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Comparitive Anatomy Unit 5
Dr. Cross's Unit 5 of MU Undergraduate Anatomy
271
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
06/27/2011

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Term
which glands are located in the walls of the oral cavity and oral pharynx?
Definition
minor salivary glands
Term
what glands are located outside of the oral cavity?
Definition
major salivary glands
Term
which gland lies below the auricular or ear cartilage?
Definition
parotid gland
Term
which gland runs along the masseter muscle and empties into the buccal vestibule?
Definition
parotid gland
Term
which gland is caudal to the angle of the jaw and is a mixed gland?
Definition
mandibular gland
Term
which gland runs rostrally with the sublingual duct to open near the sublingual caruncle on the floor of the mouth?
Definition
mandibular gland
Term
which gland is deep to the mucous membrand that is along the ventral aspect of the lateral surface of the tounge?
Definition
sublingual salivary gland
Term
which gland mainly secreats serous secreations and the polystomatic part sends several ducts opening directly on the floor of the mouth?
Definition
sublingual salivary gland
Term
the sublingual salivary gland is absent in what animal?
Definition
horses
Term
dogs and cats have what gland that is ventral to the eye?
Definition
zygomatic salivary gland
Term
what are the three parts of the pancreas?
Definition
two lobes and a body
Term
what gland has an exocrine function as NaHCO3 and digestive enzymes are dicharged into the duodenum through its ducts
Definition
pancreas
Term
which gland has endocrine fetures as its islets produce hormones (insulin and glucagon)
Definition
pancreas
Term
what are openings in the cranial duodenum that serve as opeings for the common bile duct and the pancreatic ducts?
Definition
duodenal papillae
Term
in the dog, what is 3-6 com distal to the pylorus
Definition
major duodenal papilla
Term
what open at the major duodenal papilla as well as the pancreatic duct which may be absent?
Definition
bile duct
Term
where is where the accessory pancreatic duct opens?
Definition
minor duodenal papilla
Term
in the cat, what is the main pancreatic duct that opens on the minor duodenal papilla?
Definition
accessory pancreatic duct
Term
what duct do horses have that dogs do not?
Definition
pancreatic duct
Term
the ox only have which pancreatic duct?
Definition
accessory
Term
which pancreatic duct and duodenal papilla are missing in ruminants?
Definition
acessory and minor
Term
in swine, which pancreatic duct is the only one present?
Definition
accessory
Term
the left/right lobe of the pancreas is shorter
Definition
left
Term
the left/right lobe of the pancreas is thicker
Definition
left
Term
the left/right lobe of the pancreas is closly associated with the descending duodenum
Definition
right
Term
the left/right lobe of the pancreas is directed caudomedially and crosses the median plane behind the stomach
Definition
left
Term
the left/right lobe of the pancreas is enclosed in the deep leaf of the greater omentum
Definition
left
Term
the left/right lobe of the pancreas is directed caudodorsally
Definition
right
Term
the left/right lobe of the pancreas is enclosed in the mesoduodenum
Definition
right
Term
the main pancreatic ducts form as a result of the union of what?
Definition
the interlobular ducts
Term
the interlobular ducts branch into what, that enter the individual lobules
Definition
intralobular ducts
Term
the terminal ducts of the pancreas are what?
Definition
intercalated ducts
Term
what do the intercalated ducts lead to?
Definition
acini
Term
where does the arterial blood supply of the pancreas come from? (Aa)
Definition
crainial pancreaticoduodenal and caudal pancreaticoudoenal A
Term
the left/right lobe of the pancreas reicieves blood from the splenic A
Definition
left
Term
the pancreativ veins drain to wich V?
Definition
portal V
Term
the liver is __% of a dogs body wight
Definition
3-5
Term
what lies in the most crainial part of the abdomen against the diaphragm
Definition
liver
Term
what is the shape of the liver?
Definition
adapting to the shape of neighboring organs
Term
in the carnivore liver, there are how many lobes?
