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Cranial Nerves and Scalp/Head
Exam 3 Review
200
Anatomy
Graduate
09/26/2013

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Cards

Term
Which cranial nerve is the largest?
Definition
CN V (Trigeminal)
Term
Which cranial nerve is the only one that exits the "posterior" side of the brainstem?
Definition
CN IV (Trochlear)
Term
How many cranial nerves are responsible for eye movements?
Definition
Three: CN III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), and VI (Abducens)
Term
What does "abducens" refer to?
Definition
The abducens nerve carries motor impulses to the lateral rectus eye muscle which moves the eye laterally causing abduction of the eye.
Term
Which cranial nerves carry gustatory (taste) information?
Definition
CN VII (Facial), CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) and CN X (Vagus).
Term
Which cranial nerve is the longest?
Definition
CN X (Vagus) which reaches from the medulla to the digestive and urinary organs.
Term
What two cranial nerves carry sensory information about blood pressure to the brain?
Definition
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) and CN X (Vagus).
Term
Which cranial nerve is responsible for pupillary constriction?
Definition
CN III (Oculomotor)
Term
Jim has an outward and downward deviation of his eye with ptosis of the eyelid and an ipsilateral dilated pupil. Which cranial nerve is responsible for this palsy?
Definition
CN III (oculomotor)
Term
A common cold can affect which cranial nerve?
Definition
CN I (Olfactory nerve)
Term
Corneal drying, decreased salivation and anesthesia of the forehead and eyebrow are associated with which cranial nerve dysfunction?
Definition
CN V (Trigeminal nerve)
Term
Fractures of the temporal bone are specifically prone to damage which cranial nerve?
Definition
CN VII (Facial Nerve)
Term
What are the 5 major divisions of the facial nerve?
Definition
T -- temporal
Z -- zygomatic
B -- buccal
M -- mandibular
C -- cervical
Term
After the facial nerve leaves the skull through the stylomastoid foramen on the base of the skull, it immediately turns forward to enter the substance of what gland? and what does it give off?
Definition
Parotid Gland; while in this gland it gives off 5 major branches
Term
Name a nerve and branch of the nerve that enters deep in the buccal area where the buccal branches of the facial nerve are found. (Hint: it is a purely sensory branch)
Definition
Mandibular branch of Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Term
What does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve supply?
Definition
It supplies the mucous membrane inside the cheek and to the skin in this area.
Term
What can be seen crossing the masseter muscle on it way to penetrate the buccinator muscle?
Definition
The parotid duct
Term
Where does the parotid duct open up into?
Definition
the mouth opposite the upper 2nd molar tooth
Term
What does the parotid duct form in the oral cavity?
Definition
a small swelling (papilla) inside the oral cavity that can be easily seen.
Term
What are the names of the three pairs of major salivary glands of the head and neck? Where is the general area of each?
Definition
Parotid Glands: in front of each ears
Submandibular glands: back of mouth on both sides of jaw
Sublingual glands: under floor of mouth
Term
What artery runs just above the parotid duct and is a branch of the superficial temporal artery?
Definition
Transverse facial artery
Term
Why is the facial vein important clinically? (Hint: 2 points including direct connection and what can enter)
Definition
1. It has a direct connection to ophthalmic vein & then to a deep venous sinus within the cranial cavity, the cavernous sinus
2. Bacteria can enter the facial vein and gain access to internal cranial structures resulting in infection there. (This is probably the reason our mothers always said not to squeeze our pimples.)
Term
What are the sensory nerves of the face?
Definition
Terminal branches of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V):
Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular divions
Term
Name the branches of the ophthalmic division of the 5th cranial nerve.
Definition
S- supratrochlear
L -lacrimal
I- infratrochlear
E- external nasal
S- supraorbital
Term
Name the branches of the Maxillary division of the 5th cranial nerve.
Definition
Z- zygomaticofacial
I- infraorbital
Term
Name the branches of the mandibular branch of the 5th cranial nerve.
Definition
B- buccal
M- mental
Term
Why is the makeup of the scalp is important clinically?
Definition
Trauma to the scalp is frequent and it is up to the clinician to determine by palpation and observation just how serious the trauma is.
Term
The scalp is made of what 5 layers? (Name in order of superficial to deep)
Definition
S- Skin
C- Connective Tissue (dense)
A- Aponeurosis
L- Loose Connective Tissue
P- periosteum
Term
Which CN exit through cribiform plate?
