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Comparitive Anatomy Unit 4
Dr. Cross's Unit 4 of MU Undergraduate Anatomy
360
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
06/22/2011

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Term
3 things blood blood transports
Definition
O2, CO2, hormones
Term
6 functions of blood
Definition
transportatin, distribution of nutrients, thermoregulation, constant pH coagulation, immunity
Term
t/f water is denser and thicker than blood
Definition
F
Term
blood is ___% of an animal's body weight
Definition
7-9
Term
a _______ (test) deturmines the % of RBC present in a blood sample
Definition
hematocrit
Term
plasma is ____% water90
Definition
90
Term
2 catagories of plasma
Definition
albumin and globulins
Term
where is albumin produced?
Definition
liver
Term
3 classes of globulins
Definition
alpha, beta and gamma
Term
ECF
Definition
extracellualr fluidfd
Term
Na, K and Cl are what in the plasma
Definition
Electrolytes
Term
electrolytes are essential to maintaining what?
Definition
homeostasis
Term
the liquid portion of blood that remains after it has clotted
Definition
serum
Term
Coggins test requires serum/plasma
Definition
serum
Term
the process of formation and develpment of the formed elemnts of the blood
Definition
hematopoesis
Term
cells that can replicate themselves or give rise to differtentiated cell lines that develop along one of two pathways
Definition
pluriopotent stem cells
Term
part of a stem cell that is the part that results in RBC, WBC and platets
Definition
Myeloid
Term
the path from a stem cell that WBC develop from
Definition
lymphoid
Term
t/f RBC can deform to move through capillaries
Definition
T
Term
what is the shape of a RBC?
Definition
biconcave
Term
mammle/avian RBC have a nucleus
Definition
avian
Term
the specialized protien in RBC
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
life span of a RBC
Definition
90-120
Term
macrophanges in the speen, bonemarrow and liver remove what from the blood?
Definition
RBC
Term
monocyte-macrophage system does what?
Definition
removes RBC
Term
t/f WBC have no nucleus or organells
Definition
F
Term
WBC are ___% of the blood volume
Definition
1
Term
what are the who classes of WBC?
Definition
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Term
nutrophils aka____
Definition
polymorphonucleal leucocytes
Term
neutrophils represent ___% of the WBC
Definition
50-70
Term
how do Neutrophils exit the circulation?
Definition
diapedesis
Term
what cells can produce hydrogen peroxide to perforate cell walls?
Definition
neutrophils
Term
what is the smooth nucleus of a young neutrophil?
Definition
band
Term
abnormally low number of circulating neutrophils
Definition
neutropenia
Term
increased number of circulating neutrophils
Definition
neutrophilia
Term
eosinophils represent ___% of WBCs
Definition
10
Term
what WBC contain digestive enzymes?
Definition
eosinophils
Term
which cells are agianst parasites and allergic responses?
Definition
eosinophils
Term
what is the rarest granulocyte?
Definition
basophil
Term
what granulocyte contains histamine?
Definition
basophil
Term
t/f histamine attracts WBC
Definition
T
Term
a monocyte is a granulocyte/agranulocyte
Definition
agranulocyte
Term
Monocytes represent __% of WBCs
Definition
3-8
Term
the nucleus of a monocyte is in what shape?
Definition
horseshoe or kidney
Term
t/f monocytes have no organells
Definition
F they have lysosomes
Term
what are found in the spleen, kupffer cells in the liver and alveolar in the lungs?
Definition
macrophages
Term
macrophages play a role in processing what?
Definition
antigens
Term
lymphocytes represent ____ % of WBCs
Definition
35
Term
which WBC function in specific immune reponses and immune serveillance?
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
what are the three types of lymphocytes?
Definition
B,T and NK
Term
which lymphocytes play a role in humoral immunity and are the precursors of plasma cell which produce antibodies
Definition
B
Term
which lymphocytes have a primary role in cellular immunity and there are several types
Definition
T
Term
whchi lymphocyes are involeved in cell mediated cytotoxicity?
