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Cortex, Amygdaly, Hippocampal, and Limbic system
Neuro Assessment 10
58
Anatomy
Graduate
12/15/2011

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Cards

Term
What develops as an out pouching of the prosencephalon?
Definition
cerebral cortices
Term
What are the 3 types of cortex based on histology?
Definition
Allocortex
Isocortex
Mesocortex
Term
What type of cortex has 3 layers? examples?
Definition
Allocortex
Hippocampal formation, olfactory cortex
Term
What type of cortex is 6 layered?
Definition
Isocortex
Term
What type of cortex is less regular with 3-5 layers?
Definition
Mesocortex
Term
What are the 3 types of cortex named when defined by the different embryologiacal origins? What are each formed from?
Definition
Paleocortex --> lateral pallium
Archicortex --> medial pallium
Neocortex --> dorsal pallium
Term
What do the 6 different cortical layers contain in each?
Definition
Supragranular:
I - molecular layer, Cell poor, GABAergic interneurons
II, III - superficial pyramidal cell layer

IV - granular layer (many small cells)

Subgranular:
V - deep pyramidal cell layer (large)
VI - Polymorphic layer
Term
What are the features of a Pyramidal cell?
Definition
Apical dendrite
Basal rosette
Spines
Projection neuron
Term
What layers can Basket cells be found? what do they look like?
Definition
Layers - II/III and V
Multipolar
axons with basket-shaped terminations that surround somas or pyramidal cells
Term
How are bipolar and bitufted cells organized, what do they innervate?
Definition
organized vertically
innervated more distal dendrites of pyramidal neurons
Term
Where does Extrinsic input to the cortex come from?
Definition
Thalamus
Brainstem nuclei
Term
What two types of Thalamic input are there? Where part of the cortex do they project to?
Definition
Specific --> Layer IV
Non-Specific --> Layer I
Term
What are Non-specific input important for? What nuclei do these come from?
Definition
General Brain States and arousal
Intralaminar and Midline thalamic nuclei
Term
What are Specific inputs for? What nuclie projects to what part of the cortex?
Definition
Concerns a single modality
VL --> motor cortex
VPL --> Somatosensory Cortex
Lateral Geniculate --> visual Cortex
Medial Geniculate --> Auditory Cortex
Term
Where do Layer V pyramidal neurons project to?
Definition
Main output of cortex in general
Project to:
spinal cord
pons
tectum
basal ganglia
Term
What layer pyramidal cells primarily project to the thalamus?
Definition
Layer VI
Term
What percentage of the cortex is made up of pyramidal cells? Are these excitatory or inhibitory?
Definition
~70-80%
Excitatory
Term
What is the course of an Excitotory Thalamic Input in the Column model?
Definition
Excitatory Thallamic Input --> Spiny stellate cells(Layer IV) --> Pyramidal cells (Layer II/III) --> Pyramidal cells (Layer V/VI) --> Excitatory Output --> other local columns, other cortex areas, subcortically.

