Term
|
Definition
| changes in genetic makeup of populations through time |
|
|
Term
| how does Evolution relate to phenotypes? |
|
Definition
| phenotype is determined by genotype, therefore as evolution changes genotype, it also affects morphological features (phenotypes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
functional similarity among non-homologuous organisms
ex. butterfly and bird wings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarity in organs from different organisms as a result of inheritence from a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developmental stages reveal earlier stages from one's ancestry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parts of the body change independently of each other |
|
|
Term
| What was Darwin's theory behind Natural Selection? |
|
Definition
1. gross similarity of island species to mainland forms
2. fossils related to present form but now extinct
3. ability of breeders to select for specific attributes
4. if everything born were to survive resources would be depleted |
|
|
Term
| What is the main concept behind Darwin's theory of Natural Selection? |
|
Definition
| animals with the best attributes will be most fit and will survive to pass on traits but the rest will parish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of an ancestor and all of its descendants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| various forms of individual attributes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| little utility in helping determine cladistic relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to delineate relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern of evolutionary change in character states through time within a clade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outgroup taxa has primitive condition from when traits of interest group evolved |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 biases with fossils? |
|
Definition
1. morphological not molecular based
2. only include skeletal elements (teeth)
3.most from fluvial or arrid environments
4. large animals are more commonly fossilized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organs no longer being used for original function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| throw back structures present in ancestors but rare in individuals today |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of change within group of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary change to developmental timing or rates |
|
|
Term
| anatomical position of humans |
|
Definition
| standing upright, palms forward |
|
|
Term
| anatomical position for non-bipeds |
|
Definition
| belly down with limbs or fins in resting position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closer to midline (appendages only) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| further from midline (appendages only) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bending two parts toward each other about a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing the gap between two parts by bending |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bringing structure towards midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving structure away from midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rotation away from midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving structure backwards from where it came |
|
|
Term
| What are the four key vertebrate features that evolved? how many years ago? |
|
Definition
544 million years
1. vertebral column
2. 2 or more semicircular canals
3. radial fin muscles
4. |
|
|
Term
| What is an endostyle? What group did it come from? |
|
Definition
secretes mucous to trap particles and bind iodine
from Chordata |
|
|
Term
| What are pharyngeal slits? What group did they come from? |
|
Definition
filter water for food, contain cilia
from Pharyngotremata |
|
|
Term
| What is a notochord? Which group did it come from? |
|
Definition
hydroskeletal stiffening rod to allow muscle contraction rather than buckling
from Chordata |
|
|
Term
| What is a post-anal tail? What group does it come from? |
|
Definition
used for propulsion
from Chordata |
|
|
Term
| what are myomeres? what group did it come from? |
|
Definition
muscle bundles for controlled sectional movements
from Somitichordata |
|
|
Term
| what is a dorsal/ventral aorta? what group did it come from? |
|
Definition
allows non-tidal blood flow
from Somitichordata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spead to many parts of the body, form and regulate much of the cranial development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develops from sensory placodes |
|
|
Term
| tri-parate brain function |
|
Definition
receives and integrates info from newly evolved sense organs which sense environment ahead
1. forebrain: olfactory info
2. midbrain: visual info
3. hindbrain: hearing and lateral line system |
|
|
Term
| closed circulatory system |
|
Definition
| arteries moving blood into capillaries for diffusion and veins returning blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of cartilage, protects brain and sense organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food move through a series of chambers with very specific roles-- storage, digestion, and absorption |
|
|
Term
| function of craniate true liver |
|
Definition
| store energy as glycogen or lipid |
|
|
Term
| function of muscular heart |
|
Definition
| enabling an efficient circulatory system that now included true blood with hemeglobin that binds with oxygen |
|
|
Term
| function of vertebral column |
|
Definition
| provide major body support |
|
|
Term
| function of 2 or more semicircular canals |
|
Definition
| spatial orientation sensors (2D or 3D) |
|
|
Term
| function of radial fin muscles |
|
Definition
| better control medial fin movements |
|
|
Term
| function of neural crest cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of post anal tail |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of pharyngeal slits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete mucous, bind iodine |
|
|
Term
| function of tubular dorsal nerve chord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of enterocoelic coelom |
|
Definition
| mesoderm outpocket in development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlled sectional locomotion |
|
|
Term
| function of dorsal ventral aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most basal living lineage of vertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of cellular bone in Osteostracans? |
|
Definition
| tissues that allow morphological change throughout life, allowing them to increase in size |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of Gnathostome jaws? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of Gnathostome 3 semicircular canals? |
|
Definition
| 3D spatial sensing (roll, pitch, yaw) |