Definition
Natural killer
Term
thrombocytes =
Definition
platelets
Term
what anucleate secretory cells play a major role in blood clotting?
Definition
platelets
Term
what are fragments of megakaryocytes which are large cells in the bone marrow?
Definition
platelets
Term
t/f platelets have a nucleus
Definition
F
Term
what's function is to adhere to blood vessels and to each other at the site of an injury forming a blood clot?
Definition
platelets
Term
what carries blood away from the heart ?
Definition
arteries
Term
divisions of arteries
Definition
arterioes
Term
divisions of arterioles
Definition
capillaries
Term
things that arise from the capillaries
Definition
venules
Term
carry blood back to the right atrium of the heart
Definition
veins
Term
3 layers of the vessel wall
Definition
1.tunic interna/intima
2.tunica media
3.
tunica externa or adventita
Term
what layer of the vessel wall contains the endothelium?
Definition
tunica interna
Term
a simple squamous epithelium lining the lumen of the vessel
Definition
endothelium
Term
loose CT basement membrane where the endothelium is
Definition
subendothelial layer
Term
layer of the vessel wall that is of circular smooth muscle and elastin that is thicker in arteries than veins
Definition
tunica media
Term
decrease in lumen diameter
Definition
vasoconstriction
Term
what does stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system do?
Definition
causes vasoconstriction
Term
increase in lumen diameter
Definition
vsodilation
Term
layer of the vessel wall that contains loosely woven collagen fibers that serve to reinforce and protect the vessels
Definition
tunica externa
Term
layer of the vessel wall that contains nerves and lymphatic vessels
Definition
tunica externa
Term
arteris near the hart that contain a large portion of elastic fibersin the tunica media
Definition
elastic/conductin Aa
Term
Aa that have a large diameter with little resistance to blood flow and can expand to accommodate the blood ejected from the ventricles
Definition
elastic/conducting Aa
Term
the aorta and brachiocephalic are what Aa?
Definition
elastic/conducting
Term
the common caratid, dubclavian and vertebra Aa are what kind of A?
Definition
elastic/conducting
Term
the pulmonary and iliac Aa are what kind of A?
Definition
elastic/conducting
Term
the terminal protions that deliver blood to capillaries
Definition
arterioles
Term
what vessels are entirely compsed of endothelium and are where nutrient and gas exchange occurs?
Definition
capillaries
Term
whater are capillaries not found?
Definition
epithelium, cornea, lens and cartilage
Term
true capillaries have a precapillary ____ (type of M) at the origin
Definition
sphincter
Term
3 types of capillaries
Definition
sinusoidal, fenestrated and continuous
Term
most common type of cappilarie
Definition
continuous
Term
why are ther intercellualr gaps b/t cells in continuous capillaries
Definition
allow gas exchange
Term
t/f gas exchange does not occur in the brain
Definition
T
Term
type of capillarie that contain pores or fenestration in the endothelium
Definition
fenestrated
Term
5 places fenestrated capillaries are common
Definition
1. kidneys 2. sm intestine 3. chorid plexus 4. ciliary process of the eye 5. endocrine glands
Term
type of capillaries with large irregualrly shaped lumens and large fenestrations
Definition
sinusoidal
Term
type of capillaries that lack a complete basement membrane and cause them to leak
Definition
sinusoidal
Term
5 places you would find a sinusoidal capillarie
Definition
1.liver 2.bone marrow 3.lymphoid tissue 4.pituitary 5.parathyroid gland
Term
what has vessal wall that contain the tunica interna and tunica media only when small
Definition
venules
Term
when venules coverge, what is the result?
Definition
veins
Term
what have valves that are directed toward the heart to prevent backflow?
Definition
veins
Term
veins contain up to ___% of the volume of blood
Definition
65
Term
veins aka _____
Definition
capacitance vessels
Term
a communicatin b/t blood vessels when referring to the circulation
Definition
anastomosis
Term
communication b/t an artery and a vein
Definition
arteriovenous anastomosis
Term
what is communication b/t neighboring arteries?
