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| Mammals are greatly represented by... |
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Definition
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| The plant that evolved along with mammals that plays an important role in digestion and fermentation is... |
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| Grass is sometwhere between _____% cellulose. |
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| It is insoluble and extremely resistant to chemical attack. |
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| the breakdown if cellulose |
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| This process is carried out by the enzyme cellulase |
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Definition
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| we obtain cellulase by _____________ in our guts |
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Definition
| cultivating bacteria and protists |
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| Fermentation can either be carried out in the ________ of mammals or in the _________ of mammals. |
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Definition
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| the digestion of cellulose is centered in or near a specialized stomach and microbial fermentation arises within the esophagus as well as the stomach |
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| Foregut fermentation: Initially, the food gathers in the _________, the first of four chambers. |
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| The rumen has numerous papillae for increased... |
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Definition
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| rumen: It serves as a large holding and fermentating vat containing ______ and ______. |
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| Food not processed efficiently will be... |
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Definition
| regurgitated, remasticated, and swallowed again until there has been enough chemical breakdown of the food that it is safe to swallow |
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| Food not processed efficiently will be regurgitated, remasticated, and swallowed again until there has been enough chemical breakdown of the food that it is safe to swallow. This process is called... |
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Definition
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Term
The ________ and _________(after) act like a true stomach (similar to our own) -- making sure no large pieces pass through without being processed.
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Definition
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| microbial digestion of cellulose is centered in the intestine (more specifically the cecum). |
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| Hindgut fermentation: The food passes through the stomach and small intestine before arriving at the ________. |
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| Ultimately, the breakdown of cellulose by bacteria produces... |
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Definition
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| The disadvantages to foregut fermentation are... |
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Definition
| the use of it by larger animals that move slower (this is an example of an evolutionary tradeoff). |
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Term
| The advantages of hindgut fermentation |
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Definition
| its use by smaller animals, which are faster, it grows faster than the foregut. |
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| The disadvantage of hindgut fermentation is... |
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Definition
| its requirement of higher quality food. |
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| Hindgut fermenters cannot live off of _____ alone, they will die. |
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| _________ fermenters are grassland animals |
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| _________ fermenters are forest-dwelling animals |
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| Increasing activity levels comes with the need for oxygen for... |
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Definition
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Term
| Organismal respiration is turning _______ oxygen to________ oxygen to _______ oxygen |
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Definition
| atmospheric; blood; cellular |
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Term
| for mammals – when it comes to what regulates our respiration system, ___ is the primary regulator, not oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| Salamanders are an example of an organism with ___________ gills. |
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Definition
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| Jnet is the amount of something moved across a surface in a given amount of time, also called... |
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Definition
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| D is the diffusion coefficient, a collection of ________ factors that affect molecular movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| The more area you diffuse across, the more __________ you are going to get. |
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Definition
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Term
| The way we modify pressures is through ________ changes |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen diffuses into the water from ______ until both are the same. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gills – this started within |
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Definition
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Term
| The pharynx started out as a __________ structure, and then became the ___________ structure that we now call gills. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid flow goes in one direction and blood flow goes in the opposite direction. |
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Definition
| Unidirectional flow of water |
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Term
| In countercurrent exchange mechanisms, as the oxygen comes in from the environment, it is as its ______ point and the blood coming back to the respiratory surface is at its _______ point, picking up oxygen all the way along the surface because it cannot equilibrate until it reaches the highest point from the environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| We do this with a dual pump, which has ___ chambers associated with the pumping action (fishes = ______ and _________ chambers). |
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Definition
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Term
| Buccal cavity and opercula chambers: the gills __________ these two cavities. |
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Definition
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Term
| When we want to ventilate the aquatic environment, we _____ the operculum valve and open the _________, and expand the _______ of our chamber. |
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Definition
| close; oral valve; volume |
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Term
| When we want to ventilate the aquatic environment, we close the operculum valve and open the oral valve, and expand the volume of our chamber. How do we do that? |
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Definition
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Term
| The operculum cavity expands _______ than the buccal cavity |
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Definition
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| At any given moment, the operculum cavity is at a lower pressure than the buccal cavity. This means that we have set up a... |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to expel – we are going to close the _________ and open the __________ |
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Definition
| oral valve; opercular valve |
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Term
| The extensions of branchial arches |
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Definition
| Primary and seconday lamellae |
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Term
| lamella has a broad surface area available for _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Ih How many directions does the water passing through the branchial arches go? |
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Definition
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Term
| The diffusion distance across which oxygen has to travel in fishes is extremely _________ because they are ventilating a high density fluid so most of the support for those respiratory surfaces is going to come from __________. |
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Definition
| small (micrometers); fluid itself |
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Term
| ________ are key features for getting oxygen out of the atmosphere |
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Definition
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| Because there is more oxygen within the atmosphere. Getting a hold of this oxygen unleashing your ability to increase your _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Early on, the gas bladder is just out out-pocketing of the _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| A specialized system for holding air is a ____________ which means “connection to the gut tube”. |
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Definition
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| _______________ line the surface of the respiratory gas bladder, allowing it to exchange gas |
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Definition
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| The process of gas bladder evolution takes place mostly in teleostomids (to _______________). |
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Definition
| drive them off of the seafloor |
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Term
| The difference between respiratory gas bladders and lungs is that lungs are... |
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Definition
| not connected to the gut tube. |
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Term
| _____________ are structures retained by most fishes as a means of buoyancy control |
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Definition
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Term
| Within the sarcopterygians, the gas bladder becomes an important ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Within the actinopterygians, the gas bladder becomes _________ |
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Definition
| the primary buoyancy control device. |
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Term
Allowing the gas bladder to move above the animal's center of gravity indicates ...
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Definition
| that it is means of buoyancy control |
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Term
| Next, within the __________, the gas bladder further evolves into a dorsal gut tube |
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Definition
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| This structure indicates no connection of the gas bladder to the gut tube, and evolves within ___________. |
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Definition
| Physoclistus; paleonisciformes |
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Term
| In contrast to a physostomus, a phsyoclistus evolves. This structure indicates no connection of the gas bladder to the gut tube. This disconnect between the gas bladder and the gut tube is accompanied by the evolution of __________containing counter-current exchangers called ____________. |
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Definition
| gas glands, rete mirabali |
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Term
| for paleonisciformes, this structure is a nonrespiratory structure and is primarily implemented as a buoyancy control device. |
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Definition
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Term
| As we move towards shallow water, the evolution of _________ occurs within aquatic vertebrates. |
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Definition
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Term
| early lunged animals still retain... |
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Definition
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Term
| Since low metabolism does not require a lot of oxygen to meet the demands of the environment, early lungs have no specialized features, and are initially used for _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of pump requires a substantial amount of support elements, and was used in __________ vertebrates. |
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Definition
| Forced air pump; early aquatic |
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Term
| Prior to a forced air pump, we started out with a ______ pump |
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Definition
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Term
| Two-stroke model: In this model, ____ cycles had to be completed in order to get a full exchange of gas. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two-stroke model of buccal pump: The driving force is the change in ________, which is directly caused by the change in __________ of the ___________ cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to change the ________ of the cavity, the floor of the mouth is lowered, which increases the ________, generating ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| This flow allows air to be drawn into the mouth, and simultaneously be drawn out of the lungs because the mouth is at a lower pressure than the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| The lungs of early lunged fish has to be ______ to resist damage because the high pressure of the buccal cavity is constantly pulling and pushing at the lungs. |
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Definition
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