Term
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Definition
| the study of bones of the skeleton |
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Term
| bone is a __________ tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| t/f bone adjusts to changes in stress by remodeling |
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Definition
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Term
| t/f bones do not repair themselves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| support, store, BC production, Protection and leverage |
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Term
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Definition
| apears to be solid but has many canals and lamellea |
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Term
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Definition
| bone with a network of trabeculae with the spaces within that network filled with red or yellow marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| bony spicules that form a seris of spaces within a bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| plane of hyaline cartalige where growth in the length of the bone occors |
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Term
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Definition
| the remnant of the epiphyseal plate in a mature bone |
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Term
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Definition
| the space within the diaphysis that contains marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous covering of bone but is not found at areas covered with articular coverage |
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Term
| What is the periosteum comprised of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fibers connet the periosteum to the bone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| covers the medullary cavity or trabeculae |
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Term
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Definition
| make new bone; increase diamete of bone and heal fractures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bone is longer than it is wide and the articlar surfaces are enlarged |
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Term
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Definition
| bone thqta is somewhat cube shaped |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 plates of compact bone with a central layer of cancellous or spongy bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the spngy layer between the inner and outer plates of bone |
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Term
| The ribs and scapula would be what classification of bone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where are irregular bones found? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small bones embedded in tendons |
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Term
| Sesamoid bones reduce ___________, increase _________ and can change the direction of pull of the muscle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the spaces in pneumatic bones refered to as? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| replacing initial cartilage with bone |
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Term
| T/F Cartilage heals very quickly |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the types of cartilage? |
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Definition
| Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage |
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Term
| What are the two types of ossification? |
|
Definition
| endochondral and intramembranous |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the deposition of calcium salts in any tissue and can be associated with pathological processes |
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Term
| Describe the intracartilaginous/endochondral ossification process. |
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Definition
| cartilage developes, diaphysis starts to form, secondary ossification centers develop at either end of the bone all cartilage is replaced by bone |
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Term
| Describe intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| the bone begins as a fibrous membrane with osteoid material, ostoid ossifies , soft palate can be felt when born but will eventually ossify |
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Term
| What are the 4 main bony features |
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Definition
| Articular projection, nonarticular projection, articular depression and nonarticular depression |
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Term
| Describe "Head" projection |
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Definition
| a spherical articular projection |
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Term
| Describe a condyle projection |
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Definition
| an approximately spherical articular mass |
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Term
| describe a trochlea projection |
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Definition
| a pully like articular mass |
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Term
| describe a facet projection |
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Definition
| a relatively flat articular surface |
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Term
| describe a process projection |
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Definition
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Term
| describe a tuberosity or tuber projection |
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Definition
| a relativly large projection |
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Term
| describe a tubercle or tuberculum projection |
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Definition
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Term
| describe a spine projection |
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Definition
| a pointed projection or ridge |
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Term
| describe a crest projection |
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Definition
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Term
| describe a neck projection |
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Definition
| cylindrical part of a bone attached to a heat |
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Term
| describe a line projection |
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Definition
| a small ridge or mark on a bone |
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Term
| descibe a Fovea depression |
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Definition
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Term
| describe a glenoid cavity depression |
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Definition
| a shallow articular concavity |
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Term
| describe a notch/incisure depression |
