Term
|
Definition
Cystic material: Cystic lesions often have a thick blue,
purple or pink background that may be scalloped.
Cholesterol crystals are a hallmark of cell degeneration
that occurs commonly in cystic lesions. These appear
cytologically as rectangular, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prostatic carcinoma cells are
surrounded by globular, blue/purple
necrotic material.
Necrosis: Necrotic debris is seen as amorphous,
globular,
blue/purple/gray material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A macrophage is seen with a central purple
nucleus. Red blood cells, blue/green
hemosiderin, and golden hematoidin
crystals are present within the cytoplasm.
Hemorrhage: Blood often is present in the background
of samples as a consequence of sampling, which may
be supported if platelets are present. Prior hemorrhage
within the lesion is confirmed when macrophages
are erythrophagocytic, and/or contain heme breakdown
pigment such as hemosiderin or hematoidin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extracellular matrix,Note the bright pink, smooth,
streaming matrix material intimately
associated with spindle cells (synovial cell
sarcoma).Extracellular matrix is mostly
bright pink and may be smooth, fibrillar or stippledis most common with mesenchymal
proliferation, but basement membrane of epithelium
can appear similarly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytoplasmic fragments, Note the small round fragments
of pale blue cytoplasm surrounding
lymphocytes in a case of canine
lymphoma.Cytoplasmic fragments: Fragments of cytoplasm may be seen with any cell type; however,
they are most commonly associated with lymphocytes
(and have previously been called ‘lymphoglandular
bodies’) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mineralization: Mineralized debris is seen as clear,
irregular/gritty, refractile aggregates, and often is seen
outside the plane of focus of cells in the sample. It may be seen in chronic, cystic, or
necrotic lesions. The material is seen in different
planes of focus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glove powder, Note the characteristic cross
in the center of the crystals starch crystals are
round with a characteristic cross in the middle and should be distinguished from mineralized debris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Precipitation of stain appears as variably coarse, granular
pink/purple material. It may be seen in the
background, but can cover cells, and care should be taken
to distinguish it from cytoplasmic granules, or even intracellular
bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ultrasound/lubricant gel, Bright purple granular material
(ultrasound gel) surrounds transitional
epithelial cells in a catheter urine sample
from a dog. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Precipitation of stain. Geometric crystals may form
incidentally in the background of thick
samples. It may be seen in the
background, but can cover cells, and care should be taken
to distinguish it from cytoplasmic granules, or even intracellular
bacteria. Crystals may form incidentally in the
background of thick samples, making geometric patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nuclear material, Note the streaming pink nuclear
material from lysed cells in an ovarian
granulosa cell tumor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bare nuclei, Nuclei from lysed cells (arrows) appear puffy and lack surrounding cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apoptotic cells,Apoptotic cells have pyknotic nuclei with deeply basophilic, dense chromatin (arrow). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemoglobin crystals,These crystals are needle‐shaped and the color of red blood cells. Note the bloodassociated
neutrophils. the latter forming
if samples are exposed to humidit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemoglobin crystals, These crystals, variably sized,
and pink/orange. the latter forming
if samples are exposed to humidit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Formalin artifact
results in a pale, homogeneous blue appearance to cells,
and cellular detail is obscured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capillaries, Linear pink capillaries course across the sample. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pink, linear capillaries with elongated basophilic nuclei seen in rows. Note the red blood cell
travelling within the capillary (arrow). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skeletal muscle is deep blue and has subtle parallel cross‐striations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal mesothelium Note the pink fringe border. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Macrophages (arrows) and lymphocytes (arrowheads). Note erythrophagia within a macrophage (lower left). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Apoptotic/pyknotic nuclei,Two apoptotic neutrophils
(lower right) with multiple variably sized,
deeply basophilic, pyknotic nuclear
fragments. Komórki apoptotyczne/pyknotyczne dużo częściej w steylnych zapaleniach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degenerative neutrophils, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epithelial cells, prostatic carcinoma, dog, Cells are cohesive and ‘sticky’ with prominent intercellular borders.Cells of epithelial origin often exfoliate in large numbers,
