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Comparative Anatomy Unit 1
card set for anatomy with Cross Undergrad Summer
604
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
06/13/2011

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
the science of the form and function of organisms
Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
that which can be seen with the naked eye
Term
Microscopic anatomy
Definition
requires microscopy for study
Term
Pathological anatomy
Definition
related to alterations in structure and function due to disease
Term
Regional anatomy
Definition
form and reationships of all the organs present in an area or region of the body
Term
systematic anatomy
Definition
groups of organs related in function such as the digestive system
Term
osteology
Definition
skelatal system
Term
arthrology
Definition
articular system/ joints
Term
myology
Definition
muscular system
Term
splanchnology
Definition
Digestive, Repro, urinary and respritory systems
Term
endocinology
Definition
endociren system// ductless glands
Term
neurology
Definition
central and peripheral nervous system
Term
angiology
Definition
circulatory system
Term
esthesiology
Definition
sensory system/ eye and ear
Term
cranial
Definition
pertaining to the head or the head end of the body/ on the limbs, it applies proximal to the carpus or tarsus
Term
caudal
Definition
situated toward the tail/ on the limbs, it applies proximal to the carpus or tarsus
Term
rostral
Definition
toward the front of the head/nose
Term
dorsal
Definition
directed or situated toward the back
Term
ventral
Definition
directed or situated toward the belly surface
Term
lateral
Definition
away from the median plane/ midline
Term
meidal
Definition
close or toward the median plane
Term
oblique
Definition
slanting/ inclined
Term
axial
Definition
toward the axis of the body, limb or part
Term
abaxial
Definition
away from the axis of the body, limb or part
Term
palmar
Definition
flexor surface of the forelimb distal to the carpas
Term
plantar
Definition
pertains to the sole or cauddal surface of the hindlimb distal ot the tarsus
Term
superficial
Definition
closer to the surface
Term
deep
Definition
away from the surface
Term
proximal
Definition
nearest to a point of reference
Term
distal
Definition
furthest from a poiint of reference
Term
anterior
Definition
infront of, front , directed toward the front
Term
posterior
Definition
after, behind, following, toward the rear, toward or situated on the back
Term
superior
Definition
above, over situated abocve or directed upwards
Term
Inferior
Definition
below, under, situated bewlow or directed downwards
Term
superior palpebra
Definition
upper eyelid
Term
What is the difference between human and animal directional terms?
Definition
a result of the differences between quads and bipeds
Term
Carpus
Definition
part of the thoracic limb between the antebrachium and metacarpals (knee in horses, wrist in humans)
Term
tarsus
Definition
part of the pelvic limb between the leg (crus) and metatarsles (hock, ankle in humans)
Term
Crus
Definition
area between stifle and the tarsus (leg)
Term
area between the shoulder and elbow
Definition
brachium
Term
area between the elbow and carpus
Definition
antebrachum, forearm
Term
area between the stifle and the tarsus
Definition
crus (leg)
Term
area from the carpus distally
Definition
manus (hand)
Term
extention
Definition
movement that increases the angle of a joint
Term
flexion
Definition
movement that d3ecreases the angle of a joint
Term
abduction
Definition
movement of a part away from the median plane
Term
adduction
Definition
movement of a part toward the median plane
Term
circumduction
Definition
circular movement
Term
rotation
Definition
movement of a part around its long axis
Term
supine
Definition
lying on the back, position of the distal extremity with the palmar/plantar surface facing up
Term
supine
Definition
lying on the back, position of the distal extremity with the palmar/plantar surface facing up
Term
supination
Definition
lateral movement of the appendage so that the palmar/plantar surfac4 faces medially
Term
A
Definition
artery
Term
pronation
Definition
medial movement of the appendage so that the palmar/plantar surface faces the ground
Term
median plane
Definition
dividesa the body into equal halves
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
parallel to the median plane
Term
diorsal plane
Definition
right angles to the median and transverse planes. aso referred to as frontal or horizontal in some texts
Term
transverse plane
Definition
right angle to the median plane. a cross section
Term
Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria
Definition
the international stardard for naming anatomical structures in animals
Term
NAV
Definition
nomina anatomica veterinaria
Term
Ilium
Definition
one of the bones on the pelvis
Term
os coxae
Definition
pelvis
Term
Ileum
Definition
terminal portion of the small intestine
Term
antibrachium
Definition
NOTHING, SHOULD BE AND E INSTEAD OF AN I
Term
Aa
Definition
arteries
Term
prone
Definition
dorsal aspect of the body or extermity is facing up
Term
V
Definition
vein
Term
Vv