Definition
interarterial anastomosis
Term
the purpose of what is to provide collateral pathways through which circulation can be maintained if the principal rout e is blocked
Definition
interarterial anasomosis
Term
links b/t capillary beds
Definition
portal systems
Term
two capillary beds with a portal vessel b/t them
Definition
portal systems
Term
whay type of portal system is associated with the anterior pituitary gland?
Definition
hypophyseal
Term
the capillaries in the median eminence of the _______ merge to form a series of vessels that wrap around the infundibulum and form a second capillary bed on the ______ (part of) pituitary
Definition
hypothalmus; anterior
Term
capillaries in the digestive tract merge
Definition
hepatic portal system
Term
the capillaries in the digestive tract merge to form what Vv?
Definition
cranial and caudal mesentric and splenic Vv
Term
the left/right side of the heart is cranial
Definition
right
Term
the apex is the pointed/rounded end of the heart?
Definition
pointed
Term
the base is at the top/bottom
Definition
top
Term
what part of the heart is attached to the large veins, arteries and pericardial sac?
Definition
base
Term
articular side =
Definition
left side
Term
atrial side =
Definition
ride side
Term
what separtes the atria and the ventricles?
Definition
coronary groove
Term
the outflow area of the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk
Definition
conus arteriosis
Term
the groove nest to the conus arteriosus
Definition
paraconal interventricular groove
Term
the groove that is on the caudal aspect of the atrial surface and is ventral to the coronary sinus
Definition
subsinuosal interventricular groove
Term
a serous membrane partially surrounding the heart
Definition
pericardium
Term
the viseral/parital layer of the heart is tightly adhered to the heart and is also called the epicardium
Definition
visceral
Term
the visceral/parietal layer of the heart is continuous with visceral pericardium and reinforced by a superficial fibrous pericardium
Definition
parietal
Term
the space b/t the two layers of the heart
Definition
pericardial cavity
Term
what is the fluid that is inside the pericardial cavity?
Definition
pericardial fluid
Term
pericardial fluid allows what?
Definition
easy movement of the heart within the pericardium
Term
the apex/base of th heart of cattle lies close to the diaphragm
Definition
apex
Term
the fibrous pericardium is thin/thick
Definition
thick
Term
the lig. in the dog that attaches the heart to the diaphragm and or the sternum
Definition
phrenicopericardial lig
Term
the lig. in ruminants that attaches the heart to the diaphragm and or the sternum
Definition
sternopericardial lig.
Term
what are the 3 layers of the heart?
Definition
epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
Term
which layer of the heard is the bulk of the heart?
Definition
myocardium
Term
which layer of the heart has striated cells and intercalated disks that connect the cells?
Definition
myocaardium
Term
which layer of the heart is a layer of simple squamous epithelium lining the artria and ventricles and heart velves?
Definition
endocardium
Term
what is the dense CT surroinding the valves and separating the atria from the ventricles
Definition
fibrous skeleton
Term
tricuspid valve=
Definition
right atroventricular valve
Term
bicuspid/mitral valve=
Definition
left atroventricular valve
Term
AV
Definition
atrioventricular
Term
what are the 2 semilunar valves?
Definition
pulmonary valve and aortic valve
Term
what are the two types of valves in the heart?
Definition
atrioventricular; semilunar
Term
when these valves open, the susps push into the ventricles and allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles
Definition
(atroventricular valves)
Term
the ____ push into the ventricles and allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles
Definition
cusps
Term
durring the time when atrioventricular valves are open, what M and tendon are relaxed? (atroventricular valves)
Definition
papillary M and chordae tendinae
Term
when the _______ (part of heart) contract, pressur increases in them and blood is forced back toward the atria (atroventricular valves)
Definition
ventricles
Term
the force of the ventricles contracting causes what to close (atroventricular valves)
Definition
cusps
Term
the papillary M contract and tighten the chordae tendinae when the ventrical contracts. what does this prevent? (atroventricular valves)
Definition
the cusps from everting back into the atria
Term
three crescent shaped cusps make up each valve of which of the heart valves
Definition
(semilunar valves)
Term
when the _______ (part of the heart) contract, blood is forced into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta causes the valves to open (semilunar valves)
Definition
ventricles
Term
when the ventricles contract/relax, the blood starts to backflow and force the closing of the valves (semilunar valves)
Definition
relax
Term
where does the right atrium receive its blood?
