Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Comprehensive FINAL 2
...
59
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/05/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Antigen
Definition
any chemical substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the body to produce specific antibodies and/or specific cells (T cells), which can react with the antigen
Term
Antibodies
Definition
- protein produced by body in response to presence of antigen and capable of combining specifically with the antigen; antibodies belong to group of proteins called immunoglobulins; 5 classes
Term
Thymus
Definition
forms lymphocytes before birth; produces and distributes T cells involved in cell-mediated immunity
Term
Spleen
Definition
Defense - protection by phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial cells and antibody formation by some lymphocytes
• Hemopoiesis of nongranular leukocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) and of rbc before birth
• Red blood cell and platelet destruction
• Blood reservoir
Term
Lymph node function
Definition
filter out injurious substances and phagocytose them; site of formation of lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
Symptoms of inflammation
Definition
redness, pain, heat, and swelling; fifth can be loss of function in injured area
Term
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity -
Definition
effective against bacterial and viral infections
Term
Arteries
Definition
Outer coat (tunica adventitia or externa) • Muscle coat (tunica media) • Lining (tunica intima)
Term
Veins
Definition
same three coats but thinner and fewer elastic fibers (Thinner walls and not as many muscle fibers)
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Only Tunica Entima
Term
Erythrocytes
• Structure and functions
Definition
Molecules of hemoglobin inside each rbc makes possible function of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
Term
Leukocytes
• Functions
Definition
defense or protection (phagocytosis, exhibit diapedesis, produce antibodies)
Term
Platelets functions
Definition
blood coagulation and hemostasis
Term
Olfactory
Definition
Smell
Term
Vision
Definition
Optic
Term
Hearing
Definition
Vestibulocochlear
Term
Cardiac Cycle
Definition
Superior and Inferior Vena Cave
-Right Atrium
-Tricuspid valve
-Right Ventricle
-Semilunar valve
-Pulmonary Artery
-Lungs
-Pulmonary Vein
-left Atrium
-Bicuspid Valve
-Left Ventricle
-Semilunar valve
-Aorta
-Body back to beginning!
Term
Pathway of the conduction system
Definition
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
Perception of Sensory information
Motor areas control execution of voluntary movements, association areas deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, personality traits, and intelligence. Helps initiates and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate muscle tone. Limbic system promotes range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear and anger.
Term
Thalamus
Definition
• Relays sensory impulses from cord to cerebral cortex
• Registers crude sensations of pain, temperature, and touch
• Emotions of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with sensations
• Part of pathway for arousal or alerting and for complex reflex movements
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine and include
– All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
– All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
– Some sympathetic postganglionic neurons (sweat glands and certain blood vessels)
Term
5 primary tastes
Definition
Umami-savoring (MSG-has a lot of!!), bitter (back), salt (front sides), sweet (tip), sour (sides) and all other tastes are fusion of these or olfactory stimulation (ex. Better smell, better taste!)
Term
Lens
Definition
composed of proteins called crystallins and held in place by suspensory ligaments
Term
– Iris
Definition
regulates size of pupil
Term
Eustachian tube
Definition
; equalizes pressure on both sides of eardrum; open when yawning or swallowing
Term
retina
Definition
• Contains rod and cone receptor cells
Term
cornea
Definition
controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye
Term
Cochlea
Definition
Amplify sound waves and transduce auditory information
Term
Middle Ear Bone
Definition
aid in amplification of vibration
Term
Semicircular Canal
Definition
Those canals contain a fluid that tells you your position in space. Equilibrium
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" activities that occur when the body is at rest
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
is responsible for stimulating activities associated with the fight-or-flight response.
Term
Neurotransmitters involved with Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
Basic Unit of the Nervous System
Definition
Neurons
Term
– Sensation refers to
Definition
conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli
Term
Perception refers to
Definition
conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations (interprets what sensation means)
Term
• Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors [tactile (Merkel) discs]
Definition
Slow adapting:receptors for touch and discriminative touch
Term
Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors (end organs of Ruffini or Ruffini corpuscles)
Definition
Slowly adapting detect heavy and continuous touch sensations; sensitive to stretching as digits or limbs are moved
Term
First-order neuron
Definition
connects receptor with spinal cord and medulla on same side of body
Term
Second-order neuron
Definition
conducts from medulla to thalamus - axon decussates; so one side of brain registers mainly sensations for opposite side of body
Term
Third-order neuron
Definition
conducts from thalamus to somesthetic sensory area of cerebral cortex
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
Increases the speed of transmissions across the axon.
The main purpose of myelin is to cover neuron cells so that it can conduct action potential more quickly.
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
Allowing nutrients and waste products to enter/leave the neurone.
Allowing nerve impulses to move along the neurone through a process of
de-polarisation and re-polarisation of the nerve membrane.
Term
Resting Potential
Definition
potential across nonconducting neurons’ plasma membrane (-70 mV)
Term
Action Potential
Definition
potential across membrane of an active (conducting) neuron; also known as nerve impulse; involves depolarization and repolarization
Term
How can an impulse be transmitted into a synapse?
Definition
Electrical, Chemical, Heat
Term
Reflex arc
Definition
two or more neurons that conduct impulses from periphery to spinal cord or brain stem and back to periphery
Term
Reflexes
Definition
reflex is fast response to changes (stimuli) in internal or external environment allowing the body to maintain homeostasis
Term
Medulla
Definition
Contains sensory and motor tracts. Regulates heart beat and blood vessel diameter. Regulates Breathing. Adjust motor activities when learning new skills. Coordinate vomiting swallowing sneezing coughing and hiccuping. Reticular formation functions in consiousness and arousal
Term
Medulla
Definition
• Cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers in medulla vital in control of heartbeat, blood pressure, and respiration
• Centers for reflexes of swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccuping
• Important for maintaining equilibrium
• Centers for cranial nerves VIII-XII
Term
Cerebellum Functions
Definition
Synergic control of skeletal muscles
• Mediates postural and equilibrium reflexes
Term
• Thalamus Functions
Definition
• Relays sensory impulses from cord to cerebral cortex
• Registers crude sensations of pain, temperature, and touch
• Emotions of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with sensations
• Part of pathway for arousal or alerting and for complex reflex movements
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
major regulator of homeostasis
Term
• Hypothalamus Function
Definition
Controls and integrates activities of autonomic nervous system. Produces hormones, including releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones, oxytocin, and ADH. Regulates emotional and behavioral patterns. Contains feeding and satiety centers, thirst center, and suprachiasmatic nucleus. Controls body temperature by serving as body's thermostat.
Term
Ureters function
Definition
collect urine and drain it into bladder
Term
Bladder function
Definition
Reservoir for urine
• Expels urine from body by way of urethra (called micturition, urination, or voiding)
• Retention - inability to expel urine from bladder; suppression - failure of kidneys to form urine
Term
Urethra functions
Definition
• Male - passageway for expulsion of urine and semen
• Female - passageway for expulsion of urine
Term
kidney function
Definition
such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and regulation of blood pressure (via maintaining salt and water balance). They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove wastes which are diverted to the urinary bladder. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium, and they are also responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys also produce hormones
Term
3 steps of urine formation
Definition
1) Filtration of water and solutes out of glomerular blood through glomerular-capsular membrane into Bowman’s capsule (Everything moves but plasma protein and blood cells)
• 2)Reabsorption of most of water and part of solutes from tubule filtrate into peritubular blood
Secretion-Opposite of re absorption
Supporting users have an ad free experience!