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| group of bisymmetrical organisms, either protostomes or deuterostomes |
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| Most primitive deuterostomes; Some called “crinoids” which are similar to sea angels (in Phylum Hemichordata) because of their immobility and comparable larval forms |
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| Have pharyngeal slits and are filter feeders; Have a stomochord that is like the notochord; Have a dorsal hollow nerve cord (solid in some places) |
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| Unique characteristic of a ventral solid nerve cord |
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| larval form in hemichordates that is similar to form in echinoderms |
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| lack skeleton and burrow in the mud they live in with their proboscis |
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| filter feeders that attach to the bottom of the ocean and are “stalked”, or immobile |
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| deuterostomes; closest relatives are the echinodermata (starfish) |
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| notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, postanal tail, endostyle/thyroid gland, and pharyngeal slits |
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| 5 apomorphic characteristics present in ALL chordates AT SOME POINT |
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| Very rigid and won't compress or “telescope”; Primary function = skeletal support and locomotion; formed from mesoderm |
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| formed when the neural plate curls up and pinches off |
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| forms the brain and spinal cord; formed from the ectoderm |
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| evaginations in endoderm tissue |
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| invaginations in the ectoderm tissue |
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| also known as amphioxus and lancelets |
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| contain neural crest cells that form melanocytes; known as sea squirts and tunicates |
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| first craniates to have teeth |
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| extinct fishes that had bony parts in their skin; jawless |
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| composed of lampreys and hagfishes |
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| have common characteristic of an optic pedicel |
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| made of cartilage and supports the eye |
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| had big plates of bony skin and were predators because of jaws and enormous size (6 to 20 ft long) |
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| have skeletons composed of cartilage instead of bone and enormous livers that store oil, both of which make them much lighter fish |
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| includes the sharks, rays, and sawfishes; have a heterocercal tail that pushes the animal up when it thrashes, and their vertebral column extends to the tip of the tail |
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| includes rayfishes and chimeras; Are autostylic (unlike other fish) which means the upper jaw is fused to the brain case (like in humans) so they can only move the bottom jaw; have an operculum |
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| a flap of tissue that covers and protects the gills |
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| have a terminal mouth instead of a mouth placement below the head |
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| “spiny sharks” which is inaccurate because they are not sharks; have numerous spiny fins with extra sets of paired fins |
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| common fish that solve buoyancy problem with an air sac so they expend no energy to rise or sink in water depth, called buoyancy compensation (they can “hover”) |
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| retain their connection to the alimentary canal and require fish to swim to surface and gulp air to fill them, so they only work well in shallow waters; they can also act as an extra respiratory organ (lungs) in certain scenarios |
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| have no connection to the alimentary canal (most are connected as embryos and detach as adults) and have glands that fill the bladder instead, so the fish doesn't have to swim to the surface and therefore is subjected to less predation |
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| the ray finned fish; have delicate bony structures called rays to support fins |
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| nose-like structure of cartilage and ganoid scales (very thick and heavy); have a heterocercal tail and the pelvic fin is very close to the anus while the pectoral fin is close to the bottom of the fish; physostomous bladders; include sturgeons, paddle fish, and bichir |
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| composed of mudfish, also called amia, that have cycloid scales (made of bone, very thin and smooth) and gars that have ganoid scales |
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| Have ctenioid scales with very thin, fragile teeth-like sheets of bone called ctenii; mostly physoclistous |
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| the lobe-finned fishes; they live in the deep sea and have thick, fleshy lobes that support their fins; often very large fish |
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| the lungfish; very similar to amphibians; have physostamous bladder |
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| ancestor of the tetrapods; have labyrinthodont-type teeth (tooth enamel is folded into maze-like network) |
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| coelancanths; have thick, heavy scales and fossilize well; hover right off bottom of ocean and use fins as oars to “walk” along sea bottom |
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| “dactylous appendanges”; developed from the lobe-finned fishes, and this is determined because of several homologous characteristics between them |
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| The girdle of lobe-finned fishes is homologous to... |
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| The proximal bone in pelvic girdle of lobe-finned fishes is homologous to... |
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| The proximal bone in pectoral girdle is homologous to... |
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| the tibia and fibula in tetrapods |
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Definition
| The distal bones in pelvic girdle are homologous to... |
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| the radius and ulna of tetrapods |
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Definition
| The distal bones in pectoral girdle are homologous to... |
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| “smooth skin”; modern amphibians; have no claws or fingernails |
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| the frogs and toads; no tails as adults and have a larval form |
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| caecilians; "no appendages" |
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| diverse group with suborbital fenestra and homodont dentition |
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| “along side”; are anapsids, which means they have no temporal fenestra; very primitive group of animals |
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| Cotylosaurs and Testudines |
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| Parareptilia's two groups |
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| “true reptiles”; mostly diapsids, which is just another name for them |
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| includes snakes, lizards, etc.; have pleurodont teeth with overlapping scales |
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| have non-overlapping scales, preorbital fenestra, and thecodont teeth |
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| “bird”=”orn”; mostly herbivores and two of their three hip bones in the pelvic girdle point caudally and are parallel making them slow and lumbering |
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| “lizard” = “saur”; mostly carnivores and pubis points forward/cranially while ischium point caudally making them fast predators |
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| composed of Saurischia, Ornithischia, and Aves |
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| have a single fenestrae in temporal bone (as opposed to sauropsida that have 0 or 2 fenestra located at the temporal bone) on the skull beside the eye; also heterodont dentition and they gave rise to mammals |
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| dog-like in size and appearance; the ancestor to mammals and had ear canal and ear drum located right at the jaw |
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| hair, mammary glands, mandible, 3 middle ear ossicles, and a diaphragm |
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| characteristics of Mammalia |
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| the first mammals and a subgroup of Protheria; the cloaca is not separated yet (as it is in Theria); endothermic and oviparous and they lay large, yolky eggs; very few living today |
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| name means "beast" and have live birth; the two groups that make it up are classic examples of convergence |
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| “middle”; the marsupials; they have a poorly developed placenta, and the yolk sac presses on the wall of the uterus instead of the chorion pressing against the wall of the uterus |
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| “true”; the placenta is formed when the chorion fuses to the wall of the uterus = true placenta |
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Small amount of egg yolk
In fish and therians
Normal cleavage patterns have been observed |
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Small amount of egg yolk
In fish and therians
Normal cleavage patterns have been observed |
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Medium amount of egg yolk
In amphibians, which explains why there's a tadpole life stage since there's some yolk but not enough to develop fully
Yolk interferes with cleavage resulting in large cells at one end of embryo and small cells at the other end |
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Large amount of egg yolk
In protherians, reptiles, and birds
Yolk does not cleave, instead the cleavage is restricted to a small disk |
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| sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a diploid (2N) zygote |
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| multiple rounds of mitotic cell division produce a blastula, which is a single layer of cells that form a hollow ball of cells |
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Outer cells- blastomeres
Center- blastocoele |
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