|
|
Term
| Significance of gnathostome pelvic fins |
|
Definition
| fins were supported by strong, internal bony skeleton |
|
|
Term
| significance of Osteichthyes lungs? |
|
Definition
| respiratory organs, developed in areas where water could hold little oxygen, allowed for air gulping |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 reasons the transitions onto land was so difficult? |
|
Definition
1. air is 700x less dense than water (no bouyancy)
2. water is in short supply on land = dessication
3. air does not have the thermal stability of water |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of keratinized skin in amniotes and amniote egg? |
|
Definition
1. abrasion protection
2. prevent dessication
3. less water dependent |
|
|
Term
| which 3 clades evolved powered flight? |
|
Definition
1. pterosaurs
2. bats
3. birds |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 characteristics that show that birds are dinosaurs? |
|
Definition
1.feet pointing forward (modified ankles)
2.anteorbital fenestrae
3.4th trochanter on femur
4. theropod (meat eating)
5. hollow bones
6. carnivorous teeth
7. curved femora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mammal class that had a lower temporal fenestra and a sail-back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mammal class with semi-upright posture and heterodont dention (incisors, canines, premolars, molars) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 mammal synapomorphies? |
|
Definition
1. 3 ear bones in inner ear
2. precise dental occlusion, diphydont teeth
3.hair
4. mammary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monotremata (echnida and platypus) |
|
|
Term
| Which mammals have live birth? |
|
Definition
| therians- marsupials and placentals |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 primary germ layers? |
|
Definition
1. ectoderm
2. mesoderm
3. endoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epidermis,nervous system, major sense organs |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 branches of mesoderm |
|
Definition
1. paraxial
2. intermediate
3. lateral plate |
|
|
Term
| paraxial mesoderms breaks up into.... |
|
Definition
1. dermatome- controls dermis
2. myotome- controls muscles
3. sclerotome- controls vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| intermediate mesoderm controls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral plate mesoderm breaks into |
|
Definition
inner splanchic layer
somatic layer |
|
|
Term
| function of inner splanchic layer |
|
Definition
| CT and visceral muscles of heart/gut |
|
|
Term
| function of somatic layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner lining of lungs, bladder, thyroid, thymus, parathyroid, liver, pancreas, digestive tube, and auditory tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers outer body and inner lining for protection, diffusion, and secretion |
|
|
Term
| connective tissue function |
|
Definition
| body, integrity, support, transport, storage, and defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of body, fluid, or gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conveying and processing signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in epithelium, secrete mucous,
located in upper respiratory tract, anus, and endostyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beat to move water and mucous
found in respiratory tract and GI tract |
|
|
Term
| steps to endochondral bone formation |
|
Definition
1. mesenchyme lays down cartilage precursor
2. cartilage proliferates, dies, calcifies
3. perichondral sheath becomes periosteum and lays down diaphysis
4.arteries and veins pentetrate along with preosteoblasts and clasts
5. osteoid layed down around calcified cartilage
6. osteoclasts form medullary cavity
7. same process repeated at ends of bones (epiphysis) |
|
|
Term
| endochondral longitudinal growth occurs via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endochondral expansive growth is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steps to membrane bone formation |
|
Definition
1. mesenchyme become osteoblast and lay down osteoid among existing collagen which mineralizes
2. as move beyond initial collagen blood vessels congeal and form cortices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually at edges where new collagen is laid down |
|
|
Term
| What are the constituents of the first cosmoid plates? |
|
Definition
| basal lamellar bone layer (acellular), spongy bone layer (housing blood vessels, electroreceptors), then denticles of cosmine and a layer of enamel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bony scales reduced to just acellular bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horny plates under the skin (alligator back) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rib-like osteoderms in the ventral abdominal wall to stiffen pleuroperitoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
| Why are feathers considered a scale? |
|
Definition
| feathers develop from epithelial-mesenchymal interaction between epidermis and dermis |
|
|
Term
| Why is fur not considered a scale? |
|
Definition
| hair develops as an inpocketing rather than an oupocketingof epidermis and dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in male deer
bone outgrowth with a skin covering that provides nourishment to the antler, shed skin, antler dies |
|
|
Term
| Why do rhino's not have true horns? |
|
Definition
| just keratinized skin, no bony core |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in bovids
keratin sheath covering a bony core |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cosmoid plates
1. lamellar bone
2. spongy bone
3. cosmine layer
4. enamel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lepidotrichia
fin rays composed of numerous individual scales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cosmoid scale
1.lamellar bone
2. spongy bone
3. lots of cosmine
4. thin veneer of enamel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
placoid scales
1. enamel
2. dentine
3. aacellular bone veneer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ganoin scales
1. overlapping scales
2. made strictly of lamellar bone
3. cycloid and ctenoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 overall functions of bones? |
|
Definition
1. overall shape
2. provide support
3. protect internal organs
4. house blood forming and resp. tissues
5. lever system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects brain, ear, and nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms visceral arches (gill slit supporter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dermal bone that surrounds most of remaining cranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no holes post-orbitally (turtles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single fenestration post-orbitally (mammals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two holes post-orbitally (crocs, lizards, snakes) |