Definition
CN 1 (olfactory)
Term
Which CN exits through optic canal?
Definition
CN 2 (optic nerve)
Term
Which CN exits through superior orbital fissure?
Definition
CN 3 (oculomotor),4 (Trochlear),6 (Abducens) and 1st division of CN 5 (Ophthalmic division of trigeminal)
Term
Which CN exits through foramen rotundum?
Definition
2nd division of CN 5 (maxillary division of trigeminal nerve)
Term
Which CN exits through Foramen Ovale?
Definition
3rd division of CN 5 (Mandibular division of trigeminal)
Term
Which CN exits through the internal acoustic meatus?
Definition
CN 7 (facial), 8 (vestibulocochlear)
Term
Which CN exits through the jugular foramen?
Definition
CN 9 (glossopharyngeal), 10 (vagus), 11 (accessory)
Term
Which CN exits through the hypoglossal canal?
Definition
CN 12 (Hypoglossal)
Term
Sensory innervation of the face is primarily via which CN?
Definition
CN V (trigeminal)
Term
Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression is through which CN?
Definition
CN VII (facial)
Term
Motor innervation to muscles of mastication is by which CN? (name nerve and division)
Definition
motor root of trigeminal nerve (CN V)/ the mandibular nerve
Term
What does cutaneous mean?
Definition
superficial
Term
Innervation of scalp anterior to the auricles is by which branches of which CN?
Definition
All 3 divisions of trigeminal nerve (CN V1, CN V2, CN V3)
Term
Posterior to the auricles, innervation of the scalp is by which nerves?
Definition
spinal cutaneous nerve (C2 and C3)
Term
Describe the skin layer of the scalp
Definition
thick, hair-bearing --> numerous sweat & sebaceous glands
Term
Describe the 2nd layer of the scalp (immediately deep to the skin)
Definition
dense connective tissue composed of crisscrossing collagen & elastic fibers; richly vascularized and well supplied with nerves
Term
Describe the 3rd layer of the scalp
Definition
Aponeurosis
strong membranous sheet (also called galea aponeurotica); connects fleshy bellies of frontalis and occipitalis muscles (epicranius m.)
Term
Which layer of the scalp is considered the "dangerous layer of the scalp" as it contains emissary veins?
Definition
Loose Areolar tissue
Term
Descrive the innermost layer of the scalp.
Definition
Pericranium: periosteum of external surface of skull bones; continuous with endosteum of internal surface of skull bones at the sutures.
Term
What does aponeurosis mean?
Definition
flat end of muscle that becomes tendon.
Term
What can occur from brushing your hair really hard?
Definition
cysts
Term
What is calvarium?
Definition
"Skull cap"; the upper part of the cranium and surrounds the cranial cavity containing the brain.
Term
The tissue on top of the calvarium?
Definition
Skull
Term
Where does the face begin?
Definition
Below the eyebrows; The forehead is not apart of the head.
Term
How many bones are there in the skull?
Definition
22 bones
Term
What are all of the bones on the outside of the skull covered by?
Definition
Pericranium
Term
What is the difference of the skin on the scalp than the rest of the body?
Definition
It has hair follicles (numerous) ; acts as shock absorber to some extent and sebaceous cysts are more common than rest of body
Term
Which layer is all blood vessels and nerves of the scalp present in?
Definition
2nd Layer (Dense Connective Tissue); this is why it is so dense because we need to protect these structures
Term
What will happen if there is a blood vessel injured in the 2nd layer of skull?
Definition
the cut ends of the blood vessel will remain open; this is why any injury to the skull you bleed profusely. Blood vessels cannot retract b/c they are in dense connective tissue & there are a lot of blood vessels
Term
Typically throughout most of the body (except the skull) what will blood vessels do if they are cut?
Definition
They will retract to minimize bleeding
Term
Are the blood vessels in the 2nd layer of the skull easy to injury? What happens when they are injured?
Definition
they are not easy to injury but when they are injured you will have extreme bleeding
Term
How many nerves supply the scalp?
Definition
5 in front of ear, 5 behind the ear on each side (10 on each side); makes scalp sensitive
Term
Out of the nerves that supply the scalp, how many are sensory? motor?
Definition
8 out of 10 nerves are sensory; 2 out of 10 nerves are motor...VERY SENSITIVE SCALP!
Term
What does the epicranial structure contain?
