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Chapter 17 - Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC
116
Computer Networking
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02/28/2013
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Term
100BaseT
 Definition
An Ethernet standard that operates at 100Mbps and uses twisted-pair cabling up to 100 meters (328 feet). Also called Fast Ethernet. Variations of 100BaseT are 100BaseTX and 100BaseFX.
Term
10Base2
 Definition
An outdated Ethernet standard that operates at 10 Mbps and uses small coaxial cable up to 500 meters long. Also called ThinNet.
Term
10Base5
 Definition
An outdated Ethernet standard that operates at 10 Mbps and uses thick coaxial cable up to 500 meters long. Also called ThickNet.
Term
10BaseT
 Definition
An Ethernet standard that operates at 10 Mbps and uses twisted-pair cables up to 100 meters (328 feet).
Term
3G (Third Generation)
 Definition
The ability to use your cell phone to browse the Web, stream music and video, play online games, and use instant messaging and video conferencing.
Term
802.11b/g/n
 Definition
See IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n. IEEE specifications for wireless communication and data synchronization. Also known as Wi-Fi. IEEE b/g/n standards are current, and IEEE 802.11a is outdated. Apple Computer's versions of 802.11 standards are called AirPort and AirPort Extreme.
Term
access point (AP)
 Definition
A device connected to a LAN that provides wireless communication so that computers, printers, and other wireless devices can communicate with devices on the LAN.
Term
adapter address
 Definition
See MAC address. A 48-bit hardware address unique to each NIC card or onboard network controller and assigned by the manufacturer. The address is often printed on the adapter as hexadecimal numbers. An example is 00 00 0C 08 2F 35. Also called a physical
Term
AirPort
 Definition
The term Apple computers use to describe the IEEE 802.11b standard.
Term
Automatic Private IP Address (APIPA)
 Definition
An IP address in the address range 169.254.x.y, used by a computer when it cannot successfully lease an IP
Term
bandwidth
 Definition
In relation to analog communication, the range of frequencies that a communications channel or cable can carry. In general use, the term refers to the volume of data that can travel on a bus or over a cable stated in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), or megabits per second (Mbps). Also called data throughput or line speed.
Term
base station
 Definition
A fixed transceiver and antenna used to create one cell within a cellular network.
Term
best-effort protocol
 Definition
See connectionless protocol. A protocol such as UDP
Term
Bluetooth
 Definition
A standard for wireless communication and data synchronization between devices, developed by a group of electronics manufacturers and overseen by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Bluetooth uses the same frequency range as 802.11b, but does not have as wide a range.
Term
BNC connector
 Definition
A connector used with thin coaxial cable. Some BNC connectors are T-shaped and called T-connectors. One end of the T connects to the NIC, and the two other ends can connect to cables or end a bus formation with a terminator.
Term
broadband
 Definition
A transmission technique that carries more than one type of transmission on the same medium, such as voice and DSL on a regular telephone line.
Term
cable modem
 Definition
A technology that uses cable TV lines for data transmission requiring a modem at each end. From the modem, a network cable connects to a NIC in the user's PC, or a USB cable connects to a USB port.
Term
CAT-3 (Category 3)
 Definition
A rating used for UTP cable that is less expensive than the more popular CAT-5 cable.
Term
CAT-5
 Definition
A rating used for UTP cable. CAT-5 or higher cabling is required for Fast Ethernet.
Term
CAT-6
 Definition
A rating used for UTP cables that has less crosstalk than CAT-5 or CAT-5e cables.
Term
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
 Definition
A protocol standard used by cellular WANs and cell phones.
Term
cellular network
 Definition
A network that can be used when a wireless network must cover a wide area. The network is made up of cells, each controlled by a base station. Also called a cellular WAN.
Term
cellular WAN
 Definition
See cellular network. A network that can be used when a wireless network must cover a wide area. The network is made up of cells, each controlled by a base station. Also called a cellular WAN.
Term
classful subnet masks
 Definition
A subnet mask that contain all ones or all zeroes in an octet. For example, 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 or 255.255.255.0.