Definition
viens
Term
N
Definition
nerve
Term
Nn
Definition
nerves
Term
M
Definition
muscle
Term
Mm
Definition
muscles
Term
ln
Definition
lymph node
Term
lnn
Definition
lymph nodes
Term
ggl
Definition
ganglion
Term
CrN
Definition
crainial nerve
Term
lig.
Definition
ligament
Term
ligg.
Definition
ligaments
Term
br.
Definition
branch
Term
brs.
Definition
branches
Term
gl.
Definition
glands
Term
glds.
Definition
glands
Term
cr.
Definition
crainial
Term
cd.
Definition
caudal
Term
r.
Definition
region
Term
Car
Definition
carnivora
Term
fe
Definition
felus catus
Term
ca
Definition
canis familiaris
Term
un
Definition
ungulata
Term
hoofed animal
Definition
ungulate
Term
su
Definition
sus scrofa domestica
Term
eq
Definition
equus caballus
Term
ru
Definition
ruminantia
Term
bo
Definition
bos taurus
Term
ov
Definition
ovis aries
Term
Ovis aries
Definition
sheep
Term
cap
Definition
capra hircus
Term
Capra hircus
Definition
goat
Term
Artiodactyla
Definition
ungulates with an even number of toes
Term
Perissodactyla
Definition
unculages with an odd number of toes
Term
Ovine
Definition
sheep
Term
Caprine
Definition
goat
Term
Cell
Definition
basic strucutral unit of living organisms
Term
8 things a cell is involved in
Definition
Homeostasis, Growth, Reproduction, Absorption, Metabolism, Secretion, Conductivity, Contraction
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
maintenance of a state of relative stability
Term
Responses to ______ are attempts to maintain homeostaisis
Definition
stress
Term
Growth
Definition
increase in size which can be normal as an animal developes
Term
Hyperplaisia
Definition
increas3e in the number of cells
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
increase in the size of a cell
Term
What 2 cells continually reproduce?
Definition
skin and mucosa
Term
Absorbtion
Definition
intake of dissolved materials or water through the cell membrane
Term
Passive absorbtion
Definition
across a concetration gradient
Term
active absorbtion
Definition
throguht hte expenditure of energy
Term
tissue
Definition
group of cells
Term
organ
Definition
group of tissues into functional groups
Term
system
Definition
group of organs working for a common cause
Term
metabolism
Definition
total of all physical and biochemical reations occuring in the cell
Term
secretion
Definition
products from cell are r3eleased locally or peripherally via the blood lymphatics
Term
conductivity
Definition
transmission of an electrical impulse
Term
contractility
Definition
ability to shorten in length (muscle)
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition
PM
Term
PM
Definition
contains phospholipids and protiens
Term
fluid mosaic
Definition
the phosphlipids are arranged with the hydrophobic or non polar ends facing each other
Term
what ar part of the membrand and involved with active transport
Definition
transmembrand and integral protiens
Term
what are usuallly bound to the cytosolic surface
Definition
Peripheral protiens
Term
GA
Definition
golgi apparatus
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
lamellae near the nucleus
Term
lamellae
Definition
stack of flattened membranous sacs
Term
Where are the sites of the final stages of synthesis and packaging of secretory products
Definition
the golgi apparatus
Term
Where are secretory products packaged for temporary storage or transprot to the PM for release?
Definition
GA
Term
Why are secretory producs sent to the PM?
Definition
to be released
Term
mitochondria
Definition
avoid organells with a double membrand where ATP takes place
Term
where does ATP take place?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
What does ATP stand for?
Definition
adenosine triphosphate
Term
What does ATP do?
Definition
provides energy
Term
what do cristea do?
Definition
project to the interior of mitochongdria to increase surface area
Term
what does increasing the surface area of mitochondria support?
Definition
attachment of enzymes
Term
Mitochondria have thier own __________ to reproduce themselves
Definition
DNA and RNA
Term
lysosomes
Definition
membrsane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic or digestive enzymes
Term
where to lysosomes originate?
Definition
ER and GA
Term
lysosomes fuse with vesicles containing what to aid with ______.
Definition
phagoctized (ingested) extracellular material; digestion
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
vesicles containing enzymes for degrading lipids, alcohols and various toxic materials
Term
What are numerous in kidney and liver cells?
Definition
peroxisomes
Term
what do peroxisomes produce?
Definition
peroxide
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
intracellular material that contains the otganells and nucleus
Term
the relativly liquid parts of the cytoplasm
Definition
cytosol
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
rod like structues within the cytoplasm
Term
MT
Definition
microtubules
Term
microtubles
Definition
largest and most rigid cytoskeleton element
Term
What are the 3 cytoskeleton elements?
Definition
Microtubules, intermediat filaments, and microfiliments
Term
MF
Definition
microfiliments
Term
intermediat filaments are seen where?