Definition
cranial and caudal vena cavae, the azyogous veins and the coronary sinus
Term
where is the blood from the coronary sinus?
Definition
cardiac circulation
Term
what animals have both a left and right azyogous vein?
Definition
ruminants and swine
Term
the interiour of the right atrium/auricle is smooth
Definition
atrium
Term
the interior of the right atrium/auricle is lined with pecinate muscles
Definition
auricle
Term
the what serves to increase atrial volume
Definition
auricle
Term
what is a ridge of tissue that diverts inflowing blood from the cranial and caudal veanae cavae to the right atrium
Definition
intervenous tubercle
Term
what is the remnant of the foramen oval?
Definition
fossa ovalis
Term
in the fetus, what is open between the right and left atria
Definition
foramen ovale
Term
attached to the fee margin of each cusp in the tricuspid valve there are what?
Definition
chordae tendinae
Term
what are connected to papillary muscles in the ventricle?
Definition
chordae tendinae
Term
the left/right ventricle has a thinner wall
Definition
right
Term
why is the right ventricle thinner that the left?
Definition
b/c it only needs to pump blood through the pulmonary circulation
Term
what are muscle irregularities in the ventricle wall thought to limit blood turbulence within the ventricle?
Definition
trabeculae carnae
Term
what is a musclular strand that extends from one side of the ventricle to the other?
Definition
trabecula septomarginalis
Term
what is the shortcut for propagating the action potential throughout the ventricle?
Definition
trabecula septomarginalis
Term
what leads into the pulmonary vavle and the pulmonary trunk?
Definition
conus arteriosis
Term
the pulmonary valve has how many of what cusps?
Definition
three semilunar
Term
t/f there is a chordae teninae in the pulmonary valve
Definition
F
Term
the left/right atruim has pecinate muscles and an auricle
Definition
left
Term
the left atroventricular vavle b/t the atrium and ventricle has how many cusps?
Definition
two
Term
what is the left atroventricular valve b/t the atrium and ventricle?
Definition
bicuspid/mitral valve
Term
what anchors the cusps to papillary Mm in the left ventricle?
Definition
chordae tendinae
Term
why does the left ventricle have a thick wall?
Definition
it's responsible for pumping blood through the systemic circulation
Term
what is the wall b/t the two ventricles?
Definition
interventricular septum
Term
what are two septal defects?
Definition
congenital and abnormal openings
Term
where does blood exit the left ventricle?
Definition
aortic valve
Term
ausculatation
Definition
stethoscope
Term
how many heart sounds? dog and cat
Definition
two
Term
how many heart sounds? horse
Definition
three to four
Term
the first sound of a heart is the closing of the ____ vavles and the sencond is the closing of the ____ valves
Definition
AV. semilunar
Term
murmurs are graded on what number of scale?
Definition
1-6
Term
name three heart sounds
Definition
clicks, gurgleing or rushing
Term
what is a specialized group of myocardial cells capable of conducting action potential?
Definition
sinuatrial/sinoatrial node
Term
what is the sight of the initial action potential that will stimualte contraction of the ventricles
Definition
sinutrial node
Term
what is located in the interatrial septum?
Definition
atrioventricular node
Term
what conducts the impulse through the atroventricular bundle?
Definition
sinuatrial node
Term
what passes through the fibrous skeleton to the ventricles
Definition
atroventricular bundle
Term
what are the cells of the atrioventricular bundle called?
Definition
purkinje cells
Term
where do cardiac nerves originate?
Definition
cervicothoracic ganglion, the first few thoracic ganglion of the sympahtetic trunk
Term
cordiac nerves belong to the parasympathetic/sympathetic nerves
Definition
sympathetic
Term
where are preganglionic fibers?
Definition
vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves
Term
there are clusters of what in the heart?
