Term
| What develops as an out pouching of the prosencephalon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of cortex based on histology? |
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Definition
Allocortex
Isocortex
Mesocortex |
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Term
| What type of cortex has 3 layers? examples? |
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Definition
Allocortex
Hippocampal formation, olfactory cortex |
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Term
| What type of cortex is 6 layered? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cortex is less regular with 3-5 layers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of cortex named when defined by the different embryologiacal origins? What are each formed from? |
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Definition
Paleocortex --> lateral pallium
Archicortex --> medial pallium
Neocortex --> dorsal pallium |
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Term
| What do the 6 different cortical layers contain in each? |
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Definition
Supragranular:
I - molecular layer, Cell poor, GABAergic interneurons
II, III - superficial pyramidal cell layer
IV - granular layer (many small cells)
Subgranular:
V - deep pyramidal cell layer (large)
VI - Polymorphic layer |
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Term
| What are the features of a Pyramidal cell? |
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Definition
Apical dendrite
Basal rosette
Spines
Projection neuron |
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Term
| What layers can Basket cells be found? what do they look like? |
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Definition
Layers - II/III and V
Multipolar
axons with basket-shaped terminations that surround somas or pyramidal cells |
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Term
| How are bipolar and bitufted cells organized, what do they innervate? |
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Definition
organized vertically
innervated more distal dendrites of pyramidal neurons |
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Term
| Where does Extrinsic input to the cortex come from? |
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Definition
Thalamus
Brainstem nuclei |
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Term
| What two types of Thalamic input are there? Where part of the cortex do they project to? |
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Definition
Specific --> Layer IV
Non-Specific --> Layer I |
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Term
| What are Non-specific input important for? What nuclei do these come from? |
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Definition
General Brain States and arousal
Intralaminar and Midline thalamic nuclei |
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Term
| What are Specific inputs for? What nuclie projects to what part of the cortex? |
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Definition
Concerns a single modality
VL --> motor cortex
VPL --> Somatosensory Cortex
Lateral Geniculate --> visual Cortex
Medial Geniculate --> Auditory Cortex |
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Term
| Where do Layer V pyramidal neurons project to? |
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Definition
Main output of cortex in general
Project to:
spinal cord
pons
tectum
basal ganglia |
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Term
| What layer pyramidal cells primarily project to the thalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of the cortex is made up of pyramidal cells? Are these excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the course of an Excitotory Thalamic Input in the Column model? |
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Definition
Excitatory Thallamic Input --> Spiny stellate cells(Layer IV) --> Pyramidal cells (Layer II/III) --> Pyramidal cells (Layer V/VI) --> Excitatory Output --> other local columns, other cortex areas, subcortically.
Lateral Inhibition by Interneurons --> Layers II/III and V/VI |
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Term
| How do cortical GABAergic interneurons develop? |
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Definition
| Precursor cells in Medial Ganglionic Eminence --> Interneurons --> migrate to neocortex --> cortical GABAergic Interneurons |
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Term
| Where do pyramidal cells originate from? |
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Definition
| precursor cells in Ventricular Zone |
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Term
what Brodmann's areas and location are associated with the following?
Primary Motor Cortex
Primary somatosensory
Primary Visual
Primary auditory cortex |
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Definition
Primary motor cortex - 4, Precentral
Primary Somatosensory - 3, 1, 2, Postcentral, Sup. Parietal lobule
Primary Visual - 17, banks of calcarine fissure
Primary auditory - 41,42, Transverse gyri |
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Term
| What is most of the cortex made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the unimodal association areas for motor and sensory? |
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Definition
6 - premotor
5,7 - somatosensory association |
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Term
| What Brodmann's areas receive inputs from afferents in muscle and deep tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Broadmann's areas recieve cutaneous inputs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is information from areas 3,1,2 sent to be analyzed? What type of information is analyzed? |
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Definition
Areas 5,7
Direction and speed of movement of objects on skin, texture |
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Term
| Where Does information from areas 5+7 project to? why? |
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Definition
Heteromodal Areas in Parietal, frontal, and temporal
To further reconstruct the world |
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Term
| What is the Phantom limb phenomena? |
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Definition
| Individuals who have lost a limb often report that they can receive the missing limb |
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Term
| What association cortex is important for attention to the physical world? |
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Definition
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Term
| What association cortex is important for naming things? |
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Definition
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Term
| What association cortex functions as the overall executive for behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| What association cortex is primarily concerned with the visual system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the Pulvinar project to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the Lateral Posterior nucleus project to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the medial dorsal nucleus project to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens with damage to the non-dominante hemisphere of the parietal cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What association cortex is necessary for attention to the internal and external environment? |
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Definition
Right Parietal association cortex
(Non-dominant hemisphere for Right handed people) |
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Term
| What would a lesion in the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe cause? |
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Definition
| deficits in recognition of objects and people |
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Term
| What area is associated with aggression and emotions? |
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Definition
| orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex |
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Term
| What area is responsible for working memory and crucial fro planning behaviors? |
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Definition
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
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Term
| Collectively what does the Prefrontal cortex allow us to do? |
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Definition
| Plan and execute behaviors |
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Term
| What structures make up the Limbic System? |
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Definition
Amygdaloid Nuclei
Hippocampal formation
Olfactory bulb, tract, cortex
Limbic Cortex
Septal nuclei
Hypothalamus
N. accumbens |
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Term
| What nudlei are important for requlating emotions and autonomic function, and olfaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the amygdala located? |
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Definition
temporal lobe
anterior to hippocampal formation |
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Term
| What are the 3 main groups of amygdaloid nuclei and their functions? |
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Definition
Corticomedial - olfactory
Central - principal output, autonomic control
Basolateral - principal input, associated with neocortex and thalamus |
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Term
| What amygdala nucleus has a high density of dopamine cntaing axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amygdala nuclei's principal neurons are pyramidal cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nuclei's main function is in autonomic control, arousal, and subjective experience? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can bilateral amygdala lesions cause? |
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Definition
Hypersexuality
Tame, Placid
Hyper/Hypophagia
Orality |
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Term
| What parts of the amygdala are associated with Hyper/Hypophagia? |
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Definition
Hyperphagia - Basolateral lesions
Hypophagia - Central N. lesions |
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Term
| What is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome? |
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Definition
Bilateral loss of the anterior temporal lobe
Hypersexual
overly oral
tame
hyperphagia
hyperactive
psychic blindness |
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Term
| What disease results in calcification of neural tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 major input pathways to the hippocampal formation and where do they come from? |
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Definition
Perforant Pathway - from lateral entorhinal cortex
Alvear pathway - from medial entorhinal cortex |
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Term
| What is the Tri-Synaptic Circuit? |
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Definition
| Glutamatergic projections from the ERC --> Dentate gyrus granule cells --> CA3 pyramidal cells --> CA1 Pyramidal cells |
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Term
| What are almost all inputs coming from and outputs going to in the hippocampal formation? |
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Definition
Inputs via entorhinal cortex
Outputs via Subiculum |
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Term
| What does the loss of hippocampal neurons in Alzheimer's Cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure is extremely important for certain forms of learning and memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sturctures are important for short-term and long-term memory? |
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Definition
Short-term, Declarative memory - hippocampal formation
Long-term - neocortex |
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