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CVA
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy - CVA
75
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
12/06/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Mammals are greatly represented by...
Definition
great plains animals.
Term
The plant that evolved along with mammals that plays an important role in digestion and fermentation is...
Definition
grass.
Term
Grass is sometwhere between _____% cellulose. 
Definition
35-40%
Term
 It is insoluble and extremely resistant to chemical attack. 
Definition
Cellulose.
Term
 the breakdown if cellulose
Definition
fermentation
Term
This process is carried out by the enzyme cellulase
Definition
fermentation
Term
we obtain cellulase by _____________ in our guts
Definition
cultivating bacteria and protists
Term
Fermentation can either be carried out in the ________ of mammals or in the _________ of mammals. 
Definition
foregut; hindgut
Term
 the digestion of cellulose is centered in or near a specialized stomach and microbial fermentation arises within the esophagus as well as the stomach
Definition
foregut fermentation
Term
Foregut fermentation:  Initially, the food gathers in the _________, the first of four chambers. 
Definition
saclike rumen
Term
where digestion starts
Definition
omassum
Term
 The rumen has numerous papillae for increased...
Definition
surface area
Term
rumen:  It serves as a large holding and fermentating vat containing ______ and ______. 
Definition
water; plasma
Term
 Food not processed efficiently will be...
Definition
 regurgitated, remasticated, and swallowed again until there has been enough chemical breakdown of the food that it is safe to swallow
Term
 Food not processed efficiently will be regurgitated, remasticated, and swallowed again until there has been enough chemical breakdown of the food that it is safe to swallow. This process is called...
Definition
reverse peristalsis.
Term

 The ________ and _________(after) act like a true stomach (similar to our own) -- making sure no large pieces pass through without being processed. 

 
Definition
abomassum; pylorus
Term
 microbial digestion of cellulose is centered in the intestine (more specifically the cecum). 
Definition
hindgut fermentation
Term
Hindgut fermentation: The food passes through the stomach and small intestine before arriving at the ________.  
Definition
cecum
Term
Ultimately, the breakdown of cellulose by bacteria produces...
Definition
more bacteria.
Term
The disadvantages to foregut fermentation are...
Definition
 the use of it by larger animals that move slower (this is an example of an evolutionary tradeoff). 
Term
 The advantages of hindgut fermentation  
Definition
 its use by smaller animals, which are faster, it grows faster than the foregut.
Term
The disadvantage of hindgut fermentation is...
Definition
 its requirement of higher quality food. 
Term
Hindgut fermenters cannot live off of _____ alone, they will die.
Definition
grass
Term
_________  fermenters are grassland animals
Definition
foregut
Term
_________ fermenters are forest-dwelling animals
Definition
hindgut
Term
 Increasing activity levels comes with the need for oxygen for...
Definition
cellular respiration.
Term
Organismal respiration is turning _______ oxygen to________ oxygen  to _______ oxygen
Definition
atmospheric; blood; cellular
Term
 for mammals – when it comes to what regulates our respiration system, ___ is the primary regulator, not oxygen
Definition
CO2
Term
 Salamanders are an example of an organism with ___________ gills. 
Definition
external
Term
Jnet is the amount of something moved across a surface in a given amount of time, also called...
Definition
flux.
Term
D is the diffusion coefficient, a collection of ________ factors that affect molecular movement.
Definition
physical
Term
 The more area you diffuse across, the more __________ you are going to get. 
Definition
diffusion
Term
The way we modify pressures is through ________ changes 
Definition
volume
Term
Oxygen diffuses into the water from ______ until both are the same. 
Definition
high to low
Term
Gills – this started within 
Definition
agnathans
Term
The pharynx started out as a __________ structure, and then became the ___________ structure that we now call gills. 
Definition
feeding; respiratory
Term
 Fluid flow goes in one direction and blood flow goes in the opposite direction. 
Definition
Unidirectional flow of water
Term
In countercurrent exchange mechanisms, as the oxygen comes in from the environment, it is as its ______ point and the blood coming back to the respiratory surface is at its _______ point, picking up oxygen all the way along the surface because it cannot equilibrate until it reaches the highest point from the environment. 
Definition
highest; lowest
Term
We do this with a dual pump, which has ___ chambers associated with the pumping action (fishes = ______ and _________ chambers).  
Definition
two; buccal; opercular
Term
Buccal cavity and opercula chambers:  the gills __________ these two cavities. 
Definition
separate
Term
When we want to ventilate the aquatic environment, we _____ the operculum valve and open the _________, and expand the _______ of our chamber. 
Definition
close; oral valve; volume
Term
When we want to ventilate the aquatic environment, we close the operculum valve and open the oral valve, and expand the volume of our chamber. How do we do that?  
Definition
Using the hyoid arch.
Term
 The operculum cavity expands _______ than the buccal cavity
Definition
faster
Term
At any given moment, the operculum cavity is at a lower pressure than the buccal cavity. This means that we have set up a...
Definition
pressure gradient.
Term
 In order to expel – we are going to close the _________ and open the __________
Definition
oral valve; opercular valve
Term
The extensions of branchial arches
Definition
Primary and seconday lamellae
Term
 lamella has a broad surface area available for _____
Definition
diffusion
Term
Ih How many directions does the water passing through the branchial arches go?
Definition
one
Term
The diffusion distance across which oxygen has to travel in fishes is extremely _________ because they are ventilating a high density fluid so most of the support for those respiratory surfaces is going to come from __________. 
Definition
small (micrometers); fluid itself
Term
________ are key features for getting oxygen out of the atmosphere
Definition
lungs
Term
Because there is more oxygen within the atmosphere. Getting a hold of this oxygen unleashing your ability to increase your _________.
Definition
metabolism
Term
 Early on, the gas bladder is just out out-pocketing of the _________
Definition
gut tube
Term
A specialized system for holding air is a ____________ which means “connection to the gut tube”. 
Definition
physostomus
Term
_______________ line the surface of the respiratory gas bladder, allowing it to exchange gas
Definition
Blood vessels
Term
The process of gas bladder evolution takes place mostly in teleostomids (to _______________). 
Definition
drive them off of the seafloor
Term
The difference between respiratory gas bladders and lungs is that lungs are...
Definition
not connected to the gut tube.
Term
_____________ are structures retained by most fishes as a means of buoyancy control
Definition
Gas bladders
Term
Within the sarcopterygians, the gas bladder becomes an important ___________
Definition
respiratory organ.
Term
Within the actinopterygians, the gas bladder becomes _________ 
Definition
the primary buoyancy control device.
Term