and are seen mostly in cohesive sheets whereby cells
share prominent intercellular borders with each other,
like bricks and mortar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mesenchymal cells, leiomyosarcoma, cat, Mesenchymal cells exfoliate variably well. They generally
are fusiform or spindloid with tapering ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mesenchymal cells, osteosarcoma, dog, The neoplastic mesenchymal cells are round. Note the normal,
multinucleated osteoclastsome cells of mesenchymal origin are
round |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anaplastic carcinomas often lose the ability to form
cell junctions, and may appear as individualized or
round cells Poorly cohesive carcinoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Melanoma cells may be round or spindloid, seen individually,
in aggregates or sheets and may be associated with
extracellular matrix Melanoma, dog, The cells are vaguely cohesive,
round to spindloid, and associated with
pink extracellular matrix. Note the green/
black pigment in some cells, and the
mitotic figure (lower left). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Włókniak Dobrze zróżnicowane, monomorficzna populacja komórek |
|
|
Term
[image]
Kot skóra kryterium |
|
Definition
| Multinucleation, anaplastic sarcoma with giant cells, cat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gruczolak, dobrze zróżnicowane komórki nabłonka |
|
|
Term
[image]
Płyn pies kryterium |
|
Definition
| Anisocytosis, mesothelioma, |
|
|
Term
[image]
Okolica odbytu pies kryterium |
|
Definition
Cell piling, perianal gland
carcinoma, dog, The cells
are overlapping, crowded, and
disorganized. |
|
|
Term
[image]
Płyn pies kryterium |
|
Definition
Cell cannibalism,
mesothelioma, dog
A mitotic neoplastic cell has phagocytosed
another neoplastic cell (arrow). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High N/C ratios, mammary carcinoma, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anisokaryosis, transitional cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytology of giant cells: many roundish and spindled histiocytic multinucleated cells
(giant cells), in the attempt to eliminate a large foreign body represented by cluster of corneocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Komórki typu ciał obcych
Komórki typu Langerhansa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclei of giant cells can be haphazardly distributed in the centre of the cell
or arranged at the periphery in a horseshoe shape . The former giant cells are named
foreign body cells and are those most frequently observed in skin cytology when an
exogenous material is present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Langhans
cells, are rarer and typically observed in immunological diseases linked to fungal
infection, mycobacteriosis or in all cases of a granulomatous reaction |
|
|
Term
| Jak odróżnić komórki olbrzymie od nowotworowych |
|
Definition
Jądra różnych rozmiarów i atypia jądrowa,(nieregularne makrojąderka, liczne jąderka), whereas in histiocytic infl ammatory giant
cells the nuclear size is uniform, with regular chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytology of neutrophilic and macrophagic inflammation: segmented neutrophils and
vacuolated macrophages collected from a sterile lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cutaneous lymphoma . Large, neoplastic
lymphocytes are accompanied by many
neutrophils. Neutrofile mogą dominować |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Melanocytomas often are highly cellular and comprise
aggregates of round to spindloid melanocytes. They have
a moderate volume of cytoplasm containing a variable
amount (often abundant) of green/black melanin pigment
granules. Nuclei are ovoid with stippled
chromatin and small basophilic nucleoli. Anisocytosis/
anisokaryosis are mild, and N/C ratios are low. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Czerniak Many tumors
will contain green/black melanin pigment granules Cells may be round or
spindloid, and arranged individually, in sheets or aggregates.
In general, malignant melanomas have many criteria
of malignancy, including marked anisocytosis/anisokaryosis,
prominent basophilic nucleoli, and mitotic figures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Torbiel naskórkowa Samples vary greatly in appearance but almost all contain
many anucleated squamous epithelial cells and
aggregates of keratinized debris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Torbiel naskórkowa Keratinized debris isstudded with aggregates of refractile,
mineralized debris. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Torbiel naskórkowa Pigmented hair shafts - łodyga włosa Note the different plane of
focus from other material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Torbiel naskórkowa pęknięta
Zapalenie mieszane w reakcji na keratynę |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Trichoblastoma note the brigt pink cell membrane material
• Variably cellular, tight sheets of uniform cuboidal epithelial cells.
• Cells distributed in papillary arrangements and may be associated with bright pink, smooth extracellular matrix (basement membrane).
