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Comprehensive Vocabulary
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241
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/14/2010

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Term
2 Layers of Smooth Muscle
Definition
1)Longitudinal
2)Circular
Term
2 Myofilaments of Muscle Contraction
Definition
1)Actin
2)Myosin
Term
2 Types of Dense Connective Tissue
Definition
1)Regular
2)Irregular
Term
2 Types of Hair
Definition
1)Vellus-body hairs, thinner
2)Terminal-from scalp, darker, thicker
Term
2 Types of Muscle Attachments
Definition
1)Origin-attaches on less movable bone
2)Insertion-attaches on more movable bone
Term
3 Concentric Layers in Hair
Definition
1)Medulla (inner)-absent in fine hairs
2)Cortex (middle)
3)Cuticle (outer)
Term
3 Layers (Tunics) of Blood Vessels
Definition
1)Tunica Intima
2)Tunica Media
3)Tunica Externa
Term
3 Skin Pigments
Definition
1)Melanin
2)Carotene
3)Hemoglobin
Term
3 Types of Arteries
Definition
1)Elastic
2)Muscular
3)Arterioles-smallest arteries
Term
3 Types of Articulations (Joints)
Definition
1)Synarthroses-immovable
2)Diarthroses-freely movable
3)Amphiarthroses-slighty movable
Term
3 Types of Burns
Definition
First-Degree-epidermis damaged
Second-Degree-epidermis/dermis damaged
Third Degree-entire thickness of skin
Term
3 Types of Capillaries
Definition
1)Continuous-least permeable, most common
2)Fenestrated-large pores
3)Sinusoid-leaky, most permeable
Term
3 Types of Cartilage
Definition
1)Hyaline
2)Elastic
3)Fibrocartilage
Term
3 Types of Fibers in White Matter
Definition
1)Ascending
2)Descending
3)Commissural
Term
3 Types of Loose Connective Tissue
Definition
1)Areolar
2)Adipose
3)Reticular
Term
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Definition
1)Skeletal
2)Cardiac
3)Smooth
Term
3 Types of Skin Cancer
Definition
1)Basal Cell Carcinoma-least malignant, most common
2)Squamous Cell Carcinoma-arise from keratinocytes
3)Melanoma-most dangerous
*ABCDE rule
Term
31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves
Definition
cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1)
Term
4 Function Features of Muscle Tissue
Definition
1)Contractility
2)Excitability
3)Extensibility
4)Elasticity
Term
4 Subdivisions of PNS
Definition
1)Somatic Sensory
2)Somatic Motor
3)Visceral Sensory
4)Visceral Motor
Term
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Definition
neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons in parasymathetic
Term
Action Potential
Definition
nerve impulse
Term
Acute Inflammation
Definition
initial response of the body to harmful stimuli
Term
Adenohypophysis
Definition
anterior lobe of pituitary gland; pars distalis=largest division of it
Term
Adrenal Gland
Definition
adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine; adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone and cortisol
Term
Agranulocytes
Definition
1)Lymphocytes
2)Monocytes
Term
Amniotic Sac
Definition
formed by extension of epiblast and filled with amniotic fluid
Term
Apical
Definition
toward surface
Term
Arrector Pili
Definition
smooth muscle cells that make goosebumps
Term
Artery
Definition
carries blood away from the heart
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
composed of hyaline cartilage; located at end of opposing bones
Term
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
Definition
where impulses pause
Term
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
Definition
tricuspid (right) and bicuspid/mitral (left)
Term
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Definition
includes sympathetic "fight or flight" and parasympathetic "rest and digest"
Term
Axon
Definition
neuronal cell process that generates/transmits impulses away from cell body
Term
Axon Terminal
Definition
end of an axon
Term
Basal Lamina
Definition
supporting sheet deep to border of epithelial and connective tissue
Term
Blastocyst
Definition
morula consisting of 60 cells that takes up fluid
Term
Blood Flow Through The Heart
Definition
Superior Vena Cava/Inferior Vena Cava>Right Atrium>Right Ventricle>Pulmonary Trunk>Pulmonary Veins>Left Atrium>Left Ventricle>Aorta
Term
Blood Pressure
Definition
systole/diastole
Term
Bone Classifications
Definition
long, short, flat, irregular
Term
