Shared Flashcard Set

Details

CVA Test 1
An Array of Terminology and Facts on CVA
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/20/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Types of Symmetry?
Definition
Radial - Regular Arrangement around central core. (Starfish)
Bilateral - A single Cut. (Sagittal Cut in Humans)
Term
"Universal" Directional Terms
Definition
Dorsal/Ventral- Back to Stomach
Cranial/Caudal - Head to Tail
Term
"Selective" Directional Terms
Definition
Anterior/Posterior (Usually in Bipeds) - Stomach to Back.
Superior/Inferior (BIPED ONLY) - Head to Toe.
Term
Planes
Definition
-Transverse - Divides the Cranial/Caudal
-Cross-Section - Divides Cranial/Caudal
-Frontal - Divides Dorsal and Ventral
-Sagittal(Longitudinal) - Divides the organisms right and left.
Term
Proximal vs. Distal
Definition
Proximal - Closer to main axis
Distal - Farther away from main axis. (Distant)
Term
Epidermis
Definition
-Located on top of the skin(dermis).
-Embryonic Origin? Ecto-derm
-Cellular Makeup? Squamous Cell (Flattened Shape)
Term
What is the main protein in the skin?
Definition
Keratin. - Made up in the hair, nails, etc.
Term
Stratum Germinativum/Basale
Definition
innermost layer of epidermis, single layer, youngest.
Term
Stratum Corneum
Definition
-Outermost layer of epidermis
-Oldest
-Many Layers
-Prevents Water Loss
-Points of contact in the skin to environment.
Term
Dermis
Definition
ONLY FOUND IN VERTEBRATES.
-Section below the epidermis
- Embryonic Origin: Mesoderm
- Make up: majority is from the maturing fibroblasts from connective tissue.
Term
Amphibian Integument
Definition
-Thinner outer layer, diffuses through skin, large glands in Dermis are poison glands; exocrine gland has ducts which allow hormones to be released.
Term
Subcutaneous Fat
Definition
The layer below the Dermis.
-Superficial Fascia (Microscopic: "hypodermis"
-Blubber = Connective Tissue fibers + 50% fat.
Function: Storing energy, insulation, streamlines/hydrodynamics, buoyancy.
Term
Pinnipeds and Cetaceans
Definition
Pinnipeds - walrus + seals
Cetaceans - Whales/Dolphins
Term
Horn
Definition
-Both Sexes
- No Branching
- Continued growth (No Shedding)
- Composition: Cornified skin w/ dermal bone core. (Hollow)
Term
Antler
Definition
- Only in males (Exception: Reindeer/Caribou)
- BRANCHING
- lost seasonally (Sheds)
- Composition: bony skull outgrowth with a velvet epidermis.
Term
Types of Connective Tissue
Definition
Dense
Cartilage
Blood
Bone
Loose
Term
Cartilage
Definition
Advantage: Weighs less/less dense + more flexible.
Embryonic Origin: Mesoderm
Composition/Development: Extracellular nutrients + condritin + SO4. The cells in cartilage are known as chondrocytes.
Vascular Supply: No - Only with pericardium (sac that contain the heart) Heals slowly.
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
Hyaline- Few Fibers and very transulucent, but very homogenous w one type.
Function: Helps stop microscopic grating & bone to bone contact.
Sites: Trachea, the proximal part of ribcage connecting to sternum, skeleton during development.
Term
Fibrous Cartilage
Definition
A mix of condritin, SO4, and Collagen
Sites: Between the Vertebrate, pubic symphosis allows birth expansion, patella.
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
Mixed w/ Elastin
-Ear Nose
-epiglottis (Flap between digestive/respiratory airways.
Term
Types of Bone?
Definition
Endochondrol- Cartilaginous framework to the bone. Ossified cartilage. Ex: Long bones of the body ie. Femur.
Intramembranous - Mesenchymal Cells -> Osteoblasts -> Osteocytes -> Osteoclasts(Degrade the bone) Made up of CaPO4.
Term
Basic Anatomy of Bone
Definition
Cell type + extracellular matrix
Spongy /cancellous + compact
Very vascular.
Term
Skull's Function:
Definition
Protection
Feeding
Respiration/Cooling
Term
Chondrocranium
Definition
(ONE OF THREE COMPONENTS OF CRANIUM)
Chondro = Cartilage (Shark/Lamprey)
Location: Caudal + floor of brain case
Origin: Meso and Ecto
Development: Endochondral
Term
Splanchnocranium
Definition
Splancho = ancient
Pharyngial/Brachial Arches[Mandible Arce/Hyoid]
Origin: Ecto
Development: Endochondral
Term
Dermoocranium
Definition
Location: Dorsal-Lateral "Flatbones" of outer skull. Mammals: Jaws(Roofs of oral cavity and mandible)
Origin: Meso
Development: Intramembranous
Term
Evolution of Skull
Definition
-Agnathans: w/o jaws(lamprey): Splanchocranium make up.
Then - Gnathosomes: Pharyngeal arches/Bronchial arches = Jaws
Term
Jaw Articulation
Definition
Reptiles(Birds/Bony Fishes)- Articular/Quadrate Junction.
Mammals - Dentary/Squamosal(Entire bone is the temporal bone) Junction. And post dentary bones are either lost or sent to ear.
Term
Mammalian Middle Ear Bone Evolution
Definition
Articular - Malleus
Quadrate - Incus
Columella - Stapes
Term
Sound Paths

