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Term
| What does lymphoid tissue do? |
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Definition
-Filters blood and lymph
-Makes lymphocytes and plasma cells
-One of the functions in humoral immunity
-Respond to many insults |
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Term
| When will you see enlarged lymphnodes? |
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Definition
| In primary or systemic disease |
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Term
| Which reactions can you see when examining lymphnode cytology? |
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Definition
-Inflammation
-Hyperplasia
-First degree neoplasia (lymphoma)
-Second degree neoplasia |
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Term
| What is second degree neoplasia? |
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Definition
| Finding abnormal cells from other places in the body in the lymphnode aspirate. Demonstrating metastasis |
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Term
| Which nodes can we palpate? |
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Definition
-Submandibular
-Axillary
-Prescapular
-Inguinal
-Popliteal
-Mesenteric |
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Term
| How should you determine if lymphocytes in a node aspirate are Large or small? |
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Definition
| Use RBC's or segs as a ruler. RBCs are normally smaller than Lymphs, and segs are normally larger |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of cells in a normal node? |
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Definition
-90% small lymphs
-The rest are prolymphs, lymphoblasts, plasma cells, and macrophages |
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Term
| What are characteristics of hyperplasia when looking at a slide? |
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Definition
->70% small lymphs
-Numerous plasma cells
-Increase in prolymphs and macrophages |
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Term
| What does lymphadenitis look like on a slide? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you have inflammation on your lymphnode aspirate what should you look for? |
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Definition
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Term
| If there are many eosinophils what is this commonly due to? |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is an increase in macrophages what is this normally due to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is primary neoplasia also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| When should you Suspect lymphoma? |
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Definition
| When many nodes are enlarged and there is no dermatitis |
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Term
| What does lymphoma look like on a slide? |
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Definition
| >50% medium/large lymphs and may also see lymphoglandular bodies |
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Term
| What is the main give away of secondary neoplasia? |
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Definition
| Seeing abnormal cells that don't belong in lymphoid tissue |
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Term
| What does normal cytology of the spleen look like? |
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Definition
-Similar to normal lymphnode
-75% small lymphs
-Increased prolymphs, blasts, and plasma cells
-same reactions seen
-RBCs can obscure other cells |
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