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Comparative Anatomy
Test 2
54
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/22/2013

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Cards

Term
What are the 3 functions of the skull?
Definition
  1. Protection/Support
  2. Food processing/Procurement
  3. Ventilation of gills and/or lungs
Term
What are the 3 major components of the vertebrate skull?
Definition
  1. Chondrocranium
  2. Splanchnocranium
  3. Dermatocranium
Term
What are 2 other names for the chondrocranium?
Definition
  1. Neurocranium
  2. Primary brain case
Term
What does the chodrocranium form?
Definition
The floor back and walls of the brain case, and the nasal and otic (inner ear capsule regions)
Term
What is the chondrocranium made of?
Definition
Cartilage and endochondral bone
Term
What is the chondrocranium derived from?
Definition
Neural crest cells
Term
Is the chondrocranium present in all craniates?
Definition
Yes
Term
What are the five basic embryonic elements that make up the chondrocranium?
Definition
  1. Prechordal cartilage
  2. Parachordal cartilage
  3. Sense capsules
  4. Occipital elements
  5. Orbital cartilages
Term
What is the prechordal cartilage?
Definition
The pair of bars anterior to the notochord
Term
What are the parachordal cartilages?
Definition
The pair of cartilages behind the prechordal cartilages and flanking the notochord
Term
What are the 3 sense capsules and where are they found?
Definition
  1. Olfactory/nasal: around olfactory sacs
  2. Optic capsules: around the eye
  3. Otic capsules: around inner ear region
Term
What are the occipital elements?
Definition
Several elements around the notochord at the back of the brain
Term
What are the orbital cartilages?
Definition
Several rods of cartilages that expand to contribute to the lateral walls and roof
Term
What's another name for the prechordal cartilages?
Definition
Traebecuale
Term
What does the prechordal cartilage form?
Definition
Expands and fuses to form the ethmoid plate
Term
What does the parachordal cartilage form?
Definition
Expands and fuses to form the basal plate
Term
What do the three sense capsules form?
Definition

Olfactory: fuses with the ethmoid plate

Optic: forms sclera of the eye, but doesn't fuse with the chondrocranium

Otic: fuses with the basal plate

 

Term
What does the orbital cartilage form?
Definition
Expands to form the roof and walls of the brain case
Term
What do the occipital elements form?
Definition
Expand and fuse to form the occipital arch and foramen magnum
Term
What part of the skeleton is the splanchocranium a part of?
Definition
Visceral skeleton
Term
What is the splanchocranium made of?
Definition
Consists of elements within the branchiomeres including cartilage and cartilage replacement bone
Term
Where is the splanchocranium derived from?
Definition
Neural crest cells that migrated into the region
Term
Is the splanchocranium present in all craniates?
Definition
Yes
Term
What are the six elements that make up the splanchnocranium? (Will vary depending on craniate group)
Definition
  1. Gill arch elements
  2. Jaws/Jaw supports
  3. Ear bones
  4. Elements of hyoid apparatus
  5. Laryngeal and tracheal elements
  6. Some bones of the brain case
Term
How many visceral arches make up the splachnocranium?
Definition
Seven
Term

What is the first visceral arch called?

Second?

Third through seventh?

Definition

Arch 1: Mandibular Arch

Arch 2: Hyoid Arch

Arches 3-7: Branchal Arches

Term

What are the 2 elements of the mandibular arch?

Are they on the dorsal or ventral side?

Definition

Dorsal: palatoquadrate

Ventral: Meckel's cartilage

Term

What are the 4 elements of the hyoid arch?

Are they on the dorsal or ventral side?

Definition

Dorsal: Hyomandibular, ceratohyal, and hypohyal

Ventral: Basihyal

Term

What are the 5 elements of the branchial arches?

Are they on the dorsal or ventral side?

Definition

Dorsal: Pharyngobranchial, Epibranchial, Ceratobranchial, and Hypobranchial

Ventral: Basibranchial

Term
Describe the origin of jaws
Definition
The entire splanchnocranium consisted of branchial gill arhces and the first jaws were derived from an anterior pair of these arches
Term
Define paleostylic
Definition
Lacking jaws
Term
Define euasutostylic
Definition
The earliest jaw condition where the mandibular arch was not supported by the hyomandibula and chondrocranium
Term
Define amphistylic
Definition
Jaws of early chondrichthyans/bony fishes where the mandibular arch was supported posteriorly by the hyomandibular and anteriorly by ligaments from braincase to palatoquadrate
Term
Define hyostylic
Definition
Jaws of derived sharks/some bony fishes where the mandibular arch is supported by the hyomandibula and is flexible enough to allow protrusion
Term
Define metastylic
Definition
Jaws of most reptiles amphibians and nirds where the entire upper jaw is part of the braincase and all dermal bone and most of the lower jaw is dermal bone, but not a single element
Term
Define craniostylic
Definition

Jaws of mammals where the lower jaw is a single dermal bone element and the entire upper jaw is part of the brain case

The lower jaw also articulates with the brain case

Term
What is the dermatocranium?
Definition
Dermal bone that's the superficial covering of the skull and is present in most craniates
Term
What three groups lack a dermetocranium?
Definition
  1. Hagfish
  2. Lamprey
  3. Chondrichthyans
Term
What are the 4 major groups of dermatocranial bones?
Definition
  1. Dermal Roof Series
  2. Palatal Bones
  3. Lower Jaw Series
  4. Opercular/Gular Series
Term
What is cranial kinesis?
Definition
Skull flexibility and mobility due to the independent movement of elements that make up the skull
Term

What are 4 groups that experience cranial kinesis?

What group does not?

Definition
  • Teleosts, amphibians, squamates, and birds
  • Mammals
Term
What is a temporal fenestra?
Definition
Openings in the temporal region of the skulls of amniotes
Term
What are the 4 types of skulls based on temporal fenestration?
Definition
  1. Anapsid
  2. Euryapsid
  3. Synapsid
  4. Diapsid
Term
Describe the anapsid skull and give an example of a vertebrate it's seen in
Definition

No openings in the skull

Turtles

Term
Describe the euryapsid skull and give an example of a vertebrate who has this skull
Definition

One upper temporal opening bordered by the postorbital and squamosal

Plesiosaurs (no extant vertebrates)

Term
Descibe the synapsid skull and give an example of a vertebrate with this skull
Definition

One temporal opening bordered by the potorbital and squamosal

Mammals

Term
Descibe the diapsid skull and give an example of a vertebrate with this skull
Definition

Two temporal openings seperated by the postorbital and squamosal

Lepidosaurs

Term
What is the significance of the temporal fenestrae?
Definition
Openings allowed for enlargement of jaw muscles and increase in surface area for attachment
Term
What are 5 components of the postcranial axial skeleton?
Definition
  1. Notochord
  2. Vertebral Column
  3. Ribs
  4. Sternum
  5. Median Fins
Term
What are three general functions of the axial skeleton?
Definition
  1. Protection of the spinal cord
  2. Locomotion
  3. Body support/posture under the force of gravity
Term
Describe the notochord
Definition
An embryonic feature of all craniates that is rod shaped and found below the spinal cord. It consists of a sheath of connective tissue enclosing fluid filled cells
Term
In what groups is the notochord retained?
Definition
Hagfishes and lampreys
Term
What is the notochord replaced by in most vertebrates?
Definition
Vertebrae
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