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Connective Tissue
Collagen, Elastin, etc
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/17/2014

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Cards

Term
With higher amounts of connective tissue (CT), does meat tenderness increase or decrease?
Definition
Decreases
Term
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
Definition
Collagen (@25%)
Term
What is the main structural protein of CT?
Definition
Collagen (also contains some elastin)
Term
Where in the body is elastin found (7)?
Definition
tendons, ligaments, bones, cartilage, muscle, skin, blood vessels
Term
What is the function of tendons?
Definition
To join muscle to bone
Term
What is the function of ligaments?
Definition
To join bone to bone
Term
How does collagen's structure function in muscles?
Definition
Structure
- holds muscle fibers together
- protects muscle fibers from being damaged
Supports Blood vessels and nerves
Term
T or F: Collagen can be found at all levels of the muscle cell
Definition
true, found in Epi, Endo, and Perimysium
Term
Gristle is actually _____
Definition
Collagen
Term
What is the structural component of collagen fibrils?
Definition
Tropocollagen (known as photofibril)
Term
Where is tropocollagen synthesized?
Definition
Fibroblasts
Term
What are the structural components of Tropocollagen?
Definition
AA, Glycine (occurs every 3), Proline and Hydroxyproline (25 to 33% of total AA)
Term
Where in the body is hydroxyproline exclusively found?
Definition
collagen and elastin
Term
What can Hydroxyproline content be used for?
Definition
identifying amt of collagen in CT
Term
AA synthesized into 3 polypeptide strands, for a ____
Definition
triple helix
Term
How many types of collagen are there, and how many are found in muscle?
Definition
11-12, 5
Term
T or F: Collagen can stretch
Definition
False
Term
What colour is collagen, when bound with many collagen molecules?
Definition
White
Term
Which types of limbs in the body have higher amounts of CT?
Definition
Limbs for locomotion
Term
Where are intramolecular Xlinks found?
Definition
BETWEEN PP strands that are within the tropocollagen molecule
Term
Where are intermolecular xlinks found?
Definition
Between adjacent tropocollagen molecules
Term
Do older or younger animals produce more collagen?
Definition
Younger
Term
Describe the collagen in younger animals
Definition
fewer xlinks this collagen
presence of reducible/soluble, intermolecular xlinks
Term
Collagen turnover is dependent on what?
Definition
Collagen fibril diameter (inverse relationship)
Term
%turnover per day of collagen is
Definition
10%
Term
What is the collagen/elastin ratio withing the longissimus?
Definition
5:1
Term
How does a Cu deficiency affect elastin?
Definition
Synthesis of desmosine stops
Term
What are some evolutionary factors that affect amounts of connective tissues?
Definition
Functional demands of life
Connective tissue strength (body, age, size)
Term
What are the three predisposing factors affecting amounts of CT in the body?
Definition
genetics, age, sex
Term
What is background toughness?
Definition
How much CT is in the muscle
Term
What three factors affect background toughness?
Definition
Age (less toughness in young), Growth rate (less toughness in animals with fast growth rates), effect on ageing, hanging or conditioning meat on background toughness
Term
What affects muscle tenderness?
Definition
-proportions of type I & type III collagens
-total amount of collagen
-degree of heat stable collagen Xlinking
-fiber diameter of perimysium & endomysium
Term
Are type I or type III collagens more affected by heat solubilization?
Definition
type I
Term
As fiber diameter increases, the amount of heat stable collagen _____ and soluble collagen _____
Definition
increases ; decreases
Term
How do marinades improve the tenderness of connective tissue & muscle fibers?
Definition
-weak acids cause collagen to swell, H bonds are disrupted
Term
When should enzymes like papiain be used to improve meat tenderness, and how do they work?
Definition
-apply before the meat is cooked

-causes proteins to denature during cooking (enzymes will lose function during cooking)
Term
What are the characteristics of tough muscle fibers?
Definition
-abundance of collagen (endomysium)
-many interfiber connections
-Xlinks are heat stable
-elastin is present
Term
What is Warner Bratzler shear force?
Definition
instrumental method of assessing meat tenderness

-measures the force req'd to cut across muscle fibers (lower the better)
Term
What are the drawbacks to using sensory panels to assess meat tenderness?
Definition
time consuming & expensive
Term
As an animal ages:

Collagen synthesis ____
Collagen Xlinking ____
Collagen solubility ____
Fiber strength _____
Heat stability _____
Tenderness _____
Definition
Collagen synthesis decreases
Collagen Xlinking increases
Collagen solubility decreases
Fiber strength increases
Heat stability increases
Tenderness decreases
Term
What happens to the reducible Xlinks of collagen as an animal ages?
Definition
they are converted to pyridionoline (not easily broken down)
Term
How is age of an animal assessed in a carcass?
Definition
-bone ossification (degree of cartilage converted to bone)
-increases the amount of insoluble connective tissue = lower quality meat
Term
What factors affect collagen characteristics?
Definition
Diet
Species
Gender
Muscle variation
Term
How does diet affect collagen?
Definition
-feed restriction prior to slaughter reduces Xlink stability
-feeding finishing diets provide lots of energy, producing more soluble collagen & tender beef
Term
Which has more collagen, pigs or cattle?
Definition
pigs
Term
Which species has more of a tenderness problem, pigs or cattle?
Definition
cattle
Term
Which will have higher collagen, barrows or gilts?
Definition
barrows (castrated)
Term
Is high hydroxyproline related to more or less tender meat?
Definition
more tender
Term
If collagen is primarily found in the perimysium or endomysium will the meat be tougher or more tender?
Definition
tougher
Term
Is collagen higher in the forequarter or hindquarter of beef?
Definition
FQ
Term
The total content of collagen is based on...
Definition
hydroxyproline analysis
Term
What factors affect collagen quality/presence in the muscle?
Definition
-total content of collagen
-types of collagen present
-heat stable Xlinks
-histological distribution
-type of muscle
Term
Where is elastin found?
Definition
-arteries
-abdominal wall
-ligamenta nuchae
-lungs
-skin
Term
True or False

Meat is typically very high in elastin content
Definition
false
Term
Which is resistant to acid/base/heat, elastin or collagen?
Definition
elastin
Term
What are the components of elastin?
Definition
glycine (also in collagen)
desmosine + isodesmosine
hydroxyproline (also in collagen)
Term
What is the importance of elastin?
Definition
structure & function of elastic fibers & muscle
Term
What synthesizes elastin?
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
True or False

elastin is highly soluble
Definition
false

Nonpolar AA's & desmosine make it highly insoluble
Term
When cooking meat, when is it better to cook with moist heat, over dry heat?
Definition
When the meat is high in collagen
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