Middle Species
Definition
For mammals: External Ear; Tempranic Membrane; Middle Ear(MIS); Inner
For reptiles: Same pathway, but only have a Colemella(Stapes).
Fish do not need a middle ear due to median.

Therapsid(Primitive mammal) Diarthnogthus - known to have a double hinged jaw. Some skimmer birds have it.
Term
Kinetic Skull Vs. Akenetic
Definition
The primary palate is chondo ie Reptillians have this form. The braincase can move.

Mammals have the akinetic braincase P.277
Term
How is a lizards tongue ejected and retracted?
Definition
Hyoid Apprartus...Splancho connected to an accelerator muscle pushes off lingual process for extension.

It retracts by the Glassohyal tugging on the accelerator muscle.
Term
How does the amphibian eject/retract its tongue?
Definition
Since it does not have a well devoloped Hyoid apparatus like the lizard its solely based upon the lingual muscles.
Term
Advantages and Disadvantages of H20 viscosity
Definition
Advantages-
Creates a vacuum

Disadvantages - Shock waves sent out when changes in water/direction occur.
Term
Mysticetes vs. Odontocetes
Definition
Mysticetes - Examples: Baleen, Fin whales (Humpback, blue), and right.
Odontocetes - Toothed Whales, Killer/Orca/Orca whales.
Term
How Mysticetes Feed?
Definition
The use of baleen made from keratin only found on the upper jaw.

The Fin Whale: Grooves underneath mouth called rorquals extend to take in large amounts of water + food. (Gulpers).

Right Whales - Skimmers, swims around with mouth catching plankton in baleen.

Humpback: Tail at surface, bubble cloud, and vocalizations.
Term
Chondrichthyans (Crainial Components and How They Feed):
Definition
The Shark Category (once again Chondro = cartilage).

Main Cranial Component: Primary cranial component: chondrocranium.

How they feed: double jointed hyoid allows teh shark to move lower jaw forward to align with upper jaw + lower teeth to grip prey better. Why Protract? Hydrodynamic.
Term
TYPES OF TEETH: Polyphyodonty vs. Diphyodonty &&& Heterodont vs Homodont
Definition
Poly- many teeth (lower verts and sharks) Usually Homo
Di - 2 sets of teeth (Most Mammals) Usually hetero.

Heterodont means different types of teeth in jaw and Homodont means same teeth throughout jaw.
Term
Vertebrate Axial Skelaton: Notochord vs. Vertebral Column
Definition
Notochord: (Early Support) For support to prevent the telescope effect ie. the Lamprey. Fibrous connective tissue + fluid. Mesoderm origins.

Vertebral Column - 1st Role: Protection 2nd Roles: muscle attachment; locomotion; support; (These occured due to movement to dry land).
Term
Dorsal & Ventral Arches
Definition
Dorsal - protects neural tubes
Ventral - Surrounds blood vessels.
It went arches then centra in process of evolution.
Term
Types of Centra
Definition
Acoelus - lumbar. Both ends are flat. No motion.
Amphicoelous - Fish (Both ends are concave) Limited motion.
Procoelous - Anterior end is concave. Reptiles Ball and Socket. Lots of MOTION!
Opisthocoelous - Reptiles (reverse of pro)
Heterocoelous - Birds/Turtle - saddle shaped allowing extensive lateral and dorsoventral motion.
Term
Does the Notocord exist in Humans?
Definition
YES! During devolopment it provides support and structure, but later becomes the center of the IV disks.
Term
Atlas
Definition
Allows for:
Nodding
Centrum on Bottom Cavity
No Hemal Arch
Term
Purpose of Skeletal Trunk/Arches.
Definition
Trunk: Protection of the Nerve Chord, Locomotion through contractions. (THink FISH)
Hemal Arches: Caudal Region - protects this region from the tails ability to spiral the spine.
Neural Arches: ALL parts of trunk - protects spinal nerve chord.
Term
Whats special about Ceolacanth's and Agnathans trunks?
Definition
No Centra: Ie. Hollow spines.
Term
Stylopodium
Fore:
Hind:
Definition
Sylopodium
Fore: Humerus
Hind: Acetabulum
Term
Zuegopodium
Fore:
Hind:
Definition
Fore: Radius and Ulna
Hind: Tibia and Fibula
Supporting users have an ad free experience!