• Scant volume of medium-blue cytoplasm and may contain melanin pigment in some tumors.
• Nuclei are round and centrally located with small or inapparent nucleoli.
• Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are mild, and N/C ratios are high.
• Cystic material may predominate.
• There may be pleomorphism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basal cell carcinoma, Note the cell piling and prominent nucleoli
Podobne do trichoblastom ale cechy złośliwości:
1.Cellular piling and crowding
2.Anisokaryosis
3.Prominent basophilic nucleoli
Pleomorphism can be seen in benign cutaneous basilar
epithelial neoplasms (usually <30% of cells), and histopathology
is required for definitive diagnosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sweat gland adenomas
1. Arkusze sześciennych do krótkich kolumnowych komórek nabłonka.
2. Jądra okrągłe i ekscentrycznie położone, a chromatyna jest zagęszczona.
3. Granice międzykomórkowe często są słabo zdefiniowane.
4. Anizocytoza/anizokarioza są łagodne
5. Te guzy mogą być podobne do guzów skóry podstawnokomórkowych mogą ulec cystowaceniu. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sweat gland adenocarcinomas
1. Spójne arkusze i gniazda komórek.
2. Komórki okrągłe, z niewielką do umiarkowanej objętością jasnoniebieskiego cytoplazmy i często ekscentrycznie położonymi jądrami.
3. Anizocytoza/anizokarioza są umiarkowane do znacznego stopnia, a stosunki N/C są umiarkowane do wysokich. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sebaceous adenomas exfoliate variably well as uniform
sheets of tightly cohesive cells with abundant clear, foamy
cytoplasm. Nuclei are centrally located with
condensed chromatin and small or inapparent nucleoli.
Nodular sebaceous hyperplasia appears cytologically
similar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sebaceous epitheliomas exfoliate well, and comprise
well‐differentiated basal epithelial cells, intimately associated
with nests of mature sebaceous epithelial cells. Basilar epithelial cells often predominate;
however, the ratio of the two populations varies, with no
effect on biologic behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rak z gruczołów łojowych
Often highly cellular, with large cohesive sheets of epithelial
cells that have prominent intercellular borders.
The cells have clear to medium blue cytoplasm with
numerous fine clear vacuoles and round, central
nuclei with stippled chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are moderate
to marked, and N/C ratios are high. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Przerzut raka płucaCarcinomas may metastasize to the skin. These mostly
appear as cohesive sheets of cells with prominent intercellular
borders; however, anaplastic variants may lose
cohesion. Criteria of malignancy often are marked,
including anisocytosis/anisokaryosis, high N/C ratios
and increased mitotic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Squamous papillomas are characterized by polygonal
squamous cells that have abundant cytoplasm containing
bright‐pink keratohyaline granules. Nuclei are
large, round, and pyknotic with condensed chromatin.
Squamous papillomas frequently are inflamed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SCC Note the sky-blue
cytoplasm, immature nuclei, and
perinuclear vacuolation. Variably cohesive sheets of cells that range from
polygonal
to round. They often have prominent
criteria
of malignancy, with marked anisocytosis and
anisokaryosis. The cells frequently have keratinized
cytoplasm, which appears as bright sky‐blue andhyalinized. Keratinized squamous cells
should have small, pyknotic nuclei with dense chromatin.
The finding of large, immature nuclei in keratinized cells
suggests nuclear to cytoplasmic dissociation, and can
be seen with both neoplasia and dysplasia. Perinuclear
vacuolation is a common finding in SCC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reactive fibroplasia, Note the accompanying
inflammation. Is characterized by variable numbers
of spindle cells. These cells often have a maturational
gradient, ranging from mature cells with a scant volume
of cytoplasm and elongated nuclei, to plump spindle
cells with abundant deep‐blue cytoplasm and ovoid
nuclei with stippled chromatin. The reactive response
can be florid, and differentiating Reactive fibroplasia from spindle cell neoplasms is not always possible with
cytology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Włókniak
Fibromas often exfoliate poorly. When present, cells are
spindloid, and seen individually or in small aggregates,
that may be accompanied by pink extracellular matrix.The cells have a scant volume of pale cytoplasm that forms
delicate bipolar tendrils and wisps. Nuclei are elongated,
with granular chromatin and small basophilic nucleoli.
Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are mild, and N/C ratios are
high. These often are cytologically indistinguishable from
reactive fibroplasia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibrosarcomas exfoliate variably well, either individually
or in aggregates. The background often contains brightpink
extracellular matrix (Figure 3.41). The cells have a
variable volume of cytoplasm forming tendrils and wisps,
and may contain fine pink granules or clear vacuoles.
Nuclei are ovoid to elongated, with finely granular chromatin
and prominent nucleoli. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis
often are marked, and multinucleation and mitotic
figures may be present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Keloidal fibromas and fibrosarcomas contain aggregates
of spindle cells often centered around characteristic,
polygonal to rounded aggregates of bright‐pink, smooth
collagen. Differentiating keloidal fibromas
from keloidal fibrosarcomas cytologically is difficult;
however, anisokaryosis often is greater in fibrosarcomas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heamangiopericitoma Note the cells emanating from
linear, streaming capillaries. Frequently highly exfoliative with aggregates of spindle
cells often centered around capillaries. Cellshave pale‐blue cytoplasm forming delicate wisps and
tendrils, which may contain fine, clear vacuoles. Nuclei
are ovoid with granular chromatin and small nucleoli. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are mild, and
N/C ratios are moderate to high. Multinucleated cells
with peripheralized nuclei forming a ring (‘crown cells’)
may be seen and are suggestive of perivascular wall
tumors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obłoniak crown cells. Frequently highly exfoliative with aggregates of spindle
cells often centered around capillaries. Cellshave pale‐blue cytoplasm forming delicate wisps and
tendrils, which may contain fine, clear vacuoles. Nuclei
are ovoid with granular chromatin and small nucleoli. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are mild, and
N/C ratios are moderate to high. Multinucleated cells
with peripheralized nuclei forming a ring (‘crown cells’)
may be seen and are suggestive of perivascular wall
tumors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obłoniak. Frequently highly exfoliative with aggregates of spindle
cells often centered around capillaries. Cellshave pale‐blue cytoplasm forming delicate wisps and
tendrils, which may contain fine, clear vacuoles. Nuclei
are ovoid with granular chromatin and small nucleoli. Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are mild, and
N/C ratios are moderate to high. Multinucleated cells
with peripheralized nuclei forming a ring (‘crown cells’)
may be seen and are suggestive of perivascular wall
tumors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemangiomas Note the bloody background,
spindle cells with fine tendrils and the
mast cell frequently have a densely bloody
background,
and may only yield a small number of cells.
When cells are present, they mostly are individualized
spindle cells, with a scant volume of pale‐blue cytoplasm
that forms delicate bipolar tendrils and wisps Nuclei are ovoid to elongated, with finely
granular chromatin and small, single basophilic nucleoli.
Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are mild, while N/C ratios
are high. Low numbers of well‐granulated mast cells may
be present. Macrophages may be present, with evidence
of chronic hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Naczyniakomięsak skóry Note the
prominent nucleoli. Frequently have a densely bloody background, and are
variably exfoliative. Cells are spindloid, with a moderate
volume of medium‐blue cytoplasm. Erythrophagia may
be seen in neoplastic cells. Nuclei are ovoid with granular
chromatin and prominent basophilic nucleoli.
Anisocytosis/anisokaryosis are marked, and N/C ratios
are high. These tumors are difficult to differentiate
definitively from other sarcomas cytologically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Myxomas Note the dense pink, streaming mucinous
background. have a thick, pink‐stippled background of
extracellular matrix, often distributing the cells in a
streaming pattern. Cells are spindloid, with
a scant volume of pale‐blue cytoplasm forming delicate
wisps. Nuclei are elongated with finely granular chromatin
and small basophilic nucleoli. Anisocytosis/
anisokaryosis are mild and N/C ratios are high. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Myxosarcomas Note the dense pink stippled,
mucinous background and prominent
anisokaryosis. have a similar thick, pink‐stippled myxoid
background as myxomas. The cells have more prominent
criteria of malignancy, particularly anisokaryosis
and larger basophilic nucleoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anaplastic Sarcoma with Giant Cells Cells generally are spindloid with tapering ends, and
have ovoid to elongated nuclei with granular chromatin
and prominent nucleoli. Multinucleated giant cells
may be round or spindloid with tendrils and wisps. These cells often have nuclei of varying size
and shape, relative to osteoclasts or multinucleated macrophages, which
have multiple, regular nuclei. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tłuszczakomięsak
There are numerous histologic subtypes of liposarcomas,
resulting in a wide array of cytologic appearances. Welldifferentiated
liposarcomas (Figure 3.53) contain neoplastic
cells that vaguely resemble adipocytes, but are
characterized by basophilic cytoplasm, and immature
nuclei, with prominent nucleoli and moderate anisokaryosis.