Lateral Inhibition by Interneurons --> Layers II/III and V/VI
Term
How do cortical GABAergic interneurons develop?
Definition
Precursor cells in Medial Ganglionic Eminence --> Interneurons --> migrate to neocortex --> cortical GABAergic Interneurons
Term
Where do pyramidal cells originate from?
Definition
precursor cells in Ventricular Zone
Term
what Brodmann's areas and location are associated with the following?
Primary Motor Cortex
Primary somatosensory
Primary Visual
Primary auditory cortex
Definition
Primary motor cortex - 4, Precentral
Primary Somatosensory - 3, 1, 2, Postcentral, Sup. Parietal lobule
Primary Visual - 17, banks of calcarine fissure
Primary auditory - 41,42, Transverse gyri
Term
What is most of the cortex made up of?
Definition
Association Cortex
Term
What is the unimodal association areas for motor and sensory?
Definition
6 - premotor
5,7 - somatosensory association
Term
What Brodmann's areas receive inputs from afferents in muscle and deep tissue?
Definition
3a and 2
Term
What Broadmann's areas recieve cutaneous inputs?
Definition
3b and 1
Term
Where is information from areas 3,1,2 sent to be analyzed? What type of information is analyzed?
Definition
Areas 5,7
Direction and speed of movement of objects on skin, texture
Term
Where Does information from areas 5+7 project to? why?
Definition
Heteromodal Areas in Parietal, frontal, and temporal
To further reconstruct the world
Term
What is the Phantom limb phenomena?
Definition
Individuals who have lost a limb often report that they can receive the missing limb
Term
What association cortex is important for attention to the physical world?
Definition
Parietal
Term
What association cortex is important for naming things?
Definition
Temporal cortex
Term
What association cortex functions as the overall executive for behavior?
Definition
Prefrontal Cortex
Term
What association cortex is primarily concerned with the visual system?
Definition
Occipital
Term
Where does the Pulvinar project to?
Definition
Parietal and Occipital
Term
Where does the Lateral Posterior nucleus project to?
Definition
Temporal
Term
where does the medial dorsal nucleus project to?
Definition
Prefrontal
Term
What happens with damage to the non-dominante hemisphere of the parietal cortex?
Definition
Sensory neglect
Term
What association cortex is necessary for attention to the internal and external environment?
Definition
Right Parietal association cortex
(Non-dominant hemisphere for Right handed people)
Term
What would a lesion in the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe cause?
Definition
deficits in recognition of objects and people
Term
What area is associated with aggression and emotions?
Definition
orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex
Term
What area is responsible for working memory and crucial fro planning behaviors?
Definition
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Term
Collectively what does the Prefrontal cortex allow us to do?
Definition
Plan and execute behaviors
Term
What structures make up the Limbic System?
Definition
Amygdaloid Nuclei
Hippocampal formation
Olfactory bulb, tract, cortex
Limbic Cortex
Septal nuclei
Hypothalamus
N. accumbens
Term
What nudlei are important for requlating emotions and autonomic function, and olfaction?
Definition
Amygdaloid Nuclei
Term
Where is the amygdala located?
Definition
temporal lobe
anterior to hippocampal formation
Term
What are the 3 main groups of amygdaloid nuclei and their functions?
Definition
Corticomedial - olfactory
Central - principal output, autonomic control
Basolateral - principal input, associated with neocortex and thalamus
Term
What amygdala nucleus has a high density of dopamine cntaing axons?
Definition
Central Nucleus
Term
What amygdala nuclei's principal neurons are pyramidal cells?
Definition
Basolateral group
Term
What nuclei's main function is in autonomic control, arousal, and subjective experience?
Definition
Central Nuclei
Term
What can bilateral amygdala lesions cause?
Definition
Hypersexuality
Tame, Placid
Hyper/Hypophagia
Orality
Term
What parts of the amygdala are associated with Hyper/Hypophagia?
Definition
Hyperphagia - Basolateral lesions
Hypophagia - Central N. lesions
Term
What is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?
Definition
Bilateral loss of the anterior temporal lobe
Hypersexual
overly oral
tame
hyperphagia
hyperactive
psychic blindness
Term
What disease results in calcification of neural tissue?
Definition
Urbech-Wiethe disease
Term
What are the 2 major input pathways to the hippocampal formation and where do they come from?
Definition
Perforant Pathway - from lateral entorhinal cortex
Alvear pathway - from medial entorhinal cortex
Term
What is the Tri-Synaptic Circuit?
Definition
Glutamatergic projections from the ERC --> Dentate gyrus granule cells --> CA3 pyramidal cells --> CA1 Pyramidal cells
Term
What are almost all inputs coming from and outputs going to in the hippocampal formation?
Definition
Inputs via entorhinal cortex
Outputs via Subiculum
Term
What does the loss of hippocampal neurons in Alzheimer's Cause?
Definition
Loss of Memory
Term
What structure is extremely important for certain forms of learning and memory?
Definition
Hippocampal formation
Term
What sturctures are important for short-term and long-term memory?
Definition
Short-term, Declarative memory - hippocampal formation
Long-term - neocortex
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