Term
classless subnet masks
 Definition
A subnet mask that can have a mix of zeroes and ones in one octet. For example, 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 or
Term
client/server applications
 Definition
An application that has two components. The client software requests data from the server software on the same or another computer.
Term
coaxial cable
 Definition
Networking cable used with10-Mbps Ethernet ThinNet or ThickNet.
Term
computer name
 Definition
Character-based host name or NetBIOS name assigned to a computer.
Term
connectionless protocol
 Definition
A protocol such as UDP that does not require a connection before sending a packet and does not guarantee delivery. An example of a UDP transmission is streaming video over the Web. Also called a besteffort protocol.
Term
connection-oriented protocol
 Definition
In networking, a protocol that confirms that a good connection has been made before transmitting data to the other end. An example of a connection-oriented protocol is TCP.
Term
crossover cable
 Definition
A cable used to connect two PCs into the simplest network possible. Also used to connect two hubs to two switches.
Term
data throughput
 Definition
See bandwidth. In relation to analog communication, the range of frequencies that a communications channel or cable can carry. In general use, the term refers to the volume of data that can travel on a bus or over a cable stated in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), or megabits per second (Mbps). Also called data throughput or line speed.
Term
default gateway
 Definition
The gateway a computer on a network will use to access another network unless it knows to specifically use another gateway for quicker access to that network.
Term
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
 Definition
A protocol used by a server to assign dynamic IP addresses to computers on a network when they first access the network.
Term
dial-up networking
 Definition
A Windows utility that uses a modem and telephone line to connect to a network.
Term
DNS (Domain Name System or Domain Name Service)
 Definition
A distributed pool of information (called the name space) that keeps track of assigned host names anddomain names and their corresponding IP addresses, and the system that allows a host to locate
Term
DNS server
 Definition
A computer that can find an IP address for another computer when only the fully qualified domain name is known.
Term
domain name
 Definition
A unique, text-based name that identifies a network. A fully qualified domain name is sometimes loosely called a domain name. Also see fully qualified domain name.
Term
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
 Definition
A telephone line that carries digital data from end to end, and is used as a type of broadband Internet access.
Term
dynamic IP address
 Definition
An assigned IP address that is used for the current session only. When the session is terminated, the IP address is returned to the list of available addresses.
Term
enhanced CAT-5 (CAT-5e)
 Definition
A improved version of CAT-5 cable that reduces crosstalk.
Term
Fast Ethernet
 Definition
See 100BaseT. An Ethernet standard that operates at
Term
fiber optic
 Definition
A dedicated, leased line used for Internet access that uses fiber-optic cable from the ISP to residence or place of business.
Term
fiber-optic cable
 Definition
Cable that transmits signals as pulses of light over glass strands inside protected tubing.
Term
firewall
 Definition
Hardware or software that protects a computer or network from unauthorized access.
Term
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
 Definition
The protocol used to transfer files over a TCP/IP network.
Term
full-duplex
 Definition
Communication that happens in two directions at the same time.
Term
fully qualified domain name (FQDN)
 Definition
A host name and a domain name such as jsmith.amazon.com. Sometimes loosely referred to as a domain name.
Term
gateway
 Definition
A computer or other device that connects networks.
Term
Gigabit Ethernet
 Definition
A version of Ethernet that supports rates of data transfer up to 1 gigabit per second.
Term
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
 Definition
An open standard for cellular WANs and cell phones that uses digital communication of data and is accepted and used worldwide.
Term
half-duplex
 Definition
Communication between two devices whereby transmission takes place in only one direction at a time.
Term
hardware address
 Definition
See MAC address. A 48-bit hardware address unique to each NIC card or onboard network controller and assigned by the manufacturer. The address is often printed on the adapter as hexadecimal numbers. An example is 00 00 0C 08 2F 35. Also called a physical
Term
host name
 Definition
A name that identifies a computer, printer, or other device on a network. The host name together with the domain name is called the fully qualified domain name.
Term
Hosts file
 Definition
A file in the C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc folder that contains computer names and their associated IP addresses on the local network. The file has no file extension.
