Term
| what germ layer is the connective tissue typically derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| in general, describe connective tissue and its functions |
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Definition
| underlies epithelium, forms tendons and ligaments, forms layers in organs, it nourishes the overlying epithelium by its vasculature, serves an important defense mechanism, tendons and ligaments are regularly organized |
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Term
| what are the 3 main components of connective tissue? |
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Definition
| ground substance, fibers, cells |
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Term
| what are the 3 components of the ground substance? |
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Definition
| glycoaminoglycans (GAGs), Proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins |
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Term
| what is the most abundant heteropolysaccharide components of the ground substance? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the roles of the GAGs? |
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Definition
| attract water and form a hydrated gel due to their negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
| a large heterotrimeric, cruciform molecule. it is a major component of the basal lamina |
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Term
| how much tissue fluid is normally present in connective tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| accumulation of tissue fluid leads to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 major types of fibers? |
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Definition
| collagen, elastic, and reticular |
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Term
| what is the most common collagen type? |
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Definition
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Term
| is collagen acidophilic or basophilic? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of the 10 different inherited disorders that all involve a genetic defect in collagen and connective tissue synthesis and structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| what substance are elastic fibers composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| what protein are microfibrils composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 unique amino acids for elastic fibers? |
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Definition
| desmosine and isodesmosine |
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Term
| what type of stains must one use to visualize elastic fibers? |
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Definition
| orcein or resorcin fuchsin |
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Term
| where are elastic fibers typically found? |
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Definition
| walls of blood vessels (usually forming fenestrated membranes in larger vessels like the aorta) |
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Term
| the ligamentum flavum contains what type of fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| As you get farther from the aorta, you see less and less of these fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of the syndrome that is characterized by abnormal expression of the fibrillin gene? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a consequence of Marfan's syndrome? |
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Definition
| abnormal elastic tissue, cardiovascular abnormalities are life threatening, defect causes dissecting aneurysm of the aorta |
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Term
| what syndrome is characterized by chest deformities, long arms and arachnodactyly? |
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Definition
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Term
| reticular fibers are formed by what type of collagen? |
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Definition
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Term
| reticular fibers are called ______ since they stain with silver salts |
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Definition
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Term
| where are reticular fibers typically found? |
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Definition
| compose the reticular lamina which underlies the basal lamina of epithelium, form the framework of organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen |
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Term
| do all organs and blood vessels have reticular fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two types of connective tissue cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some types of resident connective tissue cells? |
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Definition
| fibroblasts, adipose, macrophages, mast cells |
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Term
| what are some types of immigrant cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the most abundant cell type in connective tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do fibroblasts synthesize? |
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Definition
| the extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers) |
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Term
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Definition
| contractile cells, particularly abundant at sites of wound healing, contain bundles of actin microfilaments and dense bodies similar to those of smooth muscle cells, cannot be morphologically distinguished from other fibroblasts at the light microscopic level |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrocytes are not active, compared to a retired old person in comparison to fibroblasts |
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Term
| where is white fat (unilocular)typically located? |
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Definition
| predominates in adults, energy storage, insulation, cushioning of vital organs, and hormone secretion |
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Term
| where is brown fat (multilocular) typically found? |
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Definition
| large amount in newborns, found in only a few places in adults such as around the kidneys, adrenal glands, aorta, neck and mediastinum; lipid mobilized and heat generated when stimulated by sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| where are adipose cells derived from? |
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Definition
| undifferentiated mesenchymal cells |
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Term
| a lipoblast begins to accumulate fat droplets and then can become _____ or ______ |
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Definition
| multilocular or unilocular |
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Term
| if you lose weight, which cells look more like fibroblasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| how are unilocular fat cells typically described? |
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Definition
| as having a signant ring appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| a polypeptide from the gastric epithelium that acts as an appetite stimulant acting through the hypothalamus to stimulate hunger |
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Term
| what is it called when there is an overproduction of ghrelin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a gastrointestinal peptide that signals satiety, through the hypothalamus |
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Term
| Obese people from Prader-Willi syndrome have no regulation of which polypeptide? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produced by fat cells and works on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite; obese people are believed to be leptin resistant |
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Term
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Definition
| large, ovoid cells with numerous cytoplasmic granules; hemopoietic origin; differentiate in connective tissue; granules contain vasoactive and immunoreactive substances |
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Term
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Definition
| part of our immune defense mechanisms; antibody producing cells derived from B-lymphocytes; common in loose connective tissue of the gut and glands |
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Term
| how are plasma cells characterized in a prepared slide? |
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Definition
| CLOCKFACE CHROMATIN; basophilic cytoplasm due to RER; eccentric nucleus; prominent golgi apparatus seen as clear unstained region near nucleus |
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Term
| What immunoglobulin is produced by plasma cells that mast cells have a receptor for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| referred to as histocytes; best seen if they are actively phagocytic; when phagocytically active they have large vacuoles in their cytoplasm |
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Term
| where do lymphocytes and granulocytes typically do all their work? |
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Definition
| in the connective tissues |
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Term
| what do lymphocytes prevent us from? |
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Definition
| invasion of bacteria and foreign materials |
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Term
| what do B lymphocytes give rise to? |
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Definition
| plasma cells that synthesize immunoglobulin |
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Term
| what do natural killer cells destroy? |
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Definition
| virus infected cells and some tumor cells |
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Term
| how is a lymphocyte identified on a slide? |
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Definition
| mostly nucleus, thin layer of cytoplasm |
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Term
| what are the first cells to arrive at the site of inflammation? |
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Definition
| neutrophils; they attach to the epithelium by selectins and go through the endothelium of the blood vessels; mechanism not fully understood; they eat bacteria |
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Term
| what is the name of the process by which neutrophils leave the circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pus is an accumulation of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of nucleus do eosinophils have? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 3 conditions are eosinophils associated with? |
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Definition
| allergic reactions, parasitic infections, chronic inflammatory processes |
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Term
| where are eosinophils often found? |
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Definition
| the lamina propria of the gut; increase in number with chronic inflammation |
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Term
| what protein is extremely important for regulation of osmotic pressure between the circulatory system and the connective tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the hydrostatic and osmotic pressure at the arteriole side? |
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Definition
| hydrostatic pressure high; osmotic pressure low; fluid leaves capillary |
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Term
| describe the hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure at the venule side? |
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Definition
| hydrostatic pressure is low, osmotic pressure high, fluid enters capillary |
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Term
| if the hydrostatic pressure on the venule side is too high as in congestive heart failure, what is the term given for the accumulation in the ECM? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid will accumulate in the ECM if? |
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Definition
| colloid osmotic pressure on the venule side is too low as in starvation |
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Term
| what are the two classifications of connective tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe loose connective tissue |
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Definition
| lots of cells, fewer fibers; underlies most epithelia; found around glands; cells include mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts |
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Term
| describe dense connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two types of dense connective tissue? |
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Definition
| dense irregular and dense regular |
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Term
| where is dense irregular connective tissue typically found? |
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Definition
| dermis- reticular layer; fewer cells, mostly fibroblasts; more fibers- bundles organized in many directions to resist stresses |
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Term
| where is dense regular connective tissue typically found? |
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Definition
| tendons, ligaments; fewer cells, fibroblasts predominate; organized bundles of collagen fibers; bundles organized in direction of stress |
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