Term
| Why study vertebrate morphology? |
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Definition
1. Learn and understand Anatomy
2. Advance human knowledge
3. Understand the relationship b/w form and function
4. To study evolution
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Term
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Definition
- A confident belif in the truth, value, or trustworthiness of a person, idea, or thing
- Belif that does not rest upon logical or scientific proof or meterial evidence
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Term
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Definition
- A way of knowing
- A method of collecting info
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Term
| Besides science, what are other ways of knowing? |
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Definition
- Faith
- Experience
- Experience of others
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Term
| Ways of knowing, Experience? |
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Definition
| Active participation in events or activities leading to the accumulation of knowledge or skill |
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Term
| List scientific methods and strengths |
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Definition
- Experimental method (strongest)
- Correlation (v all weaker v)
- Comparative studies
- Historical studies
- modeling
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Term
| Experimental Method? (Long) |
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Definition
- Identification of a problem or asking of a question
- Defining the entity to be studied
- Designing an experiment or study
- Obtaining a representative sample
- Collect data by observing and measuring the samples
- Analyze the data
- Interpret the data and draw conclusions
- Report the findings
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Term
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Definition
- Changes in gene frequency of a population through time
- Change in the character states of organisms through time
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Term
| Natural selection definition |
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Definition
| Differential reproduction and survival of organisms with certain character states or genotypes |
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Term
| How Natural selection works (big) |
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Definition
- More offspring are produced than can survive each generation
- Population excedes the environments carrying capacity
- A critical resource becomes limited
- Competition occurs
- Additive genetic variationin competitive ability exists
- Best competitors survive and reproduce
- They are more fit
- Fitness - the relative number of offspring produced
- Results in an increase in the frequency of the traits that increased fitness in the next generation
- If the frequency of a given character state changes:
- Current generation, Natural Selection
- Next generation, Evolution
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Term
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Definition
| the relative number of offspring produced |
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Term
| Requirements of Evolution |
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Definition
- Genetic variability
- ultimate source of vatiation is mutation
- Differences in the ability to survive and reproduce being linked to differences in heritable genetic variation
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Term
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Definition
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(K) the number of individuals that a habitat can support without damage to the habitat - K is variable depending on evironment |
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Term
| Guppy Evolution Experiment? (Big) |
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Definition
- Poecilia reticulata, common guppy
- Live in Trinidad
- Females prefer males with lots of coloration and high display rates
- Population occur in high and low predation habitats
- High predation
- Males have reduced coloration and display behavior
- Natural selection is stronger than sexual selection
- Low predation
- Males are brightly colored and have high display rates
- Sexual selection is stronger than natural selection
- Fish from high predation habitats were ttransferred to low predation habitats
- Fish from low predation habitats were transferred to high predation habitats
- Populations were assayed for their coloration and display behavior three years later
- about 9-12 generations
- Low predation guppies had lost most of their color and reduced display rates in (6)
- High predation guppies had increased in color and had increased display rates
- Populations bred true in the laboratory
- color and rates stayed the same in lab
- proved color and rates were genetic
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Term
Kinds of Selection?
Explain each. |
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Definition
- Natural Selection
- Differential survival of certain genotypes or phenotypes.
- Artificial Selection
- Differential breeding of organisms with certain desirable traits by humans.
- Sexual Selection
- Differential mating success
- Male male competition - gives rise to structures that help males win resources.
- Female choice
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Term
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Definition
- Diretional Selection
- Stabilizing selection
- Disruptive Selection
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Term
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Definition
- Selects for an extreme phenotype at one end of the distribution.
- Causes the traits distribution to shift.
- Mean, median, and mode all change.
- Standard deviation may increase, decrease, or remain the same.
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Term
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Definition
- Tends to eliminate individuals at each end of the distribution.
- Selects for a mean value of a trait
- Mean, median, and mode are stationary.
- Standard deviation decreases.
- Adapted to local conditions and prevents change.
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Term
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Definition
- Eliminates individuals with the mean character state.
- Selects for the two extreme forms.
- Mean may remain the same.
- Distribution becomes bimodal
- Standard deviation increases.
- Assortative mating.
- Speciation
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Term
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Definition
- Artificial Selection
- Embryology
- Molecular
- Fossil record
- Biogeography
- Comparative Anatomy
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Term
Evidence of evolution,
Explain Artificial Selection |
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Definition
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Differential breeding of organisms with certain desirable traits by humans. |
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Term
Evidence of evolution,
Explain Embryology
Example? |
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Definition
Embryos of organisms tend to go through similar stages of development.