Definition
intramural ganglionic cells
Term
intramural ganglionic cells and preganglionic fibers are part of the parasympathetic/sympathetic nerves
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
in the cardia M, the cells are strait/cubodital
Definition
strait
Term
cells in the cardiac M are connected by what?
Definition
intercalated disks
Term
what are specialized intercellular junctions that allow passage of an action potential throughout the entire organ
Definition
intercalated disks
Term
what is located near the entrance of the cudal vena cava into the right atrium?
Definition
sinuatrial node
Term
SA node
Definition
sinuatrial node
Term
what spontaneously depolarized creating an AP that is propagated through the rest of the heart?
Definition
SA node
Term
AP
Definition
action potential
Term
the node that spontaneous AP from the sinuatrial node is propagated through the atria to another group of specialized myocardial cells
Definition
atrioventricular node
Term
AV node
Definition
atrioventricular node
Term
what is located near the right atrioventricular valve
Definition
AV node
Term
what is the third group of specialized mycoardial cells in the interventriuclar system?
Definition
Bundle of His
Term
branches of the Bundle of His carry the AP to the what?
Definition
Purkinje fibers
Term
what fibers distibut the AP through the bentricles to the apex?
Definition
Purkinje fibers
Term
what fibers travle up through the ventricule outer walls toward the atria?
Definition
pukinje fibers
Term
what fibers supply the papillary M?
Definition
Purkinje fibers
Term
what are the M that are connected by chordae tendae to the R and L AV valves
Definition
papillary muscles
Term
the paillary Mm is connected by what to the R and L AV valves
Definition
chordae tendinae
Term
the relaxation phase of the heart cycle?
Definition
diastole
Term
what is the contraction phase of the heart cycle?
Definition
systole
Term
the ventricles/atria contract followed by the contraction of the ventricles/atria
Definition
atria; ventricles
Term
what period of the heart cycle is the heart relaxed and blood passively returns to the atria?
Definition
mid to late diastole
Term
which heart cycle do the ventricles begin to fill passivley to about 70% capacity
Definition
mid to late diastole
Term
what's the heart cycle that begins with depolarization of the SA node
Definition
atrial systole
Term
what's the part of the heart cycle that begins with depolarization of the SA node?
Definition
atrial systole
Term
what's the part of the heart cycle that the atria contract but the ventricles are still relaxed
Definition
atrial systole
Term
what's the part of the heart cycle that causes the ventricles to completely fill?
Definition
atrial systole
Term
what's the part of the heart cycle that the atria are relaxed and the ventricles contract
Definition
ventricular systole
Term
what's the part of the heart cycle that immediatly follows repolarization of the ventricles and they relax
Definition
early distole
Term
what's the part of the heart cycle that backflow of blood in the pulmonary trunk and aorta causes the semilunar valves to close
Definition
early diastole
Term
(SA) what is the wight of the trunk supported by?
Definition
srratus ventralis thoracis
Term
(SA) to prevent the collapes of the thoracic joints in a horse, what is associated?
Definition
stay apparatus
Term
(SA) the tendon of the biceps brachii M is ____ and partly ______. where does it cross?
Definition
broad; cartilaginous; the extensor surface of the shoulder
Term
(SA) what connects the biceps brachii M with that of the proximal extensor carpi radialis M?
Definition
lacertus fibrosus
Term
(SA) the arrangement of ligaments does what in relation to shoulder movement when the thoracic limb bears weight?
Definition
counters it
Term
(SA) what contributes to the stability of the elbow ant the carpus?
Definition
triceps brachii M
Term
(SA) the primary support of what joints are the suspensory ligament, proximal sesmoid bones and ligaments to the sesmoid bones?
Definition
fetlock and pastern
Term
(SA) what resists hypertension of the coffin joint?
Definition
DDFT
Term
(SA)what helps the support of the flexor Mm without muscular effort due to their presence?
Definition
accessory/check lig.
Term
(SA) what is the ligament that attaches to the caudal aspect of the distal radius and the tendon's origin near the carpus?
Definition
accessory lig. of the SDFM/proximal/raidal check lig.
Term
(SA) what arises from the palmar carpal ligaments and joins the DDF distal to the carpus?