Term
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
 Definition
The communications protocol used by the World
Term
HTTPS (HTTP secure)
 Definition
The communications protocol used by the World
Term
hub
 Definition
A network device or box that provides a central location to connect cables and distributes incoming data packets to all other devices connected to it. Compare to switch.
Term
IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol, version 4)
 Definition
Version 4 of the IMAP protocol, which is an e-mail protocol used to download incoming email and has more functionality than its predecessor, POP. IMAP can archive messages in folders on the email server and can allow the user to choose not to download attachments. Compare to POP (Post Office Protocol).
Term
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 Definition
A nonprofit organization that develops standards for the computer and electronics industries.
Term
Internet card
 Definition
A device that plugs into a computer and works like a cell phone to connect to a cellular WAN to give your computer Internet access. Also called an air card.
Term
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 Definition
A commercial group that provides Internet access for a monthly fee; AOL, Earthlink, and Comcast are large ISPs.
Term
intranet
 Definition
A private network that uses the TCP/IP protocols.
Term
IP address
 Definition
A 32-bit address consisting of four numbers separated by periods, used to uniquely identify a device on a network that uses TCP/IP protocols. The first numbers identify the network; the last numbers identify a host. An example of an IP address is 206.96.103.114.
Term
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
 Definition
A broadband telephone line that can carry data at
Term
LAN (local area network)
 Definition
A computer network that covers only a small area, usually within one building.
Term
latency
 Definition
Delays in network transmissions resulting in slower network performance. Latency is measured by the round-trip time it takes for a data packet to travel from source to destination and back to source.
Term
MAC (Media Access Control) address
 Definition
A 48-bit hardware address unique to each NIC card or
Term
MAN (metropolitan area network)
 Definition
A network that covers a large campus or city. A small MAN is sometimes called a CAN or campus area
Term
multicasting
 Definition
A process in which a message is sent by one host to multiple hosts, such as when a video conference is broadcast to several hosts on the Internet.
Term
multiple input/multiple output (MIMO)
 Definition
A feature of the IEEE 802.11n standard for wireless
Term
name resolution
 Definition
The process of associating a character-based computer name to an IP address.
Term
NAT (Network Address Translation)
 Definition
A protocol used to convert private IP addresses on a LAN to a public IP address before a data packet is sent over the Internet.
Term
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)
 Definition
An API protocol used by some applications to
Term
NetBIOS name
 Definition
A computer name with a maximum of 15 characters that is suitable for use by the NetBIOS protocol.
Term
network adapter
 Definition
See network interface card. An expansion card that plugs into a computer's motherboard and provides a port on the back of the card to connect a PC to a network. Also called a network adapter.
Term
Network Address Translation (NAT)
 Definition
See NAT (Network Address Translation). A protocol used to convert private IP addresses on a LAN to a
Term
network interface card (NIC)
 Definition
An expansion card that plugs into a computer's motherboard and provides a port on the back of the card to connect a PC to a network. Also called a network adapter.
Term
octet
 Definition
Term for each of the four 8-bit numbers that make up an IP address. For example, the IP address 206.96.103.114 has four octets.
Term
packet
 Definition
Segment of network data that also includes header, destination address, and trailer information that is sent as a unit. Also called data packet or datagram.
Term
PAN (personal area network)
 Definition
A small network consisting of personal devices at close range; the devices can include cell phones, PDAs, and
Term
patch cable
 Definition
A network cable that is used to connect a PC to a hub, switch, or router.
Term
physical address
 Definition
See MAC address. A 48-bit hardware address unique to each NIC card or onboard network controller and assigned by the manufacturer. The address is often printed on the adapter as hexadecimal numbers. An example is 00 00 0C 08 2F 35. Also called a physical address, an adapter address, or a hardware address.
Term
Ping (packet internet groper)
 Definition
A Windows and Unix command used to troubleshoot network connections. It verifies that the host can
Term
POP3 (Post Office Protocol, version 3)
 Definition
The protocol that an e-mail server and client use when the client requests the downloading of e-mail messages. The most recent version is POP3. POP is being replaced by IMAP.
Term
port
 Definition
(1) As applied to services running on a computer, a
Term
port address
 Definition
See I/O address. Numbers that are used by devices and the CPU to manage communication between them.