Definition
in specialized cell junctions like desmosomes
Term
what meskes up the spindle fibers formed during cell division
Definition
microtubules
Term
what is part of the mobile elements of cilia?
Definition
microtubles
Term
_______ assist in the intracellular trnasport of molecues
Definition
microtubles
Term
microfilaments are thinner than ________ but make up most of the __________.
Definition
microtubues; cytoskeleton
Term
Microfilaments contain what?
Definition
actin
Term
ER
Definition
endoplasmic recticulum
Term
endoplasmic retuculum
Definition
membranousnetwork in the cytoplasm
Term
what are the 2 forms of ER?
Definition
smoth and rough
Term
rough ER
Definition
associated with ribosomes
Term
ribosomes
Definition
small particles where protien synthesis begins
Term
the products produ ed int he ER are trnasferred to the ________ by ______.
Definition
GA; transport vesicles
Term
Where is the ER termed sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
striated muscle
Term
SR
Definition
striated muscle
Term
5 things that protiens in the PM function as.
Definition
transport, binding hormones, binding cells to joints, enzymes, identification of cell type and origin
Term
What are the 2 plasma membran surface features?
Definition
brush border and cilia
Term
brush border
Definition
increases surface area
Term
the brush border is made of what?
Definition
microvilli
Term
cilia
Definition
fingerlike projections from the cell surface
Term
where are cilia found?
Definition
in areas wehre material is bing moved past the surface
Term
What are the 3 types of Cell Junctions?
Definition
Desmosomes, tight and gap
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
local thickenings of the plasma membran which tightly bind adjacent cells
Term
tight cell junctions
Definition
appear as a zone where the Pm adhere to eacheother
Term
what to tight cell junctions do?
Definition
restrict the movemement of water or dissolved materials
Term
gap cell junction
Definition
form massages between cells
Term
Wher are gap cell junctinos found?
Definition
in smoth muscle and caridac muscle
Term
what do gap cell junctions do?
Definition
allow conductin of electrical activity
Term
Centroiles
Definition
short cylinders of 9 triplets of MT
Term
basal bodies
Definition
when located at the ase of cilia centrols are termed this
Term
Nucleus
Definition
contains the DNA of the cell which appears as diffuse stianing chromatin in nondiving cell and as chromosome4s when dividing
Term
Nuclieoli are dicrete areas of clustered DNA, which codes for ribosomal RNA
Definition
Term
rRNA
Definition
ribosomal RNA
Term
Nuclear envelope
Definition
two membrands separated by a small space
Term
2 functins of the nucleus
Definition
reguation fo protien sytheses and biochemical activities and esuring pasage of gentic material
Term
4 types of tissue
Definition
epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
covers the body surface and lines hollow organs
Term
connective tissue
Definition
support and combine other tissues
Term
what provieds form and strngh to many organs
Definition
connective tissue
Term
what type of tisse is bood considered?
Definition
connective
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
conduct electrical impulses
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
contraction
Term
simple epithelium
Definition
single layer
Term
stratified epithelium
Definition
multiple layers
Term
squamous cells
Definition
plate-like
Term
cuboidal
Definition
cells are approximatly equal in dementions
Term
columnar cells
Definition
cylindrical in shape, all about the same length
Term
pseudostratified cells
Definition
columnar cells of varying lengths
Term
transitional cells
Definition
multiple layers that can stretch into one layer
Term
endothelium
Definition
lines blood vessles
Term
what does stratified squamous epithellum form?
Definition
the outer layer of the skin and the mucocutaneous junction
Term
stratum basale is also known as what
Definition
basale layer
Term
the basal layer is the _______est layer and contains the ________ _______ cells which are more _______ in shape
Definition
deep; actively multiplying; cubital
Term
Stratum spinosum is aka ____
Definition
parabasal layer
Term
stratum granulosum aka _______
Definition
intermediate layer
Term
stratum corneum aka_______
Definition
superficial layer
Term
as the cells _______ in the _______ layer the more _______ cells are forced toward the ________
Definition
divide; basle; superficial; surface
Term
when cells loose thier blood supply the become flattened and increasingly ______
Definition
keratinized
Term
the most superfical layer can become ______ and is constantly what?
Definition
thick; shed
Term
glands
Definition
cells that aere specialized for secreathin or excreation
Term
secreation
Definition
release of synthesized products
Term
excreation
Definition
expulsion of cellualr waste products
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
ductless and produce hormones
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
have ducts and empty thier contents onto another epithelial surface
Term
cartilage
Definition
a firm connective tissu, but nmot as hard as bone