Poorly, or dedifferentiated liposarcomas (Figure 3.54)
appear somewhat cohesive, and contain coarse, clear lipid
vacuoles in their cytoplasm. Such a finding should raise
suspicion for a liposarcoma, regardless of cell shape or
arrangement. Anisocytosis and anisokaryosis are moderate
to marked, and N/C ratios are high |
|
|
Term
| Zapalenie ropno-ziarniniakowe diagnostyka różnicowa |
|
Definition
DDx = acral lick granulomas, furunculosis, foreign
body reactions, injection site reactions, infectious
agents (especially fungi and atypical bacteria such as
Mycobacterium spp. or Actinomyces; or
secondary to rupture of epidermal cysts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vaccination reactions Note the
abundant purple granular material in the
background and phagocytosed by
macrophages. mostly are characterized by a granulomatous
or pyogranulomatous inflammatory response,
with infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in
chronic lesions. Vaccine adjuvant is often (but not always)
present in the background or phagocytosed by macrophages
and appears as globular magenta to blue material. Reactive fibroblasts may be present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ropień Neutrophils are degenerative and contain
intracellular bacteria.Abscesses generally are characterized by large numbers
of degenerative neutrophils. When these
changes are seen, close evaluation for infectious organisms
is warranted. Intracellular organisms confirm a
septic etiology (Figure 3.61). Many different infectious
organisms can cause cutaneous abscesses.
Sterile abscessation is less common. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Seromas/hygroma Macrophages contain phagocytosed
proteinaceous material. Typically have a variably thick, blue/purple proteinaceous
background, with low numbers of inflammatory
cells scattered individually. The type ofinflammatory cells often reflects the time course of
the lesion, dominated by non‐degenerative neutrophils
acutely, and macrophages in the chronic stages. There
may be evidence of hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calcinosis cutis Note the thick background
and aggregates of refractile mineralized
debris. Samples have a thick purple background with abundant
aggregates of refractile, crystalline material.
Nucleated cells usually are present in low numbers, mostly reactive macrophages, which may contain phagocytosed
mineralized debris. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calcinosis circumscripta makroskopowo Grossly, stained sides have a characteristic
chalky appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calcinosis cutis
Samples have a similar appearance to those of calcinosis
circumscripta, but usually are more cellular with greater
numbers of inflammatory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypersensitivity reactions Hypersensitivity reaction,
dog Note the mast cell. Frequently are dominated by
eosinophils, with lesser numbers of mast cells and other
inflammatory cells. Differential diagnoses
may include eosinophilic granuloma or mast cell tumor.
Useful findings to help differentiate from mast cell
tumors include individualized cells (compared to aggregates
of mast cells in neoplastic lesions), and well‐differentiated
mast cells with many granules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ziarniniak eozynofilowy Note the abundant
eosinophil granules in the background. Eosinophils predominate and frequently are found in
aggregates. Many free eosinophil granules may be seen
in the background. A variable number of
other inflammatory cells may be present, with macrophages
generally present in eosinophilic granulomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pemphigus Numerous acantholytic cells
(arrows) accompanied by neutrophilic
inflammation. lesions are characterized by acantholytic
keratinocytes. These cells are round, with intensely
staining
magenta, granular cytoplasm and large, round,
central nuclei. Neutrophils and other
inflammatory cells are frequent findings. Although acantholytic
cells are not pathognomonic for pemphigus (and
can be seen in other chronic or immune‐mediated conditions),
they are most common in this disease, and were
present in 77% of cases in one study |
|
|