Definition
The frontal belly and occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle that joins in the middle at the aponeurosis
Term
What is the difference cranial and skull? (besides spelling)
Definition
the skull minus mandible is cranium
cranium has 21 bones
skull has 22 bones (there are 8 paired bones and 6 unpaired: 16 + 6 = 22)
Term
what is the function on the epicranial?
Definition
To move your skull anteroposteriorly
Term
What happens to the aponeurosis if you have laceration in your skull?
Definition
The skull would give because the front and bacak muscles would not be causing a stress in the epicranial aponeurosis from pulling in 2 different directions
Term
When you move the scalp, what parts are you actually moving?
Definition
Only the first 3 layers
Term
How are you able to move the first 3 layers of the scalp?
Definition
Because there is a space in the 4th layer (loose areolar tissue); it is below the 3rd layer.
Term
Why do we have a space in the 4th layer of the scalp?
Definition
To allow movement of the 1st 3 layers; without it you could not move your skull
Term
What do we call the veins that connect the extracranial veins with the intracranial veins?
Definition
emissary veins
Term
Which layer has emissary veins that connect you veins of the scalp with the veins of the brain?
Definition
Layer 4 of scalp (loose connective/areolar tissue)
Term
If you have an infection in the scalp what veins will it pass through to go to your brain?
Definition
emissary veins
Term
Why is layer 4 called the "dangerous layer" of scalp?
Definition
Because emissary veins run through this layer and if they rupture the 4th layer will fill with blood.
Term
What is the difference between the 2nd layer and the 4th layer in regards to blood vessels and injuries?
Definition
When you have an injury in the 2nd layer your goign to bleed out (dangerous for bleeding); but if the infection enters into the 4th in can enter into the brain.
Term
Blood flow is always to area of high or low resistance?
Definition
low resistance
Term
If you see black in the upper eyelids bilaterally and there was blown force trauma to head, what does that tell you?
Definition
bleeding in 4th layer of scalp...b/c it continues down into the upper eyelids
Term
If you see blood in the upper eyelids unilaterally, what does that tell you?
Definition
may not be bleeding in 4th layer, possible just a blow to the eye.
Term
The pericranium dips into what and continues to where?
Definition
the suture ligament (space between sutures) of the skull and then continues on the inside (endosteal layer of meninges-dura mater)
Term
How many layers of dura mater are there in the brain?
Definition
2
Term
What are the names of the layers of dura mater in the brain?
Definition
endocranium layer (on the inside); and a deep layer, the actual dura mater.
Term
How many sutures are there in the skull?
Definition
33 (normally - could have more or could have less, depends on if you have more bones in the skull called sutural bones)
Term
If you have bleeding deep to the pericranium but on top of the skull bone, can hematoma (blood clot) spread to different parts of your head?
Definition
no
Term
Is pericranium attached directly to bone?
Definition
No there is a small space in between and sutural ligament on all sides of the bone
Term
If you see a bump expanding on 1 part of your head, but not the other areas of head, where is the bleeding occurring at?
Definition
It is deep to the pericranium and bone
Term
Describe the difference of waht happens with bleeding in layer 4 vs. layer 5 of scalp.
Definition
Layer 4 bleeding is all over scalp and gets into upper eyelid (all over)
deep to layer 5, bleeding is going to be restricted to that bone b/c you cannot cross sutural lines
Term
A benign condition somtimes seen 2nd to birth trauma which ruptures small arteries and bleeding is present between pericranium and calvaria (skull cap). Often see over 1 parital bone (unilateral)
Definition
cephalhematoma (bleeding in layer 5)
Term
Baby was pulled out with forceps and you see a swelling on occipital bone on one side; CT shows bleeding is outside the cranium (meaning in the scalp)
hematoma is not crossing suture lines
where is the bleeding?
Definition
Layer 5
Term
Why do superficial scalp lacerations tend not to gap?
Definition
Because the epicranial aponeurosis dose not allow wide separation of the skin
Term
If the 3rd layer of scalp is lacerated what will you see?
Definition
wide gaping that will show layer 5 (pericardium) through layer 4 which is loose space.
Term
Describe scalp infections and its pathway.
Definition
Layer 4-->pus/blood spreads easily into it --> infection can spread into cranial cavity through emissary veins and reach meninges
Term
Someone who has 2 black eyes (periorbital ecchymosis or raccoons eyes) and some bleeding in the forehead was most likely caused by what?
Definition
Injury to head that resulted in bleeding in the 4th layer of scalp
Term
What do you call a network of blood vessels?