Brain Ventricles
Definition
lateral, third, fourth
Term
Brainstem
Definition
consists of midbrain, pons, medulla
Term
Bursae
Definition
closed bags of synovial fluid
Term
Capillary
Definition
smallest blood vessel; refreshes interstitial fluid
Term
Capillary Bed
Definition
network of the body's smallest vessels (capillaries)
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
involuntary movement; striated; contain intercalated discs, where cardiac cells branch and join
Term
Cardiac Muscle Possesses 3 Types of Cell Junctions
Definition
1)Desmosome
2)Fascia Adherens
3)Gap
Term
Cartilaginous Joint
Definition
1)synchondrosis-united by hyaline cartilage
2)symphosis-united by fibrocartilage
Term
Cauda Equina
Definition
collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal
Term
Cells Involved in Inflammatory Response
Definition
1)Histamines
2)Interferons
3)Prostoglandins
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
processes and interprets; brain and spinal cord
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
home of our conscious mind; enables us to be self-aware; include motor, sensory, and association areas
Term
Chondroblast
Definition
actively mitotic cartilage cell
Term
Chondrocyte
Definition
mature form of cartilage cell
Term
Chyle
Definition
fatty lymph
Term
Cilia
Definition
propel mucus across cell surfaces
Term
Classes of Hormones
Definition
amino-acid based or steroid molecules
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye
Term
Concentric Contraction
Definition
muscle shortens and does work
Term
Conception
Definition
union of egg and sperm
Term
Conus Medullaris
Definition
tapers into Filum Terminale, which anchors spinal cord in place in coccyx
Term
Decussation of Pyramids
Definition
where pyramidal tracts (of medulla) cross over to other side, causing cerebral hemisphere to control opposite site of the body
Term
Dendrite
Definition
neuronal cell process that extends from cell body and receives impulses
Term
Denticulate Ligaments
Definition
anchor spinal cord to dura mater
Term
Dermis
2 Layers
Definition
Papillary Layer (20%)
Reticular Layer (80%)-deeper
Term
Desmosome
Definition
binds adjacent cells together
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
bone shaft
Term
Diastole
Definition
heart chamber relaxes and fills with blood
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland)
Term
Eccentric Contraction
Definition
muscle generates force as it lengthens
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
becomes the brain, spinal cord, and epidermis
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
maintain shape of structure while allowing flexibility
Term
Embryonic Period
Definition
first 8 weeks
Term
Endocardium
Definition
lines heart chambers and covers heart valves
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
formation of bone from cartilaginous matrix
Term
Endoderm
Definition
becomes inner lining of gut, respiratory tubes, digestive organs, urinary bladder
Term
Endolymph
Definition
"internal water" in inner ear
Term
Endomysium
Definition
connective tissue surrounding a muscle cell
Term
Endoneurium
Definition
surrounds neuron
Term
Endosteum
Definition
connective tissue covering internal bone surfaces
Term
Epiblast
Definition
forms around amniotic cavity
Term
Epicardium
Definition
visceral layer of serous pericardium
Term
Epidermis
4 Main Cell Types
Definition
1)Keratinocytes-most important
2)Melanocytes-make melanin
3)Merkel cells-receptor for touch
4)Langerhans cells-destroys foreign particles
Term
Epidermis
Layers from Apical (top) to Basal (bottom)
Definition
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
Term
Epidural
Definition
pumped into epidural space in lumbar, but can be done in other parts of spine
Term
Epimysium
Definition
connective tissue sheath that surrounds muscle
Term
Epineurium
Definition
surrounds whole nerve
Term
Epiphyseal Plate
Definition
disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen bone
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
bone end
Term
Erythrocyte
Definition
RBC
Term
Fascicle
Definition
bundle of muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue
Term
Fast Glycolytic Fibers
Definition
skeletal muscle fibers that contract rapidly and tire quickly
Term
Fast Oxidative Fibers
Definition