Term
3 types of cartalige
Definition
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartalige
Term
hyline
Definition
found in joints on the articular surfacee where it serves to reduce friction
Term
what cartilage is found in the nose, larynx, trachea and bronchi?
Definition
hyaline
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
flexible but provides rigidy
Term
What type of cartalige is found in the epiglottis and inside and outside the auditory meadis?
Definition
elastic
Term
fibrocaralige
Definition
a mixture of cartilage and collagen
Term
what kind of cartalige makes up the meninsci and intervertebral discs?
Definition
fibrocartalige
Term
Bone in the form of the skeleton is _____ and provides the framework for the _____ ______
Definition
rigid; soft tissue
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
produce osteoid tissue which calcifies
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
cells that break down bony tissue
Term
cancellous bone forms what
Definition
a spongy network
Term
compact bone is what and found where?
Definition
dense and found in the cortices of long bones and elsewhere
Term
blood is considered a _____ ______ since it is produced where?
Definition
connective tissue; bone marrow
Term
erythrocytes
Definition
RBC; oxygenated (7μm)
Term
Plasma
Definition
fluid part of blood
Term
serum
Definition
straw-colored fluid that doesn't contain cells of fibrinogen
Term
simple glands
Definition
duct does not branch
Term
leucocytes
Definition
WBC; immuno cells.
Term
granulocytes
Definition
based on the stining of granules fount in the cytopasm
Term
[image]
Definition
neutrophils
Term
[image]
Definition
eosinophils
Term
[image]
Definition
basophile
Term
[image]
Definition
monocyte
Term
[image]
Definition
lymphocyte
Term
platlets
Definition
cellular fragments that are important in blood clotting
Term
tubular glands
Definition
gland is in a tublike form
Term
aveolar is the same as what
Definition
acinar
Term
aveolar/ acinar gland
Definition
glad is a hllow ball of cells
Term
tubuloalveolar gland
Definition
had both fetures (both tubular and ball-shaped)
Term
compund ducts
Definition
duct that brnaches and can be subdivided into lobes and lobules
Term
merocirine glands
Definition
no loss of part of the cell or cytoplasm
Term
what gland is most common?
Definition
merocrine gland
Term
holocrine gland
Definition
loss of the entire cell when secretory products are released
Term
apocrine gland
Definition
some cytoplasm and plasma membrane lost
Term
7 Connective tissues
Definition
elastic, collagenous, reticular, adipose, cartilage, bone and blood
Term
Elastic connective tissue
Definition
will regain shape after bing stretched
Term
what is the main compenent of collagenous CT?
Definition
collagen
Term
there are how many types of collagenous tissue?
Definition
5 (I-V)
Term
T/F collagenous has a low tensile strenght
Definition
F-high
Term
tendons have a ______ regular CT
Definition
dense
Term
collagenous CT can be found in ______ ______ to ______ configerations
Definition
highly organized; loose
Term
Areolar CT is found throught the body providing ________ and _________
Definition
cushioning and flexibility
Term
reticular CT
Definition
the fibers form delicate and flexible networks around structures such as capillaries and nerves
Term
Reticular CT also serves as a part of the framework for ______ and _________ organs
Definition
endocrine; lymphatic
Term
Adipose CT
Definition
fat and the cells are termed adipocytes
Term
adipocytes
Definition
fat cells
Term
what are the two types of adipose CT?
Definition
white and brown
Term
t/f white fat is found through the body
Definition
T
Term
t/f brown is the normal fat color
Definition
f-white
Term
t/f brown fat is found in older animals
Definition
f-newborn
Term
Brown fat is found in ______ (type of animal) and animals that __________
Definition
rodents; hybernate
Term
t/f brown fat serves as a heat source because it is metobolically active
Definition
t
Term
In what animals may white fat appear to be yellow and why?
Definition
horses and cattle because of carotenes in the forages
Term
what is stored in white fat?
Definition
energy
Term
muscle
Definition
CT found throughout the body
Term
striated muscle
Definition
contain myosin and actin that contract and shorten the muscle fiber
Term
t/f skelatal is not under voluntary control
Definition
f
Term
intercaited disks beteen cardiac cells contain what junction that allow cunduction of the stimulus to _____.
Definition
gap; contract
Term
__________ cells are modifeed cardiac cells that conduct electrical impulses
Definition
purkinje
Term
what 3 things do neurons have?
Definition
cell body, axon and dendrites
Term
what does the axon do?
Definition
carries the electrical signal away fron the cell
Term
t/f axon cells are long cells
Definition
t
Term
nerve tracts
Definition
bundles of axons in the spinal cord
Term
nerves
Definition
bundles of axons in the periphery
Term
t/f mylin contains fat, and it helps it conduct
Definition
f-insulate
Term
nuclei
Definition
concentrations of cell bodies in the central nervous system
Term
where do dendrites cary impulses to?