Definition
anastomosis
Term
How many arteries are there on each side of the scalp?
Definition
5 on each side
Term
Name the arteries on the scalp anterior to posterior
Definition
1.supratrochlear
2.supraorbital
3.superficial temporal
4.posterior auricular
5.occipital arteries
Term
What arteries are branches of ophthalmic
Definition
supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries
Term
What arteries are branches of external carotid artery?
Definition
superficial temporal, posterior auricular and occipital arteries
Term
What is a branch of internal carotid artery that branches into the first two arteries in the scalp?
Definition
ophthalmic artery
Term
In what layer of scalp do the internal and external carotid arteries anastomose?
Definition
layer 2: dense connective tissue
Term
If internal carotid artery is blocked, how will blood flow occur?
Definition
blood from 3, 4, and 5 arteries will go through anastomosis into 1 and 2 arteries and then back into internal carotid artery.
Term
Why do we have anastomosis in our bodies?
Definition
To help passageways in case of a block somewhere in our body; they provide collateral circulation
Term
What do we call arteries that do not have any anastomosis
Definition
end arteries
Term
Where do we have end arteries?
Definition
almost all vital organs
Term
If you see the blood vessels of scalp enlarged when you open the patient up what does this mean?
Definition
either the internal or external carotid artery has become narrow and the other is compensating for it.
Term
All nerve branches that we see in front of the ear are from what nerve?
Definition
trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
Term
What are the names of the nerves in front of the auricle? what are they supplied by?
Definition
1.supratrochlear nerve
2.supraorbital nerve
3.zygomaticotemporal nerve
4.auriculotemporal nerve
5.temporal nerve
1-4 are supplied by CN 5 (sensory); temporal branch is of CN 7 (motor)
Term
What are the names of the nerves behind the auricle? what are they supplied by?
Definition
1.Greater auricular n
2.Lesser occipital n.
3.Greater occipital n.
4.Third occipital n.
5.Posterior Auricular n.
1-4 are branches of cervical plexus (sensory); post. auricular branch is of CN 7 (motor)
Term
All sensory nerves in front of the ear are branches of what nerve?
Definition
Trigeminal
Term
All sensory nerves behind the ear are branches of what nerve?
Definition
cervical plexus
Term
What is the motor nerves in front of and behind the ear? what are they supplied by?
Definition
Front: temporal branch; Behind: posterior auricular branch
both branches of Facial nerve
Term
What is the name of the line connecting 1 ear to the other on top of the head?
Definition
interauricular line
Term
Lymph and venous blood will always go where?
Definition
the nearest point of drainage
Term
If you have infection just above the ear lymph nodes will it first go to?
Definition
parotid nodes
Term
If you have infection just behind the ear lymph nodes will it first go to?
Definition
mastoid nodes
Term
Where does the face begin at?
Definition
from the eyebrows
Term
what is the sensory innervation nerve of the face?
Definition
trigeminal nerve
Term
What nerve is the motor innervation of the face? (muscle movements)
Definition
facial nerve
Term
What nerve supplies the skin of face up to the upper eye lids and tip of nose?
Definition
ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
Term
What nerve supplies the lower eye lids to upper lip?
Definition
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
Term
What nerve supplies the lower lip to the lower part of the jaw/mandible and chin?
Definition
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
Term
The only motor division of trigeminal nerve is what? what muscles does it supply?
Definition
mandibular division; muscles of mastication (chewing)
Term
Facial expressions are supplied by what nerve?
Definition
facial nerve
Term
Branches superficial to the muscles are part of what nerve? why?
Definition
trigeminal nerve; because they are supplying the skin
Term
Which CN are parasympathetic? through which nerve do these fibers travel along to reach the entire head?
Definition
3,7,9,10; trigeminal
Term
In addition to supplying skin, what is trigeminal nerve good for?
Definition
extensions of other nerves to cover the entire head.
Term
Infraorbital nerve is a continuation of what nerve?
Definition
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
Term
If the infraorbital nerve is anesthetized, what areas will be anesthetized?
Definition
this nerve, below eye lid, lateral part of nose and upper lip
Term
How do you perform a infraorbital nerve block?
Definition
To get to infraorbital foramen, elevate upper lip and infiltrate anesthesia while passing needle through junction of oral mucosa and gingiva at the superior aspect of the oral vestibule.
Term
What is the infraorbital nerve block used for?
Definition
to repair maxillary incisor teeth and to treat wounds of upper lip and cheek
Term
Where do you inject for mental nerve block?