skeletal muscle fibers that contract quickly and are somewhat fatigue resistant
Term
Fetal Period
Definition
remaining 30 weeks after fetal period
Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
resists strong compression and tension
Term
Fibrous Joint
Definition
1)Suture
2)Syndesmosis-bound by ligaments
3)Gomphosis-peg in socket
Term
First-Class Lever
Definition
fulcrum between load and effort; ex: scissors
Term
Fulcrum
Definition
a fixed point; ex: joints
Term
Functional Groups of Muscles
Definition
1)Prime Mover (agonist)
2)Antagonist
3)Synergist
4)Fixator
Term
Ganglia
Definition
clusters of cell bodies that lie along nerves in the PNS
Term
Gap Junction
Definition
allows ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to next
Term
Gastrulation
Definition
forms the 3 primary germ layers
Term
Gliding Movements
Definition
flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction,rotation
Term
Granulocytes
Definition
1)Neutrophils
2)Eosinophils
3)Basophils
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
red blood cell (RBC) count
Term
Hematoma
Definition
clotted mass of blood anywhere in the body
Term
Hematopoiesis
Definition
blood cell formation; takes place in bone marrow
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
maintenance of a stable internal environment
Term
Hormone Secretion
Definition
1)Humoral
2)Neural
3)Hormonal
*always controlled by feedback loops: negative feedback and positive feedback
Term
Hormones
Definition
messenger molecules secreted by ductless glands of endocrine system
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
most abundant; supports/reinforces, cushions, resists compressive stress
Term
Hypoblast
Definition
forms around yolk sac
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
main visceral control center of the body
Term
Immune Response
Definition
specific; ex: HIV infects and destroys helper T cells, severely depressing immunity
Term
Implantation
Definition
blastocyst burrows into uterine wall
Term
Innate Immunity
Definition
nonspecific; structural (first line of defense) and physiologic (inflammatory response)
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
formation of bone from matrix
Term
Lacteal
Definition
lymph capillary in the villi of the small intestine
Term
Left Atrium
Definition
receives oxygen-rich from pulmonary vessels
Term
Left Cerebral Hemisphere
Definition
language abilities, math, logic
Term
Left Ventricle
Definition
pumps into systemic circuit; MOST highly muscularized part of heart
Term
Leukocyte
Definition
white blood cell (WBC); 2 types: granulocyte and agranulocyte
Term
Lever
Definition
moves on a fixed point; ex: bones
Term
Limbic System
Definition
"emotional brain"
Term
Lymph Node
Definition
helps cleanse lymph; about 500 in the body
Term
Lymphocyte
Definition
most important cell of immune system; 2 classes: T cells (originate in Thymus) and B cells (originate in bone marrow)
Term
Lymphoid Organs
Definition
thymus, nodes, spleen, tonsils
Term
Lymphoid Stem Cell
Definition
gives rise to lymphocyte
Term
Mechanical Advantage
Definition
small effort for large load
Term
Mechanical Disadvantage
Definition
large effort for small load
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
4 main types:
1)Meissner's corpuscles-fine touch, light pressure
2)Pacinian corpuscles-deep pressure
3)Ruffini's corpuscles-continuous pressure
4)Proprioceptors: muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors
Term
Mediastinum
Definition
contains heart, trachea, esophagus
Term
Memory B Cells
Definition
recognize foreign particle once they are made through antibody-mediated process
Term
Memory T Cells
Definition
recognize foreign particle once they are made through cell-mediated process
Term
Meninges
Definition
in brain and spinal cord:
dura mater (outer), arachnoid mater (middle), pia mater (inner)
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
formed between epiblast and hypoblast
Term
Microvilli
Definition
maximize surface area; located in kidneys and small intestine
Term
Morula
Definition
72 hours after fertilization, cluster of 12-16 cells
Term
Motor (Efferent) Neuron
Definition
sends signals away from the CNS
Term
Myeloid Stem Cell
Definition
gives rise to all other blood cells besides lymphocytes
Term
Myoblast
Definition
