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Comparitive Vert. Anatomy
Digestive System
28
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
11/21/2008

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Term
Coelom (what is it?)
- the 2 cavities that it forms
Definition
The Body Cavity
- Forms the 1. Anterior Pericardial Cavity (surrounds the heart) and 2. the Posterior Pleuroperitoneal Cavity (holds viscera, and can be divided into 2 pleural cavities and 1 peritoneal cavity)
Term
Viscera
Definition
The Organs
Term
Mesentery
Definition
a layer of loose CT sandwiched btwn two layers of mesothelium
- it is continuous with serosa
- it provides support for nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels
Term
what divides the two cavities of the Coelom in the Squalus and Necturus?
Definition
the transverse septum
Term
What are the cavities of the Cat and what separates them?
Definition
1. Thoracic Cavity - contains the 2 pleural cavities and 1 pericardial cavity
2. the Abdominal Pelvic Cavity - contains the viscera and reproductive organs.
- separated by the diaphragm
Term
What is the Diaphragm?
Definition
Primary respiratory muscle in mammals
Term
What pathway does food take?
Definition
the mouth > pharynx > esophagus > esophageal sphincter > stomach > pyloric sphincter > small intestine > ileocecal sphincter > large intestine > rectum
Term
What is chyme?
Definition
liquid mass form of digested food
Term
Alimentary Canal
Definition
Tubular structure - goes from esophagus to the anus
Term
4 layers of the digestive tract
Definition
1. mucosa (with villi in sm. int)
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis Externa
4. Serosa
Term
Mucosa
Definition
epithelial layer resting on CT called Lamina Propria
Its primary functions are:
1. secrete mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones
2. absorption of end products of digestion
3. protects against infectious disease
Term
Submucosa
Definition
dense irregular CT containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers
Term
Muscularis Externa
Definition
responsible for peristalsis and segmentation and it mixes and moves food along the alimentary canal. Made up of 2 layers.
1. inner circular layer
2. outer longitudinal layer
both of smooth muscle tissue
Term
Serosa
Definition
Protective outer layer.. found in the peritoneal cavity, composed of loose CT and a single layer of mesothelium
- it secretes fluid that keeps the surfaces moist and lubricated
Term
Villi
Definition
found in the small intestine, extend off the mucosa, might be surrounded by Goblet cells (appear white on slide)
Term
Esophagus location and functions
Definition
located between the pharynx and Stomach
functions:
1. Transport food
2. Aid in digestion -
crush eggs in snakes and
3. Temporary storage
In birds - form a crop - which can store food and also produce milky secretion to aid in feeding young
Term
Stomach / functions
Definition
*not found in lampreys, tunicates, and amphioxus - food goes straight to intestine
*used as a storage chamber, produces hydorchloric acid to kill bacteria and preserve food
*not essential for use because pancreas produces digestive enzymes also
*when not distended with food, relaxes into folds known as rugae
Term
Gizzard
Definition
evolved from stomachs in fish.. they grind up food
- possessed by some reptiles, crocodiles and all birds
- composed of a thick muscular wall and tough lining. it contains small stones that aid in grinding
Term
Intestine
Squalus
Fish
Birds and mammals
Amphibians and reptiles
Definition
Primary site for both digestion and absorption - it generally has two regions
- surface area varies according to type of food eaten and animal's activity level.
- in the squalus - has a spiral valve - increases surface area, also increases transit time and absorpative surface
- in fish, spiral valve is reduced or absent - intestine lengthens and coils
- Birds and mammals - ints are very long and have much more surface area - increased by villi
- amphibians and reptiles - ints are moderately long
Term
Small Intestine
Definition
made up of Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

has villi within mucosa
Term
Large Intestine
Definition
Starts with Cecum, then Colon, then rectum
- in amphibians its short and mainly reabsorbs water, temporarily stores feces
- In mammals, it varies in length depending on diet
Term
Liver and pancreas
Definition
liver releases bile - which neutralizes the acidity of chyme, produces favorable pH for action of pancreatic and Intestinal enzymes
It also breaks fat down into small globules (so P and I enzymes can act)
- both secretions are continuous and slow in animals that feed frequently
in animals that eat intermittently, they are released only when chyme is released into intestine
Term
Gallbladder
Definition
stores bile that is produced by the liver
Term
Chambered stomachs
Definition
enable animals to slowly process plant matter using microorganisms that produce cellulase to breake down cellulose and release nutruients
Term
Structure and evolution of Digestive System
Definition
Affected by many factors:
1 food eaten 2 level of activity
3 metabolism of animal 4 size of animal
*active animals need large digestive and absorptive surface areas
Term
Process of digestion
Definition
to get rid of wastes (undigested chyme, liner cells, bacteria) the lining of the digestive tract is subjected to wide changes in pH, enzyme action, and abrasion
Term
function of the greater omentum
Definition
made up of a double sheet of peritoneum
mainly used for protection
Term
the spleen
Definition
makes and gets rid of red blood cells, also makes white blood cells when infection is present
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