Definition
DDF accessory lig.
Term
(SA) what arises from the plantar tarus and poximal metatarsus?
Definition
accessory lig. of the DDF
Term
(SA)what keeps the rear leg from collapsing when weight bearing and allows stifle and hock flex or extend in unison?
Definition
reciprocal apparatus
Term
(SA) where does the equine patella have a hook shape?
Definition
medial patellar cartilage
Term
(SA) how many patellar lig. insert on the tibial tuberosity?
Definition
three
Term
when a horse stands at rest, the patella is pulled poximally/distally to allow the medial patellar lig. and parpatellar cartilage to be _____ over the large medial rige of the ________ of the femur.
Definition
proximally; hooked; trochlea
Term
(SA) what of the pelvic limb arises from the distocaudal femur to the calcanean tuber and digit?
Definition
SDF
Term
(SA) what arises from the lateral femoral condyle to the tarsus and proximal metatarsus?
Definition
peroneus tertius (fibularis tertius)
Term
why do horses have to lay down to enter REM sleep?
Definition
some voluntary Mm are paralyzed
Term
what are the three divisions of the circulatory system?
Definition
pulmonary, systemic, cardiac
Term
where does the pulmonary trunk arise from?
Definition
conus arteriosus of the right ventricle
Term
what divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries?
Definition
pulmonary trunk
Term
what combine to become pulmonary veins?
Definition
venules
Term
T/F the pulmonary veins have many vlaves
Definition
F
Term
the pulmonary veins deliver blood to the right/left atrium
Definition
left
Term
as a rule of thumb, veins carry blood with high O2/CO2 levels
Definition
CO2
Term
Arteries/Veins carry O2-ed blood
Definition
arteries
Term
T/F arteries carry O2-ed blood to all tissues and organs
Definition
F-not the pulmonary trunk and veins
Term
venous blood is dark/bright?
Definition
dark
Term
arterial blood is dark/bright?
Definition
bright
Term
what rise from the base of the aorta?
Definition
coronary arteries
Term
what circles the heart in the atrioventricular groove b/t the atria and ventricles?
Definition
coronary arteries
Term
the circumflex branch is part of the left/right coronary artery
Definition
left
Term
the paraconal interventricular branch is left/right coronary artery
Definition
left
Term
the left/right coronary artery travels and encircles the right side of the heart in the coronary groove
Definition
right
Term
the left/right coronary artery can extend into the subsinosal interventricular groove
Definition
right
Term
which type of circulation travles to the digestive tract, Mm, Kidneys, brain, liver and repro organs
Definition
systemic
Term
what extend crainially from the left ventricle and is covered by pericardium?
Definition
ascending aorta
Term
what is the spot called where the aorta makes a sharp turn dorsally and caudally from the ascending aorta?
Definition
aortic arch
Term
what is the first branch of the aortic arch called?
Definition
brachiocephalic trunk
Term
what animals only have a brachiocephlic trunk to the aortic arch?
Definition
horses and ruminents
Term
what is the second branch of the aortic arch?
Definition
left subclavian artery
Term
where does the thoracic limb blood supply come from?
Definition
subclavian Aa
Term
what is a branch that supplies the neck and cranial thoracic wall?
Definition
costocervical trunk
Term
where do the caratid arteris arise from to supply the head and brain?
Definition
subclavian artery
Term
the vertebral Aa that supply the spinal chord are branches of what Aa?
Definition
subclavian
Term
the internal thoracic arteries that are located ventrally in the tohacic cavity are branches of what Aa?
Definition
subclavian
Term
the superficial cervical arteries to the area of the superficial cervical Aa are branches of what Aa?
Definition
sublclavian
Term
pares of which Aa leave the aorta at the level of each rib to supply the thoracic wall and epaxial Mm?
Definition
dorsal intercostal Aa
Term
spinal brnaches of what Aa supply the spinal cord?
Definition
dorsal intercostal Aa
Term
what runs along the caudal edges of the ribs to anastomose?