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Definition
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Term
| describe a fossa depression |
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Definition
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Term
| describe a foramen depression |
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Definition
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|
Term
| describe a canal depression |
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Definition
| a tunnle through one or more bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| raised area on or above a condyle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| where are all axial bones located? |
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Definition
| on or attached to the midline |
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|
Term
| What 5 things is the axial skelaton made of? |
|
Definition
| hyoid apparatus, vertebrae, ribs and sternum |
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Term
|
Definition
| a series of unpaired, irregular bones along the median plane |
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|
Term
| what are the 5 sections of the vertebral column? |
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Definition
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| C7 T 14/15 L6/7 S4 C 20-23 |
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|
Term
| Dog and cat vertebral formulas |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a cylindrical mass that forms the ventral part of the vertebra and the flood of the vertebral foramen |
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Term
| Where is the ventral crest? |
|
Definition
| longitudinal ridge on C2-7, T and L vertebre |
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Term
|
Definition
| located dorsally and forms the remainder of the vertebral foramen |
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Term
|
Definition
| attach to the vertebral body and form the "walls of the arch |
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Term
|
Definition
| form the "roof" of the arch |
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Term
|
Definition
| the opening in the vertebra created by the body and arch |
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Term
|
Definition
| wehn the vertebrae are placed in series the foramia form this |
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Term
|
Definition
| the dorsal prominence from the arch |
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Term
|
Definition
| the lateral projections from the junction of the pedicles and body |
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|
Term
| Cranial and caudal articular processes |
|
Definition
| located at the junction of the pedicles and laminae and serve to form synovial joints between adjacent vertebrae |
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Term
|
Definition
| formed by the alignment of the cranial and caudal notches of the vertebrae; where the spinal nerves pass through the foramina |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f the atlas has no spinous process |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the lateral projections of the atlas? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| atlanto-occipital joint allows yes/no movement |
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Definition
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|
Term
| alontoaxial joint allows for yes/no movement |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the spinous process of the axis forms a longitudingal "__________" |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cranial projection of the axis |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows the dens of the axis to articulate with the atlas |
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|
Term
| C___ is a landmark for radiographs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does each thoracic vertebra articulate with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which thoracic vertebra does not have a caudal-costal fovea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vertebrea form the withers? |
|
Definition
| cranial thoracic vertebrea |
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Term
|
Definition
| the first T or L vertebra where the spinous process is perpendicular to the body |
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|
Term
| what is the joint vertebra that attaches to the sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the sacrum formed? |
|
Definition
| the fusion of the sacral vertebae |
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|
Term
| the thoracic skeleton consists of what 3 things? |
|
Definition
| T vertebrae, ribs and sternum |
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Term
|
Definition
| cranial opening of the rib cage |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| caudal opening of the thoracic cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| articulate directly with the sternum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| connect indirectly to the sternum by costal cartilages |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| ribs where the ventral ends are free with no sternal attachment |
|
|
Term
| what forms the costal arch? |
|
Definition
| costal cartilages of the last sternal rib and the asternal ribs |
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Term
|
Definition
| bony segment creating the ventral floor of the thoracic skeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the last sternebra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suture joints of the skull have a ______ appearance and allow the craniam to _____ and _______. |
|
Definition
| serrated; expand; contract |
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|
Term
| Name 3 functions of the skull. |
|
Definition
| protection, support sense organs, forming passages for digestive and respratory systems |
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|
Term
| name the 2 divisions of the skull |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| dorsal part of the cranium |
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|
Term
| the caudal aspect of the cranium is formed by which bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lateral and ventral aspects of the cranium are formed by which two bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does the rostral aspect of the skull have numerous openings? |
|
Definition
| allow passage of the olfactory nerves |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| enclose the nasal and oral cavities and give structure to the face |
|
|
Term
| what 3 regions do the facial bones create? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 bones form the oral region of the skull? |
|
Definition
| maxillae, incisive and palatine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the ventral part of the oral region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what separates the nasal passages? |
|
Definition
| vomer bone and a cartilage septum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| conchae/ turbinate bones originating from lateral walls of the nasal cavity |
