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Connective Tissue
LECOM Yr 1
72
Anatomy
Graduate
08/05/2011

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Cards

Term
what germ layer is the connective tissue typically derived from?
Definition
the mesoderm
Term
in general, describe connective tissue and its functions
Definition
underlies epithelium, forms tendons and ligaments, forms layers in organs, it nourishes the overlying epithelium by its vasculature, serves an important defense mechanism, tendons and ligaments are regularly organized
Term
what are the 3 main components of connective tissue?
Definition
ground substance, fibers, cells
Term
what are the 3 components of the ground substance?
Definition
glycoaminoglycans (GAGs), Proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins
Term
what is the most abundant heteropolysaccharide components of the ground substance?
Definition
GAGs
Term
what are the roles of the GAGs?
Definition
attract water and form a hydrated gel due to their negative charge
Term
what is laminin?
Definition
a large heterotrimeric, cruciform molecule. it is a major component of the basal lamina
Term
how much tissue fluid is normally present in connective tissue?
Definition
very little
Term
accumulation of tissue fluid leads to what?
Definition
edema
Term
what are the 3 major types of fibers?
Definition
collagen, elastic, and reticular
Term
what is the most common collagen type?
Definition
Collagen type I
Term
is collagen acidophilic or basophilic?
Definition
acidophilic
Term
what is the name of the 10 different inherited disorders that all involve a genetic defect in collagen and connective tissue synthesis and structure?
Definition
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Term
what substance are elastic fibers composed of?
Definition
elastin
Term
what protein are microfibrils composed of?
Definition
fibrillin
Term
what are the 2 unique amino acids for elastic fibers?
Definition
desmosine and isodesmosine
Term
what type of stains must one use to visualize elastic fibers?
Definition
orcein or resorcin fuchsin
Term
where are elastic fibers typically found?
Definition
walls of blood vessels (usually forming fenestrated membranes in larger vessels like the aorta)
Term
the ligamentum flavum contains what type of fibers?
Definition
elastic fibers
Term
As you get farther from the aorta, you see less and less of these fibers
Definition
elastic fibers
Term
what is the name of the syndrome that is characterized by abnormal expression of the fibrillin gene?
Definition
Marfan's syndrome
Term
what is a consequence of Marfan's syndrome?
Definition
abnormal elastic tissue, cardiovascular abnormalities are life threatening, defect causes dissecting aneurysm of the aorta
Term
what syndrome is characterized by chest deformities, long arms and arachnodactyly?
Definition
Marfan's syndrome
Term
reticular fibers are formed by what type of collagen?
Definition
type III collagen
Term
reticular fibers are called ______ since they stain with silver salts
Definition
argyrophilic
Term
where are reticular fibers typically found?
Definition
compose the reticular lamina which underlies the basal lamina of epithelium, form the framework of organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen
Term
do all organs and blood vessels have reticular fibers?
Definition
yes
Term
what are the two types of connective tissue cells?
Definition
resident and immigrant
Term
what are some types of resident connective tissue cells?
Definition
fibroblasts, adipose, macrophages, mast cells
Term
what are some types of immigrant cells?
Definition
plasma cells, leukocytes
Term
what is the most abundant cell type in connective tissue?
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
what do fibroblasts synthesize?
Definition
the extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers)
Term
describe a myofibroblast
Definition
contractile cells, particularly abundant at sites of wound healing, contain bundles of actin microfilaments and dense bodies similar to those of smooth muscle cells, cannot be morphologically distinguished from other fibroblasts at the light microscopic level
Term
What are fibrocytes?
Definition
fibrocytes are not active, compared to a retired old person in comparison to fibroblasts
Term
where is white fat (unilocular)typically located?
Definition
predominates in adults, energy storage, insulation, cushioning of vital organs, and hormone secretion
Term
where is brown fat (multilocular) typically found?
Definition
large amount in newborns, found in only a few places in adults such as around the kidneys, adrenal glands, aorta, neck and mediastinum; lipid mobilized and heat generated when stimulated by sympathetic nervous system
Term
where are adipose cells derived from?