Definition
intercostal Aa
Term
hiatus
Definition
opening of an organ :) :)
Term
after the aorta passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm, what does it become?
Definition
abdominal aorta
Term
the abdominal aorta courses caudelly and ends as what Aa?
Definition
external/internal iliac Aa
Term
what Aa are paired sets of arteries that arise form the dorsal aspecrt o f the aorta to suppy the epaxial Mm and the spinal cord by way of spinal branches?
Definition
lumbar Aa
Term
renal, testicular and ovarian Aa are from what aorta branch?
Definition
abdominal
Term
what is a large unpaired arter that arises from the abdominal aorta shorly after it exits the abdominal aorta?
Definition
celiac artery
Term
what are the three branches of the celia artery?
Definition
hepatic, splenic, and left gastric
Term
in what species is the celiac artery branched more complex?
Definition
ruminants
Term
which celiac artery supplies the liver, right stomach/abomasum, cranial duodenum and pancreas
Definition
hepatic
Term
which celiac artery supplies the spleen, and the greater left side of the stomach/abomassum
Definition
splenic
Term
which celiac artery supplies the lesser left stomach?
Definition
left gastric
Term
what is the unpaired artery arising just caudal to the celiac artery?
Definition
mesenteric artery
Term
which artery supplies the small intestine, large intestin, cecum and pancreas?
Definition
cranial mesenteric artery
Term
which Aa is the most caudal unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta?
Definition
caudal mesenteric artery
Term
which abdominal aorta branch branches supply to the caudal part of the lg intestine and the rectum?
Definition
caudal mesenteric artery
Term
the left colic A, middle colic A and cranial mesenteric A form what?
Definition
anastomosis
Term
what A is close to the origin of the external iliac A?
Definition
deep circumflex iliac artery
Term
what supply the pelvis and pelvic limb?
Definition
iliac arteries
Term
the gastric arteris are located where?
Definition
lesser curvature of the stomach
Term
the gastroepiploic aa are located where?
Definition
the greater curvature of the stomach
Term
the left AA are toward the pylorus/fundus of the stomach while the right are toward the pylorus/fundus
Definition
fundus; pylorus
Term
what Aa lie within the carotid sheath?
Definition
common carotid Aa and vagosympathetic trunk
Term
the common carotid Aa divide into what?
Definition
cranial and caudal thyroid Aa
Term
near the larynx, the common carotid A divides into what Aa?
Definition
internal/external carotid Aa
Term
what supplies the face, tongue, nasal and oral cavities?
Definition
external carotid artery
Term
what supplies the brain?
Definition
internal carotid artery
Term
which Aa exit the thorax enterin axillary regions to becom the axillary artery?
Definition
subclavian Aa
Term
after exiting the htorax and enterin gthe axillary regions, the subclavian arteris become what?
Definition
axillary A
Term
when the axillary artery enters the limb, it is then called what?
Definition
brachial artery
Term
distal to the elbow, the axillary artery becomes what?
Definition
median artery
Term
what supplies the antebrachium, carpus and digit
Definition
branches of the median artery
Term
what supplies the caudoventral parts of the abdominal wall and structures of the inguinal region?
Definition
external iliac arteries
Term
in the area of the caudal stife, the femoral artery becomes what?
Definition
popliteal A
Term
the poplitea A divides into which Aa?
Definition
cranial/caudal tibial Aa
Term
what supplies the Mm of the crus?
Definition
caudal tibial A
Term
what supplies the distal pelvic limb?
Definition
cranial tibial A
Term
what supply the pelvis, hipa dn urogenital tract?
Definition
internal iliac A
Term
vaginal/prosteic A, urethral A, perineal A and penis/clit Aa are branches of which A?
Definition
internal iliac A
Term
which A passes over the ramus of the mandible?
Definition
facial A
Term
which artery is ued for a pulse in small animals?
Definition
femoral A
Term
T/F most veins have the same name as arteries
Definition
T
Term
which V can be found in the jugular groove of the neck and is frequently used to collect blood in small and lg animlas as well as the site of IV placement in lg animals?
Definition
external jugular V
Term
which V is frequently used in small animals for collecting blood smples or IV?