Definition
six
Term
where is the gall bladder in carnivores located in relation to the liver?
Definition
b/t the right medial and quadrate lobes
Term
what is different about a swine liver?
Definition
there are heavy connective tissue septa present that give it a cobblestone appearance
Term
equine and what other animal do not have gall bladders
Definition
rats
Term
what connects the gall bladder to the hepatic ducts?
Definition
cystic duct
Term
the cystic duct connets the gall bladder to what?
Definition
hepatic ducts
Term
what is the morphologic unit of the liver?
Definition
hepatic lobule
Term
what is where neighboring lobules meet?
Definition
a protal triad
Term
name the bile duct system chain
Definition
canaliculi-interlobular-hepatic-bile-pancreatic
Term
what consists of branches of the hepatic A, portal V and interlobular ducts and lymphatics
Definition
portal triad
Term
what Aa supply the liver with blood?
Definition
hepatic A, celiac A
Term
what enters the liver and is a union of vessels that drain the digestive tract, pancreas and spleen
Definition
portal vein
Term
where is portal blood detoxed and modified?
Definition
liver
Term
where is all the blood to the liver collected?
Definition
central veins of the hepatic llobules
Term
3 divisions of the small intestine
Definition
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Term
the small intestine supports the SI in places. they are called what?
Definition
mesenteries
Term
where would an insision be made in the SI?
Definition
the antimesenteric side
Term
what rverses the course of the duodenum sending it cranial?
Definition
caudal duodenal flexure
Term
what marks the juncition b/t the duodenum and jejunum?
Definition
duodenojejunal flexure
Term
the left/right lobe of the pancreas is associated with the descending duodenum
Definition
right
Term
what of the descending duodemum is relatively short and keeps it in place?
Definition
mesoduodenum
Term
what attaches the duodenum to the descending colon?
Definition
duodenocolic fold
Term
what represent where bile and pancreatic secretions enter the digestive system?
Definition
two duodenal papillae
Term
who long is the SI in horses?
Definition
90 ft
Term
Jejunal Aa are branches of what?
Definition
cranial mesenteric A
Term
located at the caudal end of the jejunum and the distinction b/t the two segments grossly is arbitrary
Definition
ileum
Term
what level of lumbar vertebrae does the ieum opun into the ascending colon?
Definition
1/2
Term
junction b/t the ileum and ascending colon that forms a continuous tube with the cecum
Definition
ileocolic juntion
Term
the short twisted blind pough at the ileocic jenction
Definition
cecum
Term
what joins the cucum and the ieumi
Definition
ileocecal fold
Term
area at the base of the cecum to the right
Definition
paralumbar fossa (right flank)
Term
wher the ileum joins the base of the cecum in a horse
Definition
ileocecal ostium
Term
opening from the cecum to the colon in horses
Definition
cecolic ostium
Term
four external muscluar bands of the cecum
Definition
taenia
Term
what the colon is suspended by
Definition
mesocolon
Term
3 divisions of the colon
Definition
ascending, transverse and descending
Term
longest part of the colon in small animals
Definition
descending colon
Term
part of the colon that runs right to left b/t the stomach cranially and the SI and cranial mesenteric A caudally
Definition
transverse
Term
part of the colon taht is on the left of the animal b4 becoming medial
Definition
descending
Term
part of the colon that continues on as the rectum
Definition
descending
Term
from the cecum, the first segment of the large intestin in the horse
Definition
right ventral colon
Term
the right ventral colon crosses to the left where?
Definition
sternal flexure
Term
the right ventral colon crosses to the left at the sternal flexure and continues caudally as what?
Definition
the left ventral colon
Term
in the caudal part of the abdominal cavity, the LI of the horse makes a turn and continues as what?
Definition
left dorsal colon
Term
what is common place for fecal impactions in the horse?
Definition
pelic flexure
Term
the left dorsal colon crosses the the right side where to become right dorsal colon in the horse?