Definition
cell body
Term
t/f smooth muscle contians striations, myosin and actin
Definition
f-no striations
Term
t/f smooth muscle can shorten further than skelatal muscle, it's just slower
Definition
t
Term
What shape are smooth muscle cells?
Definition
spindle
Term
where is smooth muscle found?
Definition
walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
Term
myometrium
Definition
smooth muscle of the uterus
Term
what causes peristaltic movement in the gastrointestinal tract?
Definition
smooth muscle contractions and relaxation
Term
What does the integument system contain?
Definition
skin, hair, glands, horns, hooves and claws
Term
What are the two regions of the integument?
Definition
epidermis and dermis
Term
hypodermis
Definition
adipose and areolar CT that protects and cusions deeper structures and the skin itself
Term
tactile hairs aka _______.
Definition
sinus hairs
Term
tatctile hairs
Definition
sensory hairs
Term
where are tactile hairs found?
Definition
on the face and around the lips and eyes
Term
t/f tactile hairs are thicker than gaurd hairs
Definition
t
Term
a large blood ______ is situated around the deep portions of the _______.
Definition
sinus; follicle
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
keratinization process increases activity
Term
where do the most superficial cells start to die?
Definition
stratum granulosum
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
found in areas of thick skin
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
outer layer of dead and flattened cells
Term
keratinization/cornification
Definition
the drying and hardening of superficial cells
Term
a callus is an area of _________ of the stratum __________ that results from pressure or _________.
Definition
hyperplasia; cornea; friction
Term
merkel cells
Definition
sensory for touch
Term
langerhan's cells
Definition
fromt he basement membrand and migrate to the epidermis
Term
where are the langerhan's cells?
Definition
stratum spinosum
Term
melanocytes
Definition
produce meanin
Term
where are meanocytes located?
Definition
stratum basale
Term
the de3rmis represents _____% of the skin mass
Definition
80
Term
what is the dermis refered to as in the hood and horn?
Definition
corium
Term
Fibroblasts produce what 3 things?
Definition
collagen, elastin and reticular fiber
Term
what does the firoblasts give the skin
Definition
strength and flexability
Term
what are the two layers of the dermis?
Definition
papillary layer and reticular layer
Term
what is the process of shedding hair?
Definition
epithelial cells stop multiplying and become cornified and the papilla atrophies
Term
anagen phase
Definition
the phase in which the hair follicle is fully functional
Term
catagen phase
Definition
when the hair starts to atrophy and continues to atrophy
Term
telogen phase
Definition
the follicle is fully atrophied and the hair is diplaced/lost
Term
early anagen phase
Definition
the hair follicle starts to become functional agian and a new hair begins to grow
Term
What are the 3 phases of hair from growth to loss?
Definition
anagen, catagen, telogen
Term
mammery glands are what kind of gland?
Definition
sweat glands modified
Term
Circumanal glands are large modified ________ glands in dongs.
Definition
sebaceous
Term
Which sweat glands predominate?
Definition
apocrine
Term
sweat glands are involved in _________ cooling and ______ metabolism
Definition
evaporative; salt
Term
what in horse sweat makes it lather?
Definition
protien
Term
sweat glands are present in what area unique to cats and dogs
Definition
food pads
Term
what is found between the outer and inner sphincters?
Definition
anal sac glands
Term
anal glands are only found in what animals?
Definition
carnivores and rodents
Term
Paranal sinuses are aka ________.
Definition
anal sac glands
Term
paranal sinus/ anal sac glands
Definition
invaginations of the anal mucosa
Term
anal sac secretions have a strong oder and contribute to what?
Definition
scent marking
Term
follicle
Definition
modification of the epidermis
Term
how many layers does the root sheath of a hair follicle have?
Definition
double
Term
what does the internal layer of the hair follicle cover?
Definition
dermal paillae and hair root
Term
the external layer of the hair follicle is _____ with the epidermis and gives rise to the ______ glands.
Definition
continuouse; sebaceous
Term
hair
Definition
a flexible strand of layers of dead keratinized cells
Term
husks
Definition
outer layer of the shaft of hair
Term
the inner cortes is layers of ________ cells.
Definition
flattened
Term
which layer of the hair shaft contians the melanin
Definition
inner cortex
Term
the central medulla has cells that are more_____ in shape in the hair shaft
Definition
cuboidal
Term
Arrector pili muscle
Definition
smooth muscle fiber under sympathetic nervous system control
Term
papillary layer
Definition
outer layer of the dermis
Term
why do dermal paillae indendt into the epidermis?
Definition
intrease surface area
Term
where are papillae most prominent?
Definition
weigt bearing areas.
Term
the dermis contains what 4 important life factors?
Definition
blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and muscles
Term
blister
Definition
local disruption between the epidermis and dermis as of repeated trauma or thermal inujury
Term
exterocepors
Definition
these are free nerve endings and transmit info from the exterior
Term
interocepors
Definition
react to stimuli from within the body
Term
proprioceptors
Definition
relay info concerning muscle, tendon and ligament movement and stretch
Term
reticular layer
Definition
serve to increase the strength of skin through dens irregular CT with thick bundles of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers
Term
What are abundnatly present in the reticular layer?
Definition
blood vessels and nerves
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
layer of loose CT that separates the dermis from deeper structures
Term
the hypodermis permits movement of skin without what?
Definition
tearing
Term
panniculus adiposus
Definition
variable amount of fat in the hypodermis and the amount varies in species
Term
what is "backfat"'s technical term?
Definition
panniculus adipous
Term
sebaceous glands
Definition
simple branched areolar glands that release sebum by holocrine secretion onto hair follicles
Term
sebaceous glands produce what into hair follicles?
Definition
oil
Term
what does arrector pili contraction compress?
Definition
the sebaceous gland
Term
Name 5 areas a sebacouse gland would be directly at the skin surface
Definition
ear canal, anus, prepuce, penis and vulva
Term
the tarsal glands of the eye lids are what kind of gland?
Definition
sebaceous
Term
4 functions of the sebum
Definition
hair protection, water evap prevention of skin, soften skin, baceriocidal function
Term
name two specialized sebaceoous glands in sheep.
Definition
infraorbital and interdigital pouches
Term
name a spe cialized sebaceous gland in a goat
Definition
horn gland
Term
name a specialized sebaceous gland in a hog
Definition
carpal gland
Term
name a specialized sebaceous gland near the scrotal or udder
Definition
inguinal pouch
Term
what are the two types of sweat glands
Definition
eccrine and apocrine
Term
where do eccrine glands secrete sweat to?
Definition
naked or nearly so areas of the skin
Term
t/f eccrine glands are more important in thermoregulation than apocrine glands
Definition
FFF
Term
skin
Definition
the epithelial covering of the body and largest organ in the body
Term
mucocutaneous junction
Definition
junction of the skin adn mucous membranes
Term
5 functions of the skin
Definition
protectivce barrior, thermoregualtion, sensory input, metaboic actions, exreation of wastes
Term
keratinocyte
Definition
cells that produce keratin
Term
keratin
Definition
protective protien
Term
3 functions of keratin
Definition
waterproofing skin, protection, antimicrobial action
Term
desmosomes
Definition
intercellular connections what anchors keratinocytes
Term
startum basale
Definition
1 row of cuboidal or columnar cells that rapidly divide
Term
most cells in the basale layer are ________, but ___% are ______.
Definition
katinocytes; 20; melanocytes
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
about 8-10 layers think and relys on diffusion of nutrients from the d3ermis
Term
what do stratum spinosum cells appear in histologic preparations?
Definition
spiny
Term
the outer layer of the hood is an _______ epidermal layer
Definition
avasular
Term
corium
Definition
the inner layer vascularized dermis
Term
coronet
Definition
where the dermis of the skin is contin uous with the corium of the hoof
Term
periople
Definition
waxy material produced by the conary band and coats the hoof
Term
laminae
Definition
interdigitating sheets of tissue that connect the hoof wall to corium
Term
t/f bovine have primary and secondary laminea
Definition
f- only primary eq have both
Term
stratum tectorium
Definition
outermost layer that extends fromt he periople layer of the skin epidermis in the area of the cononary band
Term
strtatum medium
Definition
the bulk of the hoof and is organized in tubular arrangment of cells
Term
stratum internum
Definition
the boundary between the epidermis and corium
Term
eponychium
Definition
the soft fingerlike projections of the newborn ungulate hoof
Term
what is the perpose of a eponychium?
Definition
protect mom's repro tract
Term
when do eponychiums shed?
Definition
when the newborn tries to stand
Term
where are chesnusts located on the front limbs?
Definition
proximal to the carpus
Term
where are chesnuts located in the rear limb?
Definition
slightly distal to tarsus
Term
ergot
Definition
cornified epithelium in center of palmar/plantar part of fetlock
Term
a hot iron can be applied to the _________ _______ or _______ ____ to destroy future growth of the horn
Definition
germinal center; horn bud
Term
how are horns removed as an adult?
Definition
surgical wire
Term
what does dehorning in adult cattle leave exposed?
Definition
frontal sinus
Term
the buld of the horn is arranged in what?
Definition
tublues
Term
epikeras
Definition
soft type horn that covers surface at base and extends a variable distance
Term
the epikeras is similar to what in the hoof?
Definition
periple
Term
[image]
Definition