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|
Term
| 5 bones of the orbital region |
|
Definition
| frontal, lacrimal, palatine,sphenoid, zygomatic |
|
|
Term
horse/ruminents cats/dogs
which have partially bony orbital region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 parts to the zygomatic arch |
|
Definition
| zygomatic bone, zygomatic process of maxilla and zygomatic process of temporal |
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|
Term
| the ____(animal) has a ridge on the lateral part of the head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the facial crest formed by? |
|
Definition
| maxilla and zygomatic bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communicate with the nasal cavity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| drilling a hole in a bone |
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|
Term
| what is important about animals with horns considering sinuses. |
|
Definition
| part of the frontal sinus extends into the cornaul process |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide sensory innervation to the lower lip and chin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the masseter muscle control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the angular process serves as an attachemnt site for which muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three classifications of dog skulls |
|
Definition
| brachy, mesati, dolico cephalic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brachycephalic dogs have what problems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| length=width "normal" shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Infraorbital V, A and N pass through what openings? |
|
Definition
| infraorbital foramen, maxillary foramen, |
|
|
Term
| the Supra orbital V, A, and N pass through which openings and is only which animal? |
|
Definition
| supraorbital foramen; equine |
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|
Term
| the optic nerve passes through what opening? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the oculomoter nerve passes through which openings? |
|
Definition
| orbital fissure, foramen orbitorotundum, |
|
|
Term
| the trochlear nerve passes through which openings |
|
Definition
| orbital fissure, foramen orbitorotundum |
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|
Term
| the opthalmic nerve passes through wich opeingings? |
|
Definition
| orbital fissure, foramen orbitorotundum |
|
|
Term
| the abducens nerve passes through which openings? |
|
Definition
| orbital fissure, foramen orbiorotundum |
|
|
Term
| in carnivores and horses the maxillary NERVE goes through which opeings? |
|
Definition
| round foramen; rostral alar foamen in horses |
|
|
Term
| in ruminants and pigs the maxillary NERVE goes through which opeings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the maxillary ARTERY goes through wich opeings? |
|
Definition
| rostral alar foramen (dogs and horses)and caudal alar foramen |
|
|
Term
| INternal acoustic foramen contains what nerves? |
|
Definition
| facial, vestibulaocochlear |
|
|
Term
| the jugular foramen conthains what nerves/arteries? |
|
Definition
| glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, interal carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| what passes through the oval foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what passes through the caudal palatine foramen, major palatin foramen and minor palatine foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what passes thorugh the sphenopalatine foramen? |
|
Definition
| sphenoplatine A, V; caudal nasal N |
|
|
Term
| what passes through the Tympano-occipital fissure? |
|
Definition
| CrN 9,10,11, int. carotoid A |
|
|
Term
| what passes through the retroarticular foramen |
|
Definition
| vein from the temporal venous sinus |
|
|
Term
| what passes through the stylomastoid foamen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what passes through the mastoid foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what passes through the mandibular foamen, mandibular cnal and mental foramina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no movement and no joint capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| united by fibrous tissue with minimal movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| joints b/t bones in the skull which usually ossify with maturity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| joit b/t a tooth and its alveouls |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| united by cartilage with no joint cavity. (slight movement) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| unmovable joint with hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fibrocartilaginous joint |
|
|
Term
| cartinaalginous joints and syndesmosis can _______ with age or trauma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movable joints with a joint cavity or space containing synovial fluid |
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|
Term
| articular cavity/joint space |
|
Definition
| space b/t the bones of a joint with small amount of synovial fluid to lubricate the joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyaline cartilage (translucent and bluish tinged |
|
|
Term
| the joint capsule has an inner ____ membrane and an outer _____ layer which attaches to the ____ on or near the articular cartilage |
|
Definition
| synovial; fibrous; periosteum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the superficial layer of the joint capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ligaments in the musuloskeletal system are _____________ b/t bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the synovial membrane surround in the musculoskelatal system? |
|
Definition
| intracapsular or intra-articular ligaments |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of extracapsular ligaments |
|
Definition
| collateral, dorsal/palmar/plantar, annular |
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|
Term
| collateral ligament location |
|
Definition
| the medial and lateral aspects of a joint |
|
|
Term
| extracapsular/eriarticular ligaments |
|
Definition
| external to the joint capsule and serve to stabilize the joints |
|
|
Term
| dorsal/palmer/plantar ligament location |
|
Definition
| front and back of a joint |
|
|
Term
| annular ligament locaiton |
|
Definition
| surrounding the joint to strenghtne it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrocartilaginous disks that contribute ot the congruency of the articular cartilage |
|
|
Term
| where can menisci be found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small fuid filled sac lined with a synovial membran that cushions tendons where they cross a bony prominence |
|
|
Term
| 7 types of synovial joints |
|
Definition
| ginglymus or hinge, plane, tronchoid or pivot, spheroid or ball, condylar, ellipsoidal/condyloid, saddle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement is restricted to flexationa dn extention (fetlock) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows gliding in flexatin, extention, abductiona dn adduction (wrist) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| movement is limited to rotation |
