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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
Biology 415. Terms for Test 1
74
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
09/09/2010

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Term
Bilateria
Definition
group of bisymmetrical organisms, either protostomes or deuterostomes
Term
Phylum Echinodermata
Definition
Most primitive deuterostomes; Some called “crinoids” which are similar to sea angels (in Phylum Hemichordata) because of their immobility and comparable larval forms
Term
Phylum Hemichordata
Definition
Have pharyngeal slits and are filter feeders; Have a stomochord that is like the notochord; Have a dorsal hollow nerve cord (solid in some places)
Term
Phylum Hemichordata
Definition
Unique characteristic of a ventral solid nerve cord
Term
tonaria larva
Definition
larval form in hemichordates that is similar to form in echinoderms
Term
acorn worms
Definition
lack skeleton and burrow in the mud they live in with their proboscis
Term
sea angels
Definition
filter feeders that attach to the bottom of the ocean and are “stalked”, or immobile
Term
Phylum Chordata
Definition
deuterostomes; closest relatives are the echinodermata (starfish)
Term
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, postanal tail, endostyle/thyroid gland, and pharyngeal slits
Definition
5 apomorphic characteristics present in ALL chordates AT SOME POINT
Term
Notochord
Definition
Very rigid and won't compress or “telescope”; Primary function = skeletal support and locomotion; formed from mesoderm
Term
Neural tube
Definition
formed when the neural plate curls up and pinches off
Term
dorsal hollow nerve cord
Definition
forms the brain and spinal cord; formed from the ectoderm
Term
pharyngeal pouches
Definition
evaginations in endoderm tissue
Term
pharyngeal grooves
Definition
invaginations in the ectoderm tissue
Term
Cephalochordata
Definition
also known as amphioxus and lancelets
Term
Urochordata
Definition
contain neural crest cells that form melanocytes; known as sea squirts and tunicates
Term
Conodonta
Definition
first craniates to have teeth
Term
Ostracodermata
Definition
extinct fishes that had bony parts in their skin; jawless
Term
Cyclostomes
Definition
composed of lampreys and hagfishes
Term
Elasmobranchiomorphi
Definition
have common characteristic of an optic pedicel
Term
optic pedicel
Definition
made of cartilage and supports the eye
Term
Placodermata
Definition
had big plates of bony skin and were predators because of jaws and enormous size (6 to 20 ft long)
Term
Chondrichthyes
Definition
have skeletons composed of cartilage instead of bone and enormous livers that store oil, both of which make them much lighter fish
Term
Elasmobranchii
Definition
includes the sharks, rays, and sawfishes; have a heterocercal tail that pushes the animal up when it thrashes, and their vertebral column extends to the tip of the tail
Term
Holocephali
Definition
includes rayfishes and chimeras; Are autostylic (unlike other fish) which means the upper jaw is fused to the brain case (like in humans) so they can only move the bottom jaw; have an operculum
Term
operculum
Definition
a flap of tissue that covers and protects the gills
Term
Teleostomi
Definition
have a terminal mouth instead of a mouth placement below the head
Term
Acanthodii
Definition
“spiny sharks” which is inaccurate because they are not sharks; have numerous spiny fins with extra sets of paired fins
Term
Osteichthyes
Definition
common fish that solve buoyancy problem with an air sac so they expend no energy to rise or sink in water depth, called buoyancy compensation (they can “hover”)
Term
Physostomous bladder
Definition
retain their connection to the alimentary canal and require fish to swim to surface and gulp air to fill them, so they only work well in shallow waters; they can also act as an extra respiratory organ (lungs) in certain scenarios
Term
Physoclistous bladder
Definition
have no connection to the alimentary canal (most are connected as embryos and detach as adults) and have glands that fill the bladder instead, so the fish doesn't have to swim to the surface and therefore is subjected to less predation
Term
Actinopterygii
Definition
the ray finned fish; have delicate bony structures called rays to support fins
Term
Chondrostei
Definition
nose-like structure of cartilage and ganoid scales (very thick and heavy); have a heterocercal tail and the pelvic fin is very close to the anus while the pectoral fin is close to the bottom of the fish; physostomous bladders; include sturgeons, paddle fish, and bichir
Term
Holosteii
Definition
composed of mudfish, also called amia, that have cycloid scales (made of bone, very thin and smooth) and gars that have ganoid scales
Term
Teleosteii
Definition