Definition
diaphragmaic flexure
Term
muscular band found on the cecum and colon
Definition
taenia coli
Term
how many taenia coli does the cecum have?
Definition
4
Term
how many taenia coli does the right and left descending colons each have?
Definition
4
Term
how many taenia coli does the pelvic flexure have?
Definition
1
Term
how many taenia coli does the left dorsal colon have?
Definition
1
Term
how many taenia coli does the right dorsal colon have?
Definition
3
Term
how many taenia coli does the transverse colon have?
Definition
3
Term
how many taenia coli does the small colon have?
Definition
2
Term
3 function of taenia coli
Definition
1.machanical support
2.mantian orientation
3.allow distension and contraction
Term
what do taenia coli produce?
Definition
haustra/sacculations
Term
T/F the ascending colon of the horse is connected by the mesoascendicolie
Definition
F-its fahwee
Term
counter clockwise gyri/coils
Definition
centeripetal gyri
Term
centeripetal gyri lead into a central flexure where what happens?
Definition
swith to centrifugal gyri
Term
t/f in small animals the ascending colon is the largest section of the colon?
Definition
F-decending
Term
what are responsible for forming fecal balls in horses?
Definition
haustra
Term
what is located at the abdominopelvic boundary dorsal to the repro organs and urinary bladder?
Definition
recutm
Term
the terminal part of the rectum is termed what?
Definition
retroperitoneal
Term
the short passage ot the exterior
Definition
anal canal
Term
mesothelium or simple swquamous epithelium that lines the abdominal cavity
Definition
peritoneum
Term
covers the organs of the digestive system
Definition
visceral peritoneum
Term
lines the abdominal cavity
Definition
parietal peritoneum
Term
suspended portion so fhte digestive tract from the dorsal body wall and are named for the organ suspended
Definition
mesenteries
Term
mesentery connecting the stomach to various organs
Definition
omentum
Term
organs located b/t the posterior parietal periotoneum and the posterior abdominal wall
Definition
retroperitoneal
Term
what type of circulation is to the digestive system?
Definition
splanchnic
Term
the digestive system is innervated by fibers of what Nn?
Definition
sypathetic and parasympathetic
Term
Sympahtetic nervous sytem enhanses/inhibits digestive functions
Definition
inhibits
Term
parasypathetic nervous sytem enhanses/inhibits digestive functions
Definition
enhances
Term
what are the two plexus in the entric digestive nervous system?
Definition
meissner's and auerbach
Term
the meissner's/auerbach plexus is located in the submucosal layer
Definition
meissner's
Term
the meissner's/auerbach plexus has both sensory and moter nerurons as well as both SNS and PSNS fibers
Definition
meissner's
Term
the meissner's/auerbach plexus controls gland activity and smooth muscle contractions
Definition
meissner's
Term
the meissner's/auerbach plexus is located b/t the two smooth muscle layers and is aka myenteric plexus
Definition
auerbach
Term
the meissner's/auerbach plexus functions to control the frquency and strngth of GI tract motility
Definition
auerbach
Term
the meissner's/auerbach plexus controls peristalisis and segmentation patterns of contractions
Definition
auerbach
Term
what are the 5 tunicas of the digestive tract?
Definition
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa, adventitia
Term
the inner tunica ______ with an epithelium that varies from a stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium plus CT and somme smooth muscle fibers
Definition
mucosa
Term
the tunica ______ containing blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue and glands
Definition
submucosa
Term
the tunica _______ that in esophagus has a variable amount of striated muscle that is species specific and consists of two layers of smooth muscle in the rest of the system
Definition
muscularis
Term
the tunica _____ if the organs are within a body cavity
Definition
serosa
Term
the tunica ______ if located in the mediastium or outside the pelvic cavity
Definition
adventitia
Term
horses and rabbits are _____gut fermenters
Definition
hind
Term
the space b/t the lips or beak and the pharynx with the cheeks as lateral moundaries (buccal cavity)
Definition
mouth
Term
the recess b/t the lips and cheeks and b/t the gums and teeth
Definition
oral vestibule
Term
the area encompassing the teeth and gums and is occupied primarily by the tounge
Definition
oral cavity
Term
what is after the oral cavity ends at the base of the toungue
Definition
orophaynx
Term
the incisive, maxillary and palatine bones make up what?