|
|
Term
| spheroid/ball and socket joint |
|
Definition
| allows the greatest range of movement (hip) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convex articular articulation with concave artiucluar surface (TMJ) |
|
|
Term
| ellipsoidal or condyloid joints |
|
Definition
| has an articular surface that's exxpanded in one direction that allows flaxion, extension, abduciona and adduction but not rotation. (elbow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows all movement except rotation (interpherengyl) |
|
|
Term
| ellipsoidal or condyloid joints |
|
Definition
| has an articular surface that's exxpanded in one direction that allows flaxion, extension, abduciona and adduction but not rotation. (elbow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows all movement except rotation (interpherengyl) |
|
|
Term
| the skull has what 6 joints b/t the sphenoit and occipital bones? |
|
Definition
| sutures, mandibular symphysis, TMJ and the synchondrosis |
|
|
Term
| what allows the mouth to open and close/move side to side? |
|
Definition
| articular surface b/t the mandible and tmeporal bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ginglymus joint with a spacious joint capsule (yes joint) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pivot joint b/t the dens of the axis, the fovea dentis and the cudal articuation fovea of the atlas (no joint) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer circumferential fibers on IVDs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the head of each rib connects with the cranial and caudal costal fovea of the thoracic vertebre |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pivot types of synovial joints b/t the costal cartilages and the sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous joints b/t the ribs and costal cartilage |
|
|
Term
| what are the three thoracic limb joints? |
|
Definition
| shoulder, elbow, carple joints |
|
|
Term
| the elbow is what kind of joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three bones make up the elbow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of joint is the shoulder? |
|
Definition
| glenohumeral/spheroid/scapuloheumeral |
|
|
Term
| the shoulder joint is a tight/loose joint with poorly developed collateral ligaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f the shoulder does not have a joint capsule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex joint with three joints |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 joints of the carple joint? |
|
Definition
| antebrachiocarpal/radiocarpal, middle carpal, carpometacarpat |
|
|
Term
| what are the three joints of the digits? |
|
Definition
| metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, distal interphalangeal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slightly moveable fibrocartilaginous joint that ossifies with age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a combined cartiagious and synovial joint b/t the wings of the sacrum and ilium held together with strong and short ligaments. (relaxation near partrition) |
|
|
Term
| coxofemoral aka _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spheroid joint that is freely moveableand allows a variety of movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three bones make the stifle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 components of the stifle |
|
Definition
| menesci, medial/lateral collateral ligaments, cranial cruciate ligament and caudal cruciate ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 4 joints make up the tarsal joint? |
|
Definition
| tibiotarsal, proximal intertarsal, distal intertarsal, tarsometatarsal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 8 bones of the thoracic limb |
|
Definition
| scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacapals, phalanges |
|
|
Term
| quadrupeds have either a reduced clavicle (what type of animal) or no clavical (what type of animal) |
|
Definition
| dogs, cats; horse, swine, ruminents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is a clavicular tendon located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wishbone of birds that is 2 clavicles fused together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a flat bone triangular in shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created by the two scalpula and clavicle if it's present |
|
|
Term
| what tow fossae are present in the scapula? |
|
Definition
| supraspinatus (cranially) and infraspinatus (caudally) |
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Term
| the subscapular fossa is found on the ______ side, where some muscles of the thorax attach the limb to the ____ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the orgin of the biceps brachii muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest bone of the thoracic limb? |
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Definition
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Term
| what forms the shoulder joint? |
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Definition
| head of the humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula |
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Term
| where is the greater tubercle on the humerus bone? |
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Definition
| laterally and is palpate-able |
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Term
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Definition
| sulcus b/t the two tubercles where the tendon of the biceps passes through |
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Term
| he deltoid tuberosity is on the _______ of the bone and is the site of attachment of the ______ muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| the condyle inclutds the _______ and _____ as articulating surfaces with the radius and ulna |
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Definition
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Term
| medial and lateral ____ serve as attachment sites for severl muscles of the antebrachium |
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Definition
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Term
| the _______ fossa recieves the anconeal process of the unla during extnesion of the joint |
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Definition
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Term
| the main weight bearing bone o f the thoracic limb |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the radius articulate with? |
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Definition
| humerus, proximal ulna, first row of carpal bones |
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Term
| in what animals is the ulna fused to the radius? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| forms the elbow with the humerus and radius |
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Term
| the _______ process or tuber forms the point of the elbow and is where ______ muscles attach |
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Definition
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Term