Definition
close to the mental foramen (chin)
Term
What is the mental nerve block used for?
Definition
repair of chin or lower lip wounds / cancer of lower lip
Term
What is trigeminal neuralgia?
Definition
Sensory disorder of sensory root of CN V
Term
Trigeminal neuralgia: most frequent involvement of trigeminal divisions?
Definition
V2 (most commonly formed in), V3, V1
Term
If patient comes in with pain all over the face where would you do the nerve block?
Definition
in the ganglion, not a specific division of trigeminal nerve b/c it is all over the face and not in just a specific area.
Term
Sudden attacks of excruciating facial pain(paroxysms) that can be set off by touching face especially in trigger zone is known as what disorder?
Definition
Trigeminal neurolgia(tic douloureaux)
Term
What causes trigeminal neuralgia?
Definition
demyelination of axons of nerve caused by pressure of an aberrant artery
Term
If pain in the face was only around the cheek and upper lip where would you treat and how?
Definition
Its the maxillary division (V2), so block the infra-orbital nerve with alcohol for cutting nerve branches and sectioning sensory root
Term
What division is herpes zoster infection most common in?
Definition
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
Term
What does herpes zoster infection result in? and what is it an eruption of?
Definition
scarring of cornea and corneal ulcers; groups of vesicles along the nerve's course
Term
What type of nerve is facial nerve?
Definition
mixed and parasympathetic nerve
Term
Facial nerves supplies what?
Definition
muscles of face and lacrimal gland (happy = smile / sad = crying)
Term
Where is the embryological origin of facial muscles?
Definition
2nd pharyngeal arch
Term
What is the location of facial muscles?
Definition
superficial fascia
Term
What is the origin and insertion of facial muscles?
Definition
bone of skull to skin of face
Term
What are the functions of facial muscles?
Definition
sphincter or dilators of orifices of face / protect openings of face / enable change of facial expression to convey mood
Term
Name Muscles of the Forehead.
Definition
Frontalis (Frontal belly of the muscle epicranius)
Corrugator supercilli
Term
Name Muscles around the eye lids
Definition
Orbicularis occuli
Orbital part
Palpebral part
Lacrimal part
Term
Name Muscles around the mouth
Definition
Levator labii superioris
Levator labii superioris alaque nasi
Levator anguli oris
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Depressor anguli oris
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Depressor labii inferioris
Risorius
Mentalis
Platysma
Term
Name Muscles around the ear
Definition
Auricularis anterior
Auricularis superior
Auricularis posterior
Term
What part of your eye do you use to gently close your eyelids?
Definition
palpebral part of orbicularis oculi
Term
What part of your eye do you use to tightly close your eyelids?
Definition
orbital part of orbicularis oculi
Term
What part of the eye aids in drainage of tears?
Definition
lacrimal part of orbicularis oculi
Term
Main functions of frontal belly occipitofrontalis.
Definition
elevates eyebrows, wrinkles forehead, look of surprise
Term
Main functions of orbicularis oculi
Definition
winking, closes eyelids
Term
Main functions of corrugator supercilii
Definition
concern/worry, wrinkles above nose
Term
Main functions of Procerus and nasalis
Definition
dislike; wrinkles skin over dorsum nose
Term
Main functions of Nasalis (alar part)
Definition
flares nostrils
Term
Main functions of orbicularis oris
Definition
kissing
Term
Main functions of buccinator
Definition
compresses cheeks when blowing; keeps cheeks taut
Term
Main functions of Zygomaticus major/minor
Definition
unilateral(sneer); bilateral(disdain)
Term
Main functions of Risorius
Definition
Depresses labial commisures
Term
Main functions of Mentalis
Definition
protrudes lower lip and elevates skin of chin; showing doubt
Term
Main functions of Platysma
Definition
tenses skin of inferior face and neck; conveys grimace/stress
Term
Motor nerves to muscles of facial expressions are supplied by what nerve?
Definition
facial nerve
Term
Motor nerves to muscles of mastication( masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids) supplied by what nerve?
Definition
motor branch of mandibular (V3) of trigeminal nerve
Term
What are the sensory nerves to the muscles of facial expression?
Definition
CN V 1, 2 and sensory component of 3
Term
What is the course of CN VII?