Definition
the hard palate
Term
transverse ridges on the thick mucosa covering the hard palater
Definition
rugae
Term
the entrance to the mouth
Definition
lips
Term
what M to the lips cover?
Definition
orbicularis oris
Term
muscular organ covered by mucosa within the oral cavity
Definition
tounge
Term
the tounge contains bundles of what kind of M fibers?
Definition
skeletal
Term
three functions of the tounge
Definition
1. grip
2. mix
3. aid to swallow
Term
______ Mm allow the tounge to change shape
Definition
intrinsic
Term
______ Mm attach to the soft palate and bones of the skull
Definition
extrinsic
Term
what is a fold of tissue that attaches the toungue to the floor of the mouth?
Definition
lingual frnulum
Term
hair shaped projections that give the tounge a degree of roughness
Definition
filiform papillae
Term
T/F filiform papillae are the things that contain the taste buds
Definition
F
Term
T/F fungiform papillae are the things that contain the taste buds
Definition
T
Term
Foliate papillae are what-shaped with taste function
Definition
leaf
Term
what are the largest papillae?
Definition
vallate
Term
which taste bud papillae are located under the tongue?
Definition
vallate/cicumvallate
Term
what papillae are special to ruminants?
Definition
conical
Term
teeth are located technically where? (think lungs)
Definition
alveoli
Term
what is on the mandibles and the other on the maxillae where domestic animals have teeth arranged in two of these (think games)
Definition
arcades
Term
teeth have varous forms of teeth specialized for different functions is what?
Definition
heterodonty
Term
a gap b/t the front teeth and the cheek teeth
Definition
diastema
Term
things that have two sets of teeth throughout life
Definition
diphyodont
Term
when teeth have emerged above the gum line
Definition
erupt
Term
when the occlusal surfaces contact teeth are said to be "_________"in
Definition
in wear
Term
part of the tooth located in the socket
Definition
root
Term
technical term for socket
Definition
alveolus
Term
root is attached to the bone by what?
Definition
periodontium, periodontal membrane
Term
joint the periodontal membrane creates
Definition
gomphosis
Term
visible part of the tooth
Definition
crown
Term
part that separates the root from the crown
Definition
neck
Term
theeth have a neck and short crown
Definition
brachyodont
Term
what type teeth are seen in a dog?
Definition
brachyodont
Term
teeth with a high crown and no apparent neck
Definition
hysodont
Term
herbivores and cheek teeth of horses are what type teeth?
Definition
hypsodont
Term
the mineralized substance that constitues the majority of the tooth
Definition
dentin
Term
at the center dentin
Definition
pulp cavity
Term
what fills the pulp cavity and contains nerves, blood vessels and CT
Definition
dental pulp
Term
layer of superficial to the dentin and is the hardest substance in the body
Definition
enamel
Term
enamal produces prominent foolds on the occlusal surface of hypsodont teeth called what?
Definition
infundibula
Term
a thin layer of bonelike material on the surface of the tooth
Definition
cementum
Term
front teeth "I"
Definition
incisors
Term
first incisors aka
Definition
central incisors
Term
second insicors aka
Definition
intermediate incisors
Term
third incisors aka
Definition
corners
Term
incisors are used for what?
Definition
grasping food and weapons
Term
cats in particular use thier incisors for what?
Definition
grooming
Term
after the insisors are what teeth?
Definition
canine
Term
T/F mare's canines are more developed than stallions
Definition
F-mares have non
Term
tusks in pigs are which teeth?
Definition
canines
Term
which teeth chew food?