Definition
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Term
a lipoblast begins to accumulate fat droplets and then can become _____ or ______
Definition
multilocular or unilocular
Term
if you lose weight, which cells look more like fibroblasts?
Definition
unilocular fat cells
Term
how are unilocular fat cells typically described?
Definition
as having a signant ring appearance
Term
what is ghrelin?
Definition
a polypeptide from the gastric epithelium that acts as an appetite stimulant acting through the hypothalamus to stimulate hunger
Term
what is it called when there is an overproduction of ghrelin?
Definition
Prader-Willi syndrome
Term
what is peptide YY?
Definition
a gastrointestinal peptide that signals satiety, through the hypothalamus
Term
Obese people from Prader-Willi syndrome have no regulation of which polypeptide?
Definition
ghrelin
Term
what is leptin?
Definition
produced by fat cells and works on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite; obese people are believed to be leptin resistant
Term
what are mast cells?
Definition
large, ovoid cells with numerous cytoplasmic granules; hemopoietic origin; differentiate in connective tissue; granules contain vasoactive and immunoreactive substances
Term
what are plasma cells?
Definition
part of our immune defense mechanisms; antibody producing cells derived from B-lymphocytes; common in loose connective tissue of the gut and glands
Term
how are plasma cells characterized in a prepared slide?
Definition
CLOCKFACE CHROMATIN; basophilic cytoplasm due to RER; eccentric nucleus; prominent golgi apparatus seen as clear unstained region near nucleus
Term
What immunoglobulin is produced by plasma cells that mast cells have a receptor for?
Definition
IgE
Term
what are macrophages?
Definition
referred to as histocytes; best seen if they are actively phagocytic; when phagocytically active they have large vacuoles in their cytoplasm
Term
where do lymphocytes and granulocytes typically do all their work?
Definition
in the connective tissues
Term
what do lymphocytes prevent us from?
Definition
invasion of bacteria and foreign materials
Term
what do B lymphocytes give rise to?
Definition
plasma cells that synthesize immunoglobulin
Term
what do natural killer cells destroy?
Definition
virus infected cells and some tumor cells
Term
how is a lymphocyte identified on a slide?
Definition
mostly nucleus, thin layer of cytoplasm
Term
what are the first cells to arrive at the site of inflammation?
Definition
neutrophils; they attach to the epithelium by selectins and go through the endothelium of the blood vessels; mechanism not fully understood; they eat bacteria
Term
what is the name of the process by which neutrophils leave the circulation?
Definition
diapedesis
Term
Pus is an accumulation of what?
Definition
dead neutrophils
Term
what type of nucleus do eosinophils have?
Definition
bilobed
Term
what 3 conditions are eosinophils associated with?
Definition
allergic reactions, parasitic infections, chronic inflammatory processes
Term
where are eosinophils often found?
Definition
the lamina propria of the gut; increase in number with chronic inflammation
Term
what protein is extremely important for regulation of osmotic pressure between the circulatory system and the connective tissue?
Definition
albumin
Term
describe the hydrostatic and osmotic pressure at the arteriole side?
Definition
hydrostatic pressure high; osmotic pressure low; fluid leaves capillary
Term
describe the hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure at the venule side?
Definition
hydrostatic pressure is low, osmotic pressure high, fluid enters capillary
Term
if the hydrostatic pressure on the venule side is too high as in congestive heart failure, what is the term given for the accumulation in the ECM?
Definition
edema
Term
Fluid will accumulate in the ECM if?
Definition
colloid osmotic pressure on the venule side is too low as in starvation
Term
what are the two classifications of connective tissue?
Definition
loose and dense
Term
describe loose connective tissue
Definition
lots of cells, fewer fibers; underlies most epithelia; found around glands; cells include mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts
Term
describe dense connective tissue
Definition
fewer cells, more fibers
Term
what are the two types of dense connective tissue?
Definition
dense irregular and dense regular
Term
where is dense irregular connective tissue typically found?
Definition
dermis- reticular layer; fewer cells, mostly fibroblasts; more fibers- bundles organized in many directions to resist stresses
Term
where is dense regular connective tissue typically found?
Definition
tendons, ligaments; fewer cells, fibroblasts predominate; organized bundles of collagen fibers; bundles organized in direction of stress
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