| the ______ notch is the articulation of the humerus and ulna |
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Definition
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Term
| the _____ process fits into the _______ fossa of the humerus |
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Definition
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Term
| the body of the unia in _______ is greatly reduced in compairison to other species |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| # of carpal bones in dogs |
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Definition
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Term
| # of carpal bones in a pig/horse |
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Definition
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Term
| which carpal bones are often absent in a horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| first row of carpal bones |
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Definition
| radial-medial; cental; ulner-lateral; accessory-projects towards the palmar aspect. |
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Term
| # of metacarpal bones in a small animal |
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Definition
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Term
| # of metacarpal bones in a horse |
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Definition
| 3. with splint bones as #2 and 4 and #3 being the cannon |
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Term
| metacarpal bones in ruminants |
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Definition
| MC 3 and 4 are fused; groove where they developed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| pelvic girdle is comprized of what? |
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Definition
| ossa coxarum, sacruma nd first few caudal vertebrae |
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Term
| where is the pelvic girdle? |
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Definition
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Term
| what three bones make the ossa coxorum? |
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Definition
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Term
| acetabulum is what with the femur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the joint between the two sides of the os coxae |
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Term
| which of the pelvic bones is the largest? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dorsal margin of the ilium wing |
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Term
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Definition
| promineces of the lateral wings forming the point of the hip (hooks in cattle) |
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Term
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Definition
| the medial process adjacent to the sacrum |
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Term
| the body of the ilium is part of the ____ ___ of the pelvis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the caudal most portion of the os coxae and forms the floor of the pelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| most caudal part of the ischium (pins) |
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Term
| what forms the horizontal part of the large obturator foamen? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the smallest of the pelvic bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| the pubis bone has a ____ body and ____ branches |
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Definition
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Term
| obturator nerve passes through the ____ foramen to innervate the ______ muscles of the thigh |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the obturator nerve gets pinched from preventing her feet from sliding sideways durring partrition |
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Term
| what is the largest bone in the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small depression in the head of the femur |
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Term
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Definition
| roughened prominences that serve as attachment sites for the large muscles of the hip a nd thigh |
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Term
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Definition
| large prominences at the distal aend of the emur and artiulate with the tibia |
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Term
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Definition
| on the craindistal end of the femur |
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Term
| what is the largest seamoid bone in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the patella located? |
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Definition
| in the tendon of hte quadricepts group of muscles |
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Term
| what is a common problem in some dogs related to the patella? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| major weight bearing bone of the leg |
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Term
| ____ menisci are present and are located on the _____ of the tibia |
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Definition
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Term
| what attach the femur to the tibial plateau and stabalize the joint? |
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Definition
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Term
| # of tarsal bones in carnivores and pigs |
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Definition
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Term
| # of tarsal bones in ruminents |
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Definition
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Term
| # of tarsal bones in horses |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| largest tarsal bone on the dorsomedial side |
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Term
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Definition
| second tarsal bone on the proximal row |
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Term
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Definition
| large process that forms the point of the hock |
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Term
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Definition
| a medial groove where the hendon of the lateral head of the DDF muscle crosses |
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Term
| what is the most proximal joint of the tarsus? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 joints of the tarsus? |
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Definition
| tibiotarsal, proimalintertarsal, distalintertarsal, tarsometatarsal |
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Term
| in what animal is the 1st MT reduced and may be absent as a digit? |
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Definition
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