|
|
Term
| What is a secondary palate? and which group has it? |
|
Definition
crocs have it
allows for breathing with mouth open underwater (made up of premaxilla, maxilla, palatine, pterygoid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
agnathans
primative condition
some arches are attached to chondrocranium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
palatoquadrate is suspended from chondrocranium
gnathostomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chondrichthyans, sarcopterygii
hyomandibula contributes to jaw suspension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
later sharks, bony fish
suspension solely from hyomandibula (jaws that thrust out of the mouth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
holoencephalons, dipnoans, tetrapods
hyomandibulae free to do other things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| palatoquadrate--->quadrate bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meckel's Cartilage--> articular bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyomandibula--->columella (ear) |
|
|
Term
| The articular bone goes to which mammal ear bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The collumella goes to which mammal ear bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The angular bone goes to which mammal ear bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 teeth parts/tissues |
|
Definition
1. enamel(hard outer layer, dead)
2. dentine (bony like core)
3. pulp cavity (blood vessels/ nerves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| juvenile and adult tooth set |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high crown, more wear resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organized into lophs
(horses, rhinos) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cusps independent but elongate (deer, camel) |
|
|
Term
| jaw closing muscle of carnivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| jaw closing muscle of herbivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the spinal formula? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atlas (no spinous process) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axis (spinous process and dens) |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of cervical vertebrae |
|
Definition
| spinous process pointing back, 2 transverse foramen, concave |
|
|
Term
| characteristic of thoracic vertebrae |
|
Definition
| spinous process pointing down, rib attachment sites, no foramen, convex |
|
|
Term
| characteristic of lumbar vertebrae |
|
Definition
| short, stubby process, no foramen, vertebral notch, concave |
|
|
Term
| Which bone allowed the neck to be free?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elongate 4th digit
evolved new wrist bone
skin formed wing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st digit free as a hook
membrane for wings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
did not elongate digits
lengthened humerous, ulna, radius
alula formed to prevent stalling (digit 1 or 2) |
|
|
Term
| is the clavical a dermal bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the scapula a dermal bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a sesamoid bone? Function? |
|
Definition
bone embedded within a tendon
function: aid in forces transfer, protects tendon, increases moment arm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle shortens causing movement= WORK PERFORMED |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle cannot shorten, no work is performed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles that pull in an opposite direction to retract a muscle (ex. bicep/tricep) |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of slow twitch muscles |
|
Definition
oxygen metabolism for energery
rich blood supply
lots of myoglobin
contract slowly, dont fatigue
good for slow sustained movements |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of fast twitch muscles |
|
Definition
anaerobic glycolysis for energy
poor blood supply
little myoglobin |
|
|
Term
| fusiform/strap muscle characteristics |
|
Definition
large extension due to long fibers
contract faster bc sarcomeres are in series
used for low force rapid movement |
|
|
Term
| pennate muscle characteristics |
|
Definition
short extension
high force
used to start movements
dont bulge much
good in animals that need streamline |
|
|
Term
| circular/sphincteral muscle characteristcs |
|
Definition
| constriction/dialation of lumen surround orifices |
|
|
Term
| cross sectional area is a _____ function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increases in mass are a _____ function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| doubling an animals length height and width= _____ increase in body ability to sustain weight but weight goes up ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inherent property of matter that resists any change of motion (increase mass, increase inertia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change in state of motion of an object
F=ma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force applied parallel to surface within an object, tends to cause displacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tension on convex surface, compression on concave surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turning, twisting, or rotational effect of a force causing angular acceleration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of an object to return to its orignal form when the load is removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of an object not to return to its orginal shape after a load is removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
internal reaction forces within a material
force per unit area in a given plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overall deformation or change in dimensions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slope in elastic region of stress/strain curve
measure of stiffness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
balancing point
dead center in symmetrical objects
toward more bulbous end in oblong objects |
|
|
Term
| torque equation for a cylinder |
|
Definition
f*r=I*a
f=friction
r=radius
I=moment of inertia
a= angular acceleration |
|
|
Term
| moment of inertia for a rectangle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low frictional drag due to decreased surface area, but huge pressure drag |
|
|
Term
| drag with a long slender body |
|
Definition
| high frictional drag but low pressure drag |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 ways to increase speed? |
|
Definition
increase stride length