1. Extracellular

2. Protiens

3. Phospholipids

4. Channle

5. Intracellular

6. Periperal Protien

7. Cholesterol

 

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Ribosome

2. Plasma membrane

3. Nucleolus

4. Nuclear envalope

5. Centriole

6. Smoth ER

7. Microtubules

8. Mitochondria

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Dorsal

2. Rostral

3. Caudal

4. Ventral

Term
[image]
Definition

Green: Planter

Orange: Palmer

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Rough ER

2. Nucleus

3. Chromatin

4. Gogi Apparatus

5. Free Ribosome

6. Lysosome

7. Cytoplasm

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Simple tubular

2. Simple branched tubular

3. Simple Coiled tubular

4. Simple branched aveolar

5. Compound tubular

6. Compound aveolar

Term
[image]
Definition

1.Sebateous Gland

2. Epidermis

3. Dermis

4. Hypodermis

5. Blood vessles

6. Arecter Pili Muscle

7. Sweat Gland

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Cuticle

2. Cortex

3. Medula

4. External Sheath

5. Internal Sheath

6. Papillia CT/ Sebacious Gland

7. Arrecter Pili Muscle

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Periaple

2. Corniary Corium

3. Stratinum Medium

4. Laminar Corium

5. Laminea

6. Stratinum Medum

Term
[image]
Definition
eponochorium
Term
excitability
Definition
the muscles have a membrane potential
Term
contractility
Definition
stimulation of the muscle leads to depolarization and contraction
Term
extensibility
Definition
muscle can lengthen in response to stretch
Term
elasticity
Definition
the ability to return to its original resting length
Term
4 functions of the muscles
Definition
movement, posture, stabalize joints, generating heat
Term
movement includes what?
Definition
locamotion, blood, gastointestinal tract and bladder movement
Term
how do muscles generate heat?
Definition
shivers
Term
the cardiac muscle is what kind of muscle?
Definition
striated
Term
cardiocytes ususally have ____ nucleus
Definition
one
Term
between cardiocytes there are ______ discs that are spicalized cells that _______ connect the cells
Definition
intercalated; electircally
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
non-striated, monoculeated and involuntary
Term
where are smooth muscles found?
Definition
blood vessels, gastointestinal tract, urinary system, repro
Term
single unit smooth muscle is called visceral/dorsal muscle and is scarsly/wideldy distributed in the body
Definition
visceral; widely
Term
what are the two layers of a single smooth muscle unit?
Definition
circular and longitudinal
Term
where is multiunit smooth muscle found?
Definition
iris of the eye, portions of the male repro, walls of large arteries and arrector pili
Term
skeletal muscls make up about ___% of an animal's body weight
Definition
40
Term
skaletal muscles have ____ nucleus
Definition
multi
Term
what are 4 components of individual skelatal muscles?
Definition
Muscle fibers or cells, CT, BV and N
Term
epimysium
Definition
outer covering of dence irregular CT separtaing muscles.
Term
where is epimysium located?
Definition
deep facia of muscle
Term
perimysium
Definition
surrounds each muscle fascicle or bundle of muscle fibers
Term
what makes up perimysium?
Definition
collagen and elastic fibers
Term
endomysium
Definition
surrounds each muscle fiber within each fascicle containg capillaries, nerve fibers and satellite or stem cells
Term
what are the four shapes of muscles?
Definition
parallel, circular, convergent, pennate
Term
parallel muscles
Definition
fascicles are arranged in a straight line and have the greatest potential for overlall shortening but are relatively weak
Term