Definition
premolars "p" and molars "m"
Term
which P and M in cats and dogs are for shearing or carnassial teeth?
Definition
fourth upper P and first lower M
Term
the first P in horses is termed what?
Definition
wolf tooth
Term
Dog teeth formula
Definition
I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3 (42 teeth)
Term
cat teeth formula
Definition
I 3/3 C1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1 (30 teeth)
Term
cow teeth formula
Definition
I 0/4 C 0/0 P 3/3 M 3/3 (28)
Term
stallion teeth formula
Definition
I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3-4/3 M 3/3 (40-42)
Term
upper right arcade are numbered in what?
Definition
100s
Term
left upper arcade is numbered what?
Definition
200s
Term
left lower arcade is numbered what?
Definition
300s
Term
right lower arcade is numbered what?
Definition
400s
Term
what are the three secondary functions of the respriratory system
Definition
1. pH regulation
2. body temp reg
3. vocaliazation
Term
the external opeing aka as nostrals
Definition
external nares
Term
inspited air is warmed and humidified in what?
Definition
nasal cavity
Term
what's is the groove in the nose of doge, cats and small ruminants but isnt in the ox, horse and pig
Definition
philtrum
Term
the hairless and mast rostral part of the nose
Definition
planum
Term
three types of noses
Definition
planum nasale, nosolabialis, rostrale
Term
dog, cat and small ruminants have a planum _____ nose
Definition
nasale
Term
cows have a planum _____ nose
Definition
nasolabialis
Term
pigs have a planum _____ nose
Definition
rostrale
Term
horses have a planum _____ nose
Definition
they dont hahahahahaaaaah
Term
nasal scroll which are covered by a mucous membrane
Definition
conchae
Term
which conchae are the major ones?
Definition
dorsal and ventral
Term
the ethmoidal conchae is covered by what?
Definition
olfacatory epithelium
Term
the portion of the pharynx caudal to the nasal cavity and is odrsal to the soft palate
Definition
nasopharynx
Term
part of the pharynx that is caudal to the oral cavity "back of the throat" and is ventral to the soft palate
Definition
oropharynx
Term
the most caudal portion of the pharynx and is the area from the epiglottis to the larynx
Definition
laryngopharynx
Term
arches at the junction of the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx
Definition
platopharyngeal arches
Term
which arch is at the root of the tongue and represent the division b/t the oropharynx and the mouth
Definition
palatoglossal
Term
why does a stomach tube have to be routed through the nose in a horse?
Definition
they cannot breath through the mouth
Term
what tube connects the middle ear with the pharynx?
Definition
eustachian
Term
what stabilized air pressure on both sides of the eardrum?
Definition
eustachian tube
Term
in horses the teminal part of the eustachian tube is called what?
Definition
guttural pouch
Term
the gutteral pouch is thought to be involved with waht?
Definition
cooling blood going to the brain
Term
what are the two primary functions of the larynx?
Definition
1. airway size
2. prevent aspiration
Term
what 5 cartilages are in the larynx?
Definition
epiglottic, 2 arytenoid, thyroid and cricoid
Term
during swallowing, what closes the laryngeal opening ot prevent aspiration?
Definition
epiglottis
Term
what is the biggest part of the larynx?
Definition
thyroid cartilage
Term
what has a broad dorsal part and anrrow ventral part and articulates with the thyroid and first tracheal ring?
Definition
cricoid cartilage
Term
what Nn innervate the laryngeal Mm?
Definition
recurrent laryngeal N
Term
smooth M that controls the diameter of the trachea
Definition
trachealis M
Term
what connets the cartilae rings of the trachea?
Definition
annular ligaments
Term
what are the three thorax boundaries?
Definition
1. T vertebra
2. sternum
3. ribs
Term
the first pair of ribs, first T vertebra and first sternebra make up what?
Definition
cranial skeletal ring
Term
what defines the lobes of the lungs?