Definition
Emerges from junction of pons and medulla as mixed nerve> traverses posterior cranial fossa>internal acoustic meatus>facial canal(gives rise to greater petrosal nerve, n to stapedius, chorda tympani n)>stylomastoid foramen of temporal bone (immediately gives off post auricular n)>forms parotid plexus>5 terminal branches of facial nerve
Term
What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?
Definition
Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, and Cervical
Term
If you cannot lift your eyebrows and move the upper eyelid which branch of facial nerve is affected?
Definition
Temporal Branch
Term
If you cannot move the lower eyelid and muscle right underneath, which branch of facial nerve is affected?
Definition
Zygomatic branch
Term
If you cannot speak normally without the mouth going to one side, which branch of facial nerve is affected?
Definition
Buccal branch
Term
If you cannot depress your lower lip (frown), which branch of facial nerve is affected?
Definition
Mandibular branch
Term
If you cannot raise the skin of your neck, which branch of facial nerve is affected?
Definition
Cervical branch (platysma)
Term
The facial nerve runs through what gland?
Definition
parotid gland
Term
If someone has surgery to the parotid gland what nerve might be affected? why?
Definition
facial nerve, because they are extremely small in this part of the body
Term
Name a structure you are not born with but develop at about 18 months old.
Definition
mastoid process
Term
What is the complete paralysis of the facial nerve called?
Definition
Bell's Palsy
Term
What are 4 features that you see of Bell's Palsy?
Definition
eye unable to close, no wrinkles on forehead, facial muscles are flat/flabby and paralyzed (atrophy) and corner of mouth is lower with saliva coming out.
Term
Where can you feel the pulse of the facial artery?
Definition
Where the anterior border of masseter muscle meets the mandible
Term
Why it is clinically important to know where the facial artery is?
Definition
If you are bleeding, you need to compress the area between the anterior border of masseter muscle and mandible to stop bleeding.
Term
The two veins join together to drain into the retromandibular vein?
Definition
superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein
Term
What does the retromandibular vein divide into?
Definition
Posterior and Anterior divisions
Term
The Anterior division of retromandibular vein and facial vein join together to form what?
Definition
common facial vein
Term
What does the common facial vein drain into?
Definition
Internal jugular vein
Term
The posterior division of retromandibular vein joins with posterior auricular vein to drain into what vein?
Definition
External jugular vein
Term
What does the external jugular vein drain into?
Definition
subclavian vein
Term
The facial vein goes into what part of eye? and connects with what vein? which goes into what sinus?
Definition
medial part of eye; superior ophthalmic vein; cavernous sinus (one of the meningeal sinus)
Term
Why it is clinically important if there is an infection in the facial vein?
Definition
It can go up through facial vein to meninges via ophthalmic veins and cavernous sinus
Term
What area of the face is considered the "dangerous area" and why?
Definition
The skin bounded by lines connecting the root of the nose and the angles of the mouth; we use these veins to squeeze this area of our face and then infection can go up into the cavernous sinus
Term
If infection is at lower part of mandible, where will it go?
Definition
it will go down into the common facial vein (not as bad as going to meninges through cavernous sinus)
Term
Lymph comes out of blood, if it doesn't go back to blood what will you have?
Definition
Lymphadema
Term
What size is a normal lymph node?
Definition
smalle (size of a head of a pen)
Term
If you see and feel a lymph node, what does this mean?
Definition
It is enlarged and there is an infection.
Term
Cancer cells can spread through what?
Definition
lymph nodes
Term
Are there any lymph nodes in the scalp?
Definition
No
Term
Lymph from face and scalp drain into what? And all lymphatic vessels directly or indirectly drain into what?
Definition
superficial ring (pericervical collar); deep cervical lymph nodes (along internal jugular vein)
Term
Lymph that drained into deep cervical lymph nodes will then drain into what? (specify for Lt and Rt if any difference)
Definition
1. into jugular lymphatic trunks -> Lt. into thoracic duct and Rt. into Rt. lymphatic duct
Term
What do you cal the collection of all the lymph nodes that gather together at the neck?
Definition
pericervical lymph nodes
Term
Name the pericervical lymph nodes from anterior to posterior.
Definition
Submental (midline behind chin), submandibular, parotid (pre auricular), mastoid (post auricular), occipital
Term
Cancer cells from center lip will go to which lymph node?
Definition
submental nodes
Term
Cancer cells from lateral lower lip will go to which lymph nodes?
Definition
submandibular nodes
Term
What is the difference between how a lymph node feels with cancerous cells vs. infected cells?
Definition
cancerous = hard; infected = soft
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