increase frequency of steps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| K=1/2* mass of segment* velocity of segment^2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| balancing forces when needed to not fall over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legs on one side of the body move in unison, but out of phase with other side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagonal feet move in unison and there is a suspended phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one hind leg provides thrust, then the other hind leg, forelimb then forelimb solo balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 hind legs thrust, flight period, forelimbs hit apart then 2nd suspended period |
|
|
Term
| how do vertebrates increase diffusion efficiency? (3 ways) |
|
Definition
1. higher surface areas
2. thinner membrane
3. efficient balance between blood and oxygen flow across membranes |
|
|
Term
| respiration in primative craniates and ostracoderms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| respiration in jawless fishes |
|
Definition
pouched gills
water in mouth, through pharynx, into internal gills, out external gills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ventral blind respiratory tube
water pumped back and forth over external gills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| septal gills with gill rakers |
|
|
Term
| respiration in teleostomi |
|
Definition
| aseptal gills with slits opening to opercular cavity |
|
|
Term
| respiration in osteichthyans |
|
Definition
| lungs evolved, no alveoli-sac partioning but have shee like partitions with surfactant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hydrostatic function
off the dorsal part of esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endothelial cells
most inner layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outer layer
connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| coronary vessels are equivalent to.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large and flat
less elastin in tunica media/intima
little musclulature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick walled tunica media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only endothelium
for diffusion |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 heart layers and their vasculature equivilents? |
|
Definition
1.endocardium-t. intima
2. myocardium- t. media
3. epicardium- t. adventitia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two capillary beds lying between incoming artery and outgoing vein |
|
|
Term
| explain the hepatic portal system |
|
Definition
nutrients from stomach conveyed to liver sinusoids for processing. detoxified blood is released continually
on demand glycogen, vitamins, proteins are released into general circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suction pump and force pump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inspiration
1. open mouth with gills and spiracle closed
2. pharynx and parabranchials expand
3. elastic recoil creates negative pressure driving water up into gills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
expiration
1. mouth and spiracle close
2. gills open
3. jaw adductor and branchial muscles compress visceral cartilages driving out water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. intercostal muscles enlarge pleuroperitoneal cavity by abducting ribs
2. pressure decreases in cavity causing lungs to expand and air comes in
3. glottis closes, air is held in till next cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.intercostal muscles shrink adducting ribs
2. pressure in cavity increases
3. air is expelled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. inspiration I: air enters primary bronchi and goes into mesobronchus, enters posterior air sac
2. expiration II: air into mediodorsal bronchi and parabronchi
3. inspiration II: draw into anterior air sacs
4. expiration II: expelled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.air enters nasal cavity and goes through turbinates
2. enters nasopharynx
3. diaphragm contracts increasing pleural cavity size
4. external intercostals pull ribs rostrally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. elastic recoild of lungs, ribs, abdominal viscera
2. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles are active during forced expiration such as a cough |
|
|
Term
| form and function of vertebrate heart |
|
Definition
1. forms as a tube
2. no left or right sides, but is 4 chambered
3. valved to keep flow unidirectional |
|
|
Term
| pathways of primitive vertebrate heart |
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Definition
| low pressure blood into sinus venosus-->atrium-->ventricle-->conus arteriosus-->gill capillary |
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Term
| what happens in primative vertebrate heart in systole? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in primative during diastole |
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Definition
| valves keep the blood flowing |
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Term
| what are coronary arteries? |
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Definition
| blood supply to heart muscle |
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Term
| where do coronary arteries branch from? why? |
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Definition
| base of aortic arch because blood is best there |
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Term
| what are adults lacking in therian mammals that fetus' have? |
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Definition
| no shunts between systemic & pulmonary circuits |
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Term
| fetal circulation pathway |
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Definition
| oxygen enters via umbilical vein--> ductus venosus into inferior vena cava-->returns blood from abdomen-->right atrium--> pulmonary circuit--> left atrium--> shunted blood to ductus arteriosus-->aortic arch-->return through umbilical arteries |
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Term
| pathway of mammalian GI tract |
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Definition
| ingestion-->mastication-->pharynx/esophagus-->stomach-->digestion-->intestines-->absorption |
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Term
| Why do herbivores require fermentation chambers and microorganisms? |
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Definition
| craniates cannot produce cellulase which breaks down cellulose, microorganisms are used to produce cellulase |
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Term
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Definition
very toxic
fresh water fish just dilute and excrete it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| excretion of saltwater teleosts |
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Definition