all muscle tissue develop from it
Term
Myocardium
Definition
layer that actually contracts; formed by cardiac muscle tissue
Term
Myofilament
Definition
specific type of microfilament responsible for shortening of muscle cells
Term
Nerve
Definition
a bundle of neurons
Term
Neurilemma
Definition
neuron sheath
Term
Neuroglia
Definition
supporting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect neurons
Term
Neurolemma
Definition
cell wall of neuron
Term
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) or Motor-End Plate
Definition
where an axon terminal of a motor neuron meets skeletal muscle fiber
Term
Neurons
Definition
generate/conduct electrical impulses
Term
Neurulation
Definition
notochord signals ectoderm to form brain and spinal cord
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
gaps between myelin sheaths
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons in sympathetic
Term
Optic Disc
Definition
blind spot because it lacks photoreceptors
Term
Organ of Corti
Definition
the receptor epithelium for hearing
Term
Osteoblast
Definition
bone-forming cell
Term
Osteoclast
Definition
reabsorbs/breaks down bone matrix
Term
Osteocyte
Definition
mature bone cell
Term
Parallel Processing
Definition
information from signal neuron is sent along 2 or more parallel pathways
Term
Parathyroid Gland
Definition
produces parathyroid hormone
Term
Parts of Hair
Definition
root, shaft, follicle, bulb, root plexus
Term
Parts of the Nail
Definition
matrix, root, bed, fold, cuticle, body, free edge, lunule
Term
Pericardium
Definition
encloses heart; includes fibrous outer layer and serous layer divided into parietal and visceral layers
Term
Perikaryon
Definition
cell body of a neuron
Term
Perimysium
Definition
connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Term
Perineurium
Definition
surrounds nerve fascicles
Term
Periochondrium
Definition
"around the cartilage"
Term
Periosteum
Definition
connective tissue covering entire surface of bone
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
dictates a response; nerves and ganglia
Term
Peripheral Sensory Receptors
Definition
1)Exteroreceptor
2)Interoreceptor (Visceroreceptor)
3)Proprioceptor
4)Mechanoreceptor
5)Thermoreceptor
6)Chemoreceptor
7)Photoreceptor
8)Nociceptor
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
rod cells-dim light, low acuity, NO color
cone cells-bright light, high-acuity color blue, red, green light
Term
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Definition
regulates other endocrine organs; secretes 9 major hormones
Term
Postsynaptic Neuron
Definition
transmits signals away from a synapse
Term
Precapillary Sphincter
Definition
smooth muscle cell that regulates blood flow to tissues according to oxygen and nutrient needs
Term
Presynaptic Neuron
Definition
conducts signals toward a synapse
Term
Primitive Node
Definition
swelling at one end of primitive streak
Term
Primitive Streak
Definition
raised groove on dorsal surface of epiblast
Term
Pulmonary Circuit
Definition
carries blood to and from the lungs
Term
Referred Pain
Definition
ex: brain freeze, pain in left arm when having a heart attack
Term
Reflex Arc
Definition
1)Receptor
2)Sensory Neuron
3)Integration Center
4)Motor Neuron
5)Effector
Term
Reticular Formation of Medulla Oblongata
Definition
loose cluster of brain nuclei
Term
Right Atrium
Definition
receives oxygen-poor from systemic vessels
Term
Right Cerebral Hemisphere
Definition
visual/spatial interpretations, reading facial expressions, intuition, emotion, artistic/musical skills
Term
Right Ventricle
Definition
pumps into pulmonary circuit
Term
Rostral
Definition
directional term unique to the CNS, meaning superior or cranial
Term
Rule of Nines
Definition
quick way to estimate how much surface affected by a burn
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
plasma membrane of a muscle cell
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
basic unit of contraction of skeletal muscle
Term
Sarcomere Structure
Definition
Z-disc, A band, I band, H zone, M line,
thin (actin) filament, thick (myosin) filament
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Smooth ER of muscle cell
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
everywhere except palms and soles; secrete sebum (oil)
Term