Term
port number
 Definition
See port. (1) As applied to services running on a computer, a number assigned to a process on a computer so that the process can be found by TCP/IP. Also called a port address or port number. (2) Another name for an I/O address. See also I/O address. (3) A physical connector, usually at the back of a computer, that allows a cable from a peripheral device, such as a
Term
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
 Definition
A protocol that governs the methods for communicating via modems and dial-up telephone lines. The Windows
Term
private IP addresses
 Definition
An IP address that is used on a private TCP/IP network that is isolated from the Internet.
Term
public IP addresses
 Definition
An IP address available to the Internet.
Term
RJ-11
 Definition
A phone line connection found on modems, telephones, and house phone outlets.
Term
RJ-45
 Definition
A connector used with twisted-pair cable that connects the cable to the NIC.
Term
router
 Definition
A device that connects networks and makes decisions as to the best routes to use when forwarding packets.
Term
Service Set Identifier (SSID)
 Definition
The name of the access point for a wireless network.
Term
shielded twisted pair (STP) cable
 Definition
A cable that is made of one or more twisted pairs of wires and is surrounded by a metal shield.
Term
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
 Definition
The protocol used by e-mail clients and servers to send e-mail messages over the Internet. Also see POP and IMAP.
Term
SMTP AUTH (SMTP Authentication)
 Definition
A protocol that is used to authenticate or prove that a client who attempts to use an email server to send email is authorized to use the server. The protocol is based on the Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) protocol.
Term
status light indicators
 Definition
Lights on the back of a NIC that indicate connectivity and network activity.
Term
subnet mask
 Definition
A group of four numbers (dotted decimal numbers) that tell TCP/IP if a remote computer is on the same or a different network.
Term
switch
 Definition
A device used to segment a network. It can decide which network segment is to receive a packet, on the basis of the packet's destination MAC address.
Term
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
 Definition
Part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. TCP guarantees delivery of data for application protocols and establishes a session before it begins transmitting data.
Term
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
 Definition
The suite of protocols that supports communication on the Internet. TCP is responsible for error checking, and IP is responsible for routing.
Term
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
 Definition
A protocol standard used by cellular WANs and cell phones.
Term
Telnet
 Definition
A Windows command-line client/server application that allows an administrator or other user to control a computer remotely.
Term
ThickNet
 Definition
See 10Base5. An outdated Ethernet standard that operates at 10 Mbps and uses thick coaxial cable up to 500 meters long. Also called ThickNet.
Term
ThinNet
 Definition
See 10Base2. An outdated Ethernet standard that operates at 10 Mbps and uses small coaxial cable up to 500 meters long. Also called ThinNet.
Term
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
 Definition
A connectionless protocol that does not require a connection to send a packet and does not guarantee that the packet arrives at its destination. UDP is faster than TCP because TCP takes the time to make a
Term
unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable
 Definition
A cable that is made of one or more twisted pairs of wires and is not surrounded by shielding.
Term
virtual private network (VPN)
 Definition
A security technique that uses encrypted data packets between a private network and a computer somewhere on the Internet.
Term
WAN (wide area network)
 Definition
A network or group of networks that span a large geographical area.
Term
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
 Definition
A data encryption method used on wireless networks that uses either 64-bit or 128-bit encryption keys that are static keys, meaning the key does not change while the wireless network is in use.
Term
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
 Definition
See IEEE 802.11. IEEE specifications for wireless communication and data synchronization. Also known as Wi-Fi. IEEE b/g/n standards are current, and IEEE 802.11a is outdated. Apple Computer's versions of 802.11 standards are called AirPort and AirPort Extreme.
Term
wireless LAN (WLAN)
 Definition
A type of LAN that does not use wires or cables to create connections, but instead transmits data over radio or infrared waves.
Term
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
 Definition
A data encryption method for wireless networks that use the TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) encryption method and the encryption keys are changed at set intervals while the wireless LAN is in use.
Term
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2)
 Definition
A data encryption standard compliant with the IEEE802.11i standard that uses the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) protocol. WPA2 is currently the strongest wireless encryption standard.
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