Allowing the gas bladder to move above the animal's center of gravity indicates ...

 
Definition
that it is means of buoyancy control
Term
Next, within the __________, the gas bladder further evolves into a dorsal gut tube
Definition
paleonisciformes
Term
 This structure indicates no connection of the gas bladder to the gut tube, and evolves within ___________. 
Definition
Physoclistus; paleonisciformes
Term
In contrast to a physostomus, a phsyoclistus evolves. This structure indicates no connection of the gas bladder to the gut tube. This disconnect between the gas bladder and the gut tube is accompanied by the evolution of __________containing counter-current exchangers called ____________. 
Definition
gas glands, rete mirabali
Term
for paleonisciformes, this structure is a nonrespiratory structure and is primarily implemented as a buoyancy control device.
Definition
gas bladder
Term
As we move towards shallow water, the evolution of _________ occurs within aquatic vertebrates. 
Definition
lungs
Term
early lunged animals still retain...
Definition
functional gills
Term
 Since low metabolism does not require a lot of oxygen to meet the demands of the environment, early lungs have no specialized features, and are initially used for _______. 
Definition
storage
Term
 This type of pump requires a substantial amount of support elements, and was used in __________ vertebrates. 
Definition
Forced air pump; early aquatic
Term
Prior to a forced air pump, we started out with a ______ pump 
Definition
buccal
Term
Two-stroke model:  In this model, ____ cycles had to be completed in order to get a full exchange of gas. 
Definition
two
Term
 Two-stroke model of buccal pump: The driving force is the change in ________, which is directly caused by the change in __________ of the ___________ cavity. 
Definition
pressure; volume; buccal
Term
 In order to change the ________ of the cavity, the floor of the mouth is lowered, which increases the ________, generating ____. 
Definition
volume; volume; flow
Term
 This flow allows air to be drawn into the mouth, and simultaneously be drawn out of the lungs because the mouth is at a lower pressure than the lungs 
Definition
Two-stroke; buccal pump
Term
The lungs of early lunged fish has to be ______ to resist damage because the high pressure of the buccal cavity is constantly pulling and pushing at the lungs.
Definition
stiff
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