Have ctenioid scales with very thin, fragile teeth-like sheets of bone called ctenii; mostly physoclistous
Term
Sarcoptygerii
Definition
the lobe-finned fishes; they live in the deep sea and have thick, fleshy lobes that support their fins; often very large fish
Term
Dipnoi
Definition
the lungfish; very similar to amphibians; have physostamous bladder
Term
Rhipidistia
Definition
ancestor of the tetrapods; have labyrinthodont-type teeth (tooth enamel is folded into maze-like network)
Term
Actinistia
Definition
coelancanths; have thick, heavy scales and fossilize well; hover right off bottom of ocean and use fins as oars to “walk” along sea bottom
Term
Tetrapoda
Definition
“dactylous appendanges”; developed from the lobe-finned fishes, and this is determined because of several homologous characteristics between them
Term
appendages of tetrapods
Definition
The girdle of lobe-finned fishes is homologous to...
Term
the femur in tetrapods
Definition
The proximal bone in pelvic girdle of lobe-finned fishes is homologous to...
Term
the humerus in tetrapods
Definition
The proximal bone in pectoral girdle is homologous to...
Term
the tibia and fibula in tetrapods
Definition
The distal bones in pelvic girdle are homologous to...
Term
the radius and ulna of tetrapods
Definition
The distal bones in pectoral girdle are homologous to...
Term
Lissamphibia
Definition
“smooth skin”; modern amphibians; have no claws or fingernails
Term
Anura
Definition
the frogs and toads; no tails as adults and have a larval form
Term
Urodela
Definition
salamanders
Term
Apoda
Definition
caecilians; "no appendages"
Term
Sauropsida
Definition
diverse group with suborbital fenestra and homodont dentition
Term
Parareptilia
Definition
“along side”; are anapsids, which means they have no temporal fenestra; very primitive group of animals
Term
Cotylosaurs and Testudines
Definition
Parareptilia's two groups
Term
Eureptilia
Definition
“true reptiles”; mostly diapsids, which is just another name for them
Term
Lepidosaurs
Definition
includes snakes, lizards, etc.; have pleurodont teeth with overlapping scales
Term
Archosaurs
Definition
have non-overlapping scales, preorbital fenestra, and thecodont teeth
Term
Ornithischia
Definition
“bird”=”orn”; mostly herbivores and two of their three hip bones in the pelvic girdle point caudally and are parallel making them slow and lumbering
Term
Saurischia
Definition
“lizard” = “saur”; mostly carnivores and pubis points forward/cranially while ischium point caudally making them fast predators
Term
Dinosauria
Definition
composed of Saurischia, Ornithischia, and Aves
Term
Synapsida
Definition
have a single fenestrae in temporal bone (as opposed to sauropsida that have 0 or 2 fenestra located at the temporal bone) on the skull beside the eye; also heterodont dentition and they gave rise to mammals
Term
Therapsids
Definition
dog-like in size and appearance; the ancestor to mammals and had ear canal and ear drum located right at the jaw
Term
hair, mammary glands, mandible, 3 middle ear ossicles, and a diaphragm
Definition
characteristics of Mammalia
Term
Monotremata
Definition
the first mammals and a subgroup of Protheria; the cloaca is not separated yet (as it is in Theria); endothermic and oviparous and they lay large, yolky eggs; very few living today
Term
Theria
Definition
name means "beast" and have live birth; the two groups that make it up are classic examples of convergence
Term
Metatheria
Definition
“middle”; the marsupials; they have a poorly developed placenta, and the yolk sac presses on the wall of the uterus instead of the chorion pressing against the wall of the uterus
Term
Eutheria
Definition
“true”; the placenta is formed when the chorion fuses to the wall of the uterus = true placenta
Term
Microlethical
Definition
Small amount of egg yolk
In fish and therians
Normal cleavage patterns have been observed
Term
Microlethical
Definition
Small amount of egg yolk
In fish and therians
Normal cleavage patterns have been observed
Term
Mesolecithal
Definition
Medium amount of egg yolk
In amphibians, which explains why there's a tadpole life stage since there's some yolk but not enough to develop fully
Yolk interferes with cleavage resulting in large cells at one end of embryo and small cells at the other end
Term
Macrolecithal
Definition
Large amount of egg yolk
In protherians, reptiles, and birds
Yolk does not cleave, instead the cleavage is restricted to a small disk
Term
Fertilization/syngamy
Definition
sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a diploid (2N) zygote
Term
Cleavage
Definition
multiple rounds of mitotic cell division produce a blastula, which is a single layer of cells that form a hollow ball of cells
Term

Outer cells- blastomeres

Center- blastocoele

Definition
[image]
Term
Gastrulation
Definition
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