Second-Class Lever
Definition
load closer to fulcrum; ex: wheelbarrow
Term
Semilunar Valves
Definition
aortic and pulmonary
Term
Sensory (Afferent) Neuron
Definition
sends signals toward the CNS
Term
Serial Processing
Definition
when neurons synapse one-on-one in a sequence; pass signal along single pathway
Term
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Definition
generates impulses
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
voluntary movement; striated
Term
Skin
Superficial to Deep
Definition
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
Deep Fascia
Muscle
Term
Sliding Filament Theory
Definition
myosin heads attach to actin filaments at both ends of sarcomere and pull actin filaments toward center of sarcomere
Term
Slow Oxidative Fibers
Definition
skeletal muscle fibers that contract slowly and resist fatigue
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition
involuntary movement; NO striations
Term
Somites
Definition
first body segments
Term
Special Senses
Definition
taste, smell, sight, hearing, balance
Term
Specialized Movements
Definition
pronation/supination, dorsifexion/plantar flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, opposition
Term
Spleen
Definition
removes bloodborne antigens and old, defective blood cells
Term
Spongy Bone
Definition
honeycomb of trabeculae filled with red/yellow bone marrow
Term
Structural Classification of Neurons
Definition
1)Multipolar
2)Bipolar
3)Unipolar
Term
Sweat Glands
2 Types
Definition
1)Eccrine-produce "true sweat"
2)Apocrine-specialized, ex: mammary gland
Term
Synapse
Definition
site at which neurons communicate
Term
Synaptic Cleft
Definition
where plasma membranes of 2 neurons separate
Term
Systemic Circuit
Definition
carries blood to and from the body tissues
Term
Systole
Definition
contraction of heart chamber
Term
Taste
Definition
sweet, sour, salty, bitter
*umami-deliciousness
Term
Telodendria
Definition
terminal branches of an axon
Term
Tendon
Definition
connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
Term
Third-Class Lever
Definition
effort closer to fulcrum; ex: tweezers
Term
Thrombocyte
Definition
platelet
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin
Term
Tight Junction
Definition
impermeable
Term
Tissue Response to Injury
Definition
1)Inflammation (heat, redness, swelling, pain)
2)Edema-accumulation of fluid in connective tissue
3)Regeneration-replacement of destroyed tissue
4)Production of scar tissue
Term
Titin
Definition
spring-like molecule in sarcomeres involved in holding muscles together
Term
Touch
Definition
group of general senses
Term
Tracts
Definition
segments of pathways in spinal cord, either ascending (to the brain) or descending (to effectors)
Term
Trophoblast
Definition
will help form placenta
Term
Tunics of the Eye
Definition
fibrous (outer), vascular (middle), sensory (inner)
Term
Types of Connective Tissue
Definition
1)Loose
2)Dense
3)Blood
4)Cartilage
5)Bone
Term
Types of Fascicle Arrangement
Definition
1)Parallel
2)Strap-like
3)Fusiform
4)Convergent
5)Pennate
6)Unipennate
7)Bipennate
8)Multipennate
9)Circular
Term
Types of Movements
Definition
1)Gliding
2)Specialized
Term
Types of Neuroglial (Glial) Cells
Definition
1)Astrocytes-most abundant
2)Microglia-macrophages of CNS
3)Ependymal cells
4)Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheaths
Term
Types of Neuronal Circuits
Definition
1)Diverging
2)Converging
3)Reverberating
Term
Types of Reflexes
Definition
1)Monosynaptic-between sensory and motor neuron; ex: stretch reflex
2)Polysynaptic-interneurons in reflex pathway; ex: withdrawal reflex
Term
Types of Supporting Cells in PNS
Definition
1)Satellite Cells-surround cell bodies
2)Schwann Cells-surround axons
Term
Types of Synapses
Definition
1)Axodendritic
2)Axosomatic
3)Axoaxonic
4)Dendrodendritic
5)Dendrosomatic
Term
Types of Synovial Joints
Definition
1)Plane
2)Hinge
3)Saddle
4)Ball and Socket
5)Pivot
6)Condyloid
Term
Vasa Vasorum
Definition
"vessels of the vessels"
Term
Vascular Anastomoses
Definition
where vessels unite/interconnect
Term
Vein
Definition
conducts blood toward the heart
Term
Venule
Definition
smallest vein
Term
Yolk Sac
Definition
formed by extension of hypoblast
Term
Zygote
Definition
a fertilized egg
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