Definition
secondary bronchi
Term
the crdiac notch is mor pronounced in the left/right lung
Definition
left
Term
what enters the lung at its hilus?
Definition
bronchi, blood vessels and nerves
Term
the left lung has how many lobes?
Definition
2
Term
the right lung generally has how many lobes?
Definition
4
Term
the thracic cavity is lined by serosa termed what?
Definition
pleura
Term
what are the 2 divisons of the pleura?
Definition
parietal and visceral
Term
space b/t the parietal and visceral pleurae containing some fluid
Definition
pleural cavity
Term
what is located on the midline in the thoracic cavity and is formed by the junction of the pleurae from both sides of the thorax
Definition
mediastium
Term
a pleaur fold containing the right phrenic N and caudal vena cava
Definition
plica venae cavae
Term
what Aa supply the lungs?
Definition
pulmonary and bronchial
Term
in the horse, a median niche at the caudodorsal angle of the naso pharynx
Definition
pharyngeal recess
Term
in swine, an opeing into the dorsal wall of the pharynx near the origin of the esophagus
Definition
pharyngeal diverticulum
Term
aggregates of lymphatic tissue in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx
Definition
sonsils
Term
tonsils located in a pocket within the soft palate
Definition
palatine tonsils
Term
the ruminant soft palate has a deep cleft called what?
Definition
tonsillar cleft
Term
the palatine tonsils are not found in what animals?
Definition
pigs
Term
tonsils located in the base of the tounge
Definition
lingual
Term
tonsils located in the submucosa of the dorsal pharyngeal wall
Definition
pharyngeal
Term
collapsible muscular tube that lies mostly dorsal and to the left side of the trachea
Definition
esophagus
Term
M that functions to keep the cranial end of the esophagus closed except during swallowing
Definition
cricopharyngeus M
Term
what nerve innervates the esophagus?
Definition
vagus N
Term
4 functions of the stomach
Definition
1.store food
2. breakdown food-mechanically
3.breakdown food-chemically
4. microbial digestion in ruminants
Term
area around the junction of the esophagus and stomach
Definition
cardia
Term
the fundus forms a enlarged blind sac in horses called what?
Definition
saccus cecus
Term
the non-glandular structue has a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and is separated from the glandular part of the stomach by a distinct ridge called what?
Definition
margo plicatus
Term
swine have an outpocket of the fundus called what?
Definition
gastric diverticulum
Term
gastric folds aka
Definition
rugae
Term
region locted to the right of center and leads to the duodenum
Definition
pyloric region
Term
the inititial and wider region of the stomach
Definition
pyloric antrum
Term
the potion of the stomach that narrows and is between the pyloric antrum and the pylorus
Definition
pyloric canal
Term
the actual sphincter of the stomach that leads into the duodemnum
Definition
pylorus
Term
in rumnants and swine there is a muscular enlargement at the pylorus with no function known as waht
Definition
torus pyloricus
Term
what Nn innervate the stomach?
Definition
thoracic splanchnic and vagus
Term
what A supplies the stomach?
Definition
celiac A
Term
the capacity of a dog stomach is ___ L
Definition
2.5
Term
the divisions of the rumen separated by muscular bands
Definition
pllars
Term
the region of the two heavily muscular folds that form a groove that extends from the cardia to the omasum is called what
Definition
sulcus ruminorteticularis; reticular groove
Term
cranioventral part of the forestomach
Definition
reticulum
Term
rumen + reticulum =
Definition
ruminoreticulum
Term
honey comb type ruminant stomach
Definition
reticulm
Term
third part of the forestomach
Definition
omasum
Term
what shape is the omasum?
Definition
spherical
Term
which stomach as leaflike folds or muscular laminae?
Definition
omasum
Term
which stomach squeezes liquid out of ingesta?
Definition
omasum
Term
folds of mucosa at the junction of hte komasum and abomasum thaat act as a valve b/t the two organs
Definition
vleva abomasica
Term
"true" stomach
Definition
abomasum
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