Example:
Human embryos go through stage where they have gill slits and a rudimetary tail. |
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Term
Evidence of evolution,
Explain Molecular |
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Definition
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DNA, RNA, ATP, glycolosis, many similar enzymes, indicates common decent. |
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Term
Evidence of evolution,
Explain Fossil Record |
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Definition
| Sequential changes in the preserved remains of ancient life. |
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Term
Evidence of evolution,
Explain Biogeography |
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Definition
| Geographical distribution of related organisms. |
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Term
Evidence of evolution,
Explain Comparative Anatomy |
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Definition
- Unity of plan
- Observation that organisms that are clearly different species have similar morphology
- Permits classification of organisms based on morphology
- Common Ancestor
- Homologous - Similarly constructed, structures with similar morphology resulting from a common ancestor.
- Analogous - Similar in function but not in structure
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Term
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Definition
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Similarly constructed, structures with similar morphology resulting from a common ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar in function but not structure |
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Term
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Definition
1. Species character states change by the slow and continuous accumulation of mutations favored by natural selection.
2. Habitats change slowly and organism adapt to these changes. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Species change very little in structure over time but when change does occur it is rapid in geologic time.
2. Descendants are clearly different from ancestors in form. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Within a phyletic line, adaptive changes progress in more or less the same direction.
-A group of clearly related genera that change in a linear or branching fashion with the extinction of prior forms.
2. Patterns:
i. Small to large body size
ii. Reduction in serial parts
iii. Increasing the size of weapons
iv. Decreasing number of skull bones in vertebrates |
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Term
Patterns of Evolution
-Parallel Evolution |
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Definition
| A change in two or more lineages so that given structures undergo similar changes in response to similar ecological conditions. |
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Term
Patterns of Evolution
-Divergent Evolution |
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Definition
i. A pattern where individual epeciation events cause many branches in the evolution off a single group of related organisms due to different ecologgical conditions
ii. can give rise to an adaptive radiation
-an evolutionary pattern in which there is a rrapid increase in the number of kinds of closely relaated species
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Term
Patterns of Evolution
-Convergent Evolution |
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Definition
-A pattern where unrelated groups or species show similar characteristics
-EX comparing wings, dragonfly, bat, bird
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Term
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Definition
1. The process of generating new species
2. Species - a group of interbreeding or pottentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from other similar organisms
problem - liger, donkey & horse |
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Term
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Definition
1. Gennerating new species in different geographic locations
2. Barriers arise that seperate gene pools
3. No gene flow b/w geene pools
4. Differential selection, geneetic drift, and mutation within the different populations
5. barriers removed
6. two populations come in secondary contact
7. Reprooductive isolation |
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Term
| Possible outcomes of Geneflow |
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Definition
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-they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
-they can interbreed and produce infertile offspring
-or they will not interbreed
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Term
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Definition
1. Cichlids in Lake Victoria may be dividing along color lines due to sensory changes caused by differences in light
2. Fish shallow waterss are bathed in bluer light
3. Those in the turbid water deeper water bathed in redder light
4. Shallow water fish have a visual pigment more sensitive to blue light
5. Deep - dwelling fish have a visual pigment more sensitive to red light
6. DNA evidence indicates genetic divergence
7. Suggests that the two groups aren't interbreeding
8. Females in shallow water prefer blue hued males
9. Famales in deep water prefer red-hued males
10. This differential female preference maybe causing speciation |
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Term
Isolating mechanisms
-Pre-zygotic |
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Definition
i. Mechanical isolation - "the parts don't fit", chiuaua and Great Dane
ii. Gamete isolation - MHC protein on membrane, sperm needs to recognize egg
iii. Temporal isolation - day/night activity
iv. Behavioral isolation - series approaches and retreats that builed confidence b/w male and female, gotta understand eachother's signals, ferret and dog playing EX
v. Sensory isolation - parrapatric speciation example
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Term
Isolating mechanisms
-Post-zygotic |
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Definition
i. Hybrid inviability - hybrid b/w two species are sickly
ii. Hybrid sterility - hybrid b/w two species is sterile EX mule
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Term
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Definition
i. Genes for adaptation may also cause sppeciation
ii. Adaptation to one environment may be maladaptive in another environment and prevent or reduce breeding
iii. eda gene in sticklebacks (little fish)
iv. eda gene is one of the genes that codes for armor
v. One form codes for heavily armored fish, thick plates
vi. The other form codes for a light armor, thin plates
vii. Marine fish are heavily armored - defense against fish predators
viii. Stream fish are lightly armored - defense against insect predators
ix. Both types of fish can live in both fresh and marine habitats - EX. bass, bullshark, red fish
x. But are unable to survive as well in the opposite habitat and are eliminated by NS before they can breed
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