| suck in water, excrete salt and NH3 through gills |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| excretion in terrestrial amphibians |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| human recapitualtion of kidney development |
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Definition
| pronephros, mesanephros, metanephros |
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Term
|
Definition
| renal tubes unite from anterior end of nephric ridge |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| kidneys migrate cranially, end up behind liver |
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Term
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Definition
travel of signal up sensory neuron
synapse with interneuron in dorsal horn
stimulate motor neuron
(one side of body) |
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Term
|
Definition
ascend on interneurons
decussate to other side
travels to brain |
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Term
|
Definition
occurs when you decide to react to something
stimulate interneuron in white matter
decussates in brain
travels to specific tract in spinal cord
terminate on motor neurons in ventral horn |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemosensor for pheromones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oculomotor- dorsal, medial, ventral rectus, inferior oblique |
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Term
|
Definition
| trochlear - superior oblique |
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Term
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Definition
| trigeminal- face, nasal cavity, lacrimal gland, cornea, mouth, eyelid, branchiomeric, lower jaw, temporal region, tongue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| facial- tear, digestive glands, taste buds |
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Term
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Definition
| vestibulocochlear- hearing/balance |
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Term
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Definition
| glosspharyngeal- swallowing, sensing back of tongue |
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Term
|
Definition
| vagus- cucullaris, autonomic viscera |
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Term
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Definition
attached to skull bone
outer layer |
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Term
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Definition
gaps, network where CSF flows
middle layer |
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Term
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Definition
adheres to brain
inner layer |
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Term
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Definition
produced in choriod plexus
flows in arachnoid mater, venous drainage through arachnoid villi major drainage in dural septa of skull |
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Term
| what is encephalization quotient |
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Definition
| brain size equates to number of neurons, more neurons per unit of body size equates to more complex activities |
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Term
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Definition
gives rise to optic vessels and infundibulum of pituitary
splites into telencephalon (hemispheres) and diencephalon ( 3rd ventricle & thalamus) |
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Term
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Definition
mesencephalon
optic lobes, auditory lobes, locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
splits into metaencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and mylencephalon (medulla oblongata)
function: receive signals |
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Term
| What are Jacobsen's organs |
|
Definition
vomeronasal organs in most tetrapods
used to sense phereomones and taste environment
microvilli with accessory olfactory bulb |
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Term
| How do lateral lines physically sens changes? |
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Definition
| small clusters of hair cells capped with jelly cupula. water movements move cupula, hairs bend one way increasing rate and the other decreases rate to allow for directional sensing |
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Term
| What are the parts of the human ear? |
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Definition
1. auricle or pinnae
2. tympanic membrane
3. ossicles
4. tensor tympani muscle
5. cochlea
6. organ of corti |
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Term
| fuction of auricle or pinnae |
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Definition
| funnel sound down external auditory meatus |
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Term
| function of tympanic membrane |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
malleus, incus, stapes
amplifies sound 22x |
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Term
| function of tensor tympani and stapedius |
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Definition
| dampen sound to protect ear |
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Term
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Definition
| lagena and perilymphatic duct |
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Term
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Definition
| hair cells to detect pitch |
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Term
| how does the tapetum lucidum allow for night vision? |
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Definition
| compose of collagen, plates of guanine or purine crystals that are behind retina. they reflect light back to retin to illicit a stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| formed by vascular tunic and retina |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| smooth muscles that attach to the lens and regulate its shape |
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Term
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Definition
| nourishes and maintains proper shape of anterior eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains photoreceptive rods and cones |
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Term
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Definition
spot on back of eye that has a concentration of rods
where vision is best |
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|
Term
| how does they eye accomodate to see close in? |
|
Definition
focus point is deep
cilliary muscles contract anteriorally and toward eye center
suspensory ligaments slack so lens rounds which is better to bend light and bring focal point anteriorally until it is focused on the retina |
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