Definition
cephalic vein
Term
what Vv are in the pelvic limb?
Definition
meidal and lateral sphenous Vv
Term
what V would be used if a horse was comming out of anisteisia too soon?
Definition
medial saphenous V
Term
what A supplies the tail in cows?
Definition
median sacral A
Term
what is the large vein that delivers blood to the liver from the draining of the GI tract?
Definition
portal V
Term
what are the two umbilical Aa in a fetus?
Definition
umbilical V and urachus
Term
where does the urachus in the fetal umbilical A go to?
Definition
bladder
Term
T/F there is blood supply to a fetus' lungs
Definition
f
Term
small conduit b/t the pulmonary trunk and aorta in a fetus
Definition
ductus arteriosis
Term
what does the ductus arteriosis become after birth?
Definition
ligamentum arteriosum
Term
PDA
Definition
patent ductus arteriosis
Term
after the foramen ovale closes permanently, it becomes what?
Definition
fossa ovalis
Term
failure of the ductus venous to close
Definition
portosystemic shunt
Term
the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and centers and lymphatic ducts are what system?
Definition
lymphatic
Term
swelling of the distal limbs in horses kept in stalls for long periods would have this disorder
Definition
edema
Term
the fluid found in the lymphatic system
Definition
lymph
Term
lymphocytes, inorganic salts glucose and protiens are found in what?
Definition
lymph
Term
lymph derived from the digestion system
Definition
chyle
Term
milky looking high lipid count lymph
Definition
chyle
Term
lyphatic empties where?
Definition
vena cava
Term
lymph vessel that channels lymph from caudal lymph centers to the vena cava
Definition
thoracic duct
Term
lymphoid tissue scattered throughout the body along the lymph vessels
Definition
lymph nodes
Term
branches from CT capsule of a lymph node that penetrate the node
Definition
trabeculae
Term
what are the three parts of a lymph node?
Definition
cortex, paracortec and medulla
Term
primary/decondary lymph noduels have germinal centers that are areas of rapid B lymphocyte creation
Definition
secondary
Term
deep to the capsule of the lymph node is this structure
Definition
subcapsular sinus
Term
where does lymph enter the subcapsular sinus?
Definition
afferent vessels
Term
where is lymph filtered in a node?
Definition
cortex and medulla
Term
where does lymph exit a node?
Definition
hilus of the node
Term
what animal's lymph node anatomy is reversed?
Definition
pig
Term
groups of lymph nodes
Definition
lymphocenters
Term
what animals have hemal nodes?
Definition
ruminants
Term
small, dark nodes that resemble lymph nodes but have blood in thier sinuses
Definition
hemal nodes
Term
which nodes do we palpate in an exam of small animals?
Definition
superficial cervical, poplitea and inguinal nodes
Term
a lyphoid organ located in the left cranial abdomen and is joind by a ligament to the stomach
Definition
spleen
Term
what color pulp is the soft tissue part or paranchyma of the spleen?
Definition
red and white
Term
red pulp consists of what?
Definition
spleen with blood vessels
Term
white pulp consists of what?
Definition
foci nodueles that produc B and T WBC and phagocytic cells
Term
what suppleis the arterial supply to the speen?
Definition
splenic A
Term
Vv from the speen drian to what?
Definition
portal V
Term
4 functions of the speen
Definition
1. blood storage
2. clean blood
3. destroy old RBC
4. make WBC
Term
the shape of the speen in dogs and cats
Definition
dumbell
Term
the shape of the speen in pgss
Definition
strap
Term
the shape of the speen in cows
Definition
oblong
Term
the spleen can release what when an animal is stressed?
Definition
RBC
Term
a paired organ that lies along side of the trachea with part in the cranial mediastium
Definition
thymus
Term
unencapulsated aggrates of lymphatic nodules associated with pharyngeal mucosa
Definition
tonsils
Term
what lack afferent lymph vessels and rely on the proximity to epithelium to make contact with antigens?
Definition
tonsils
Term
deep invaginations on the epithelial surface of the tonsil
Definition
crypts
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