circular muscles
Definition
fascicles are in concentric rings as in muscles around the mouth and eye
Term
convergent muscles
Definition
the muscle origin is wide but narrows to a tendon
Term
pennate muscles
Definition
featherlike. attach obliquely to a tendon. increases power at the expens of how far the muscle can contract
Term
3 types of pennate-shaped muscles
Definition
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
Term
unipennate
Definition
the tendon runs along one side of the muscle
Term
bipennate
Definition
the muscle fascicles converge from two sides onto the tendon
Term
multipennate
Definition
tendon branches three or more times within a muscle
Term
7 ways to name a muscle
Definition
location, action, size, shape, direction of fibers, number of orgins/bellies, attachment site or origin
Term
origin of a muscle
Definition
refers to a fixed attachment site, usually proximal
Term
insertion of a muscle
Definition
the moveable end of the muscle and is usually distal
Term
3 types of muscle attachment to bone
Definition
tendon, aponeurosis, fascia
Term
tendon
Definition
a dense band or cord of regular CT that attaches muscle to periosteum of bone
Term
aponeurosis
Definition
tendinous sheet with flat muscles
Term
fascia
Definition
common type of attachment for superficial muscles like tensor fasciale latae
Term
leaver muscle
Definition
rigid structure like bone that moves around a fixed point
Term
first class lever
Definition
the fulcrum is between the load and force appplied
Term
an animal lifting it's head is what class leaver?
Definition
1st
Term
2ed class lever
Definition
force is applied at one end and the fulcrum is at the other end with the load in between
Term
lifting a wheelbarrow is what kind of leaver?
Definition
2ed class
Term
3rd class leaver
Definition
fulcrum and load are at either end of the lever and the force is appled between the two
Term
the bicepts brachii M flexing at the elbow is what class lever?
Definition
3rd
Term
t/f muscles usually work in groups rather than individually
Definition
T
Term
mucles can be grouped by what 2 factors?
Definition
location or action
Term
agonist muscle
Definition
muscle that is primarily responsible for produing movement
Term
antagoinst muscle
Definition
muscle that opposes the action of the agoinist
Term
synergist muscle
Definition
muscle that helps the agonist work more effeicintly by producing additional force to move a joint or stabilize a joint
Term
cutaneous muscles
Definition
in the superficial fascia b/t the skin and the fascia covering deeper muscles
Term
cutaneous muscles allow for the movement of ____.
Definition
skin
Term
what three muscles are considered cutaneous muscles?
Definition
platysma of the heaad, cutaneous colli muscle in the neck, and cutaneus trunci M
Term
flexion
Definition
movement that decreases the angle of a joint
Term
extention
Definition
movement that increases the angle of a joint
Term
abduction
Definition
movement of a part toward the median plane
Term
circumduction
Definition
circular movement
Term
rotation
Definition
movement of a part around its long axis
Term
supination
Definition
lateral movement of the appendage so that the palmar/plantar surfac faces medially
Term
pronation
Definition
medial movement of the appendage so that the palmar/plantar surface faces the ground
Term
fascia
Definition
the CT that separates and surrounds imprtant structures
Term
how is th fascia divided?
Definition
dupericial, middle and deep parts
Term
superficial facia
Definition
deep in the skin as an areolar tissue. allows neighboring structres to move against eachother to change shape
Term
what is stored in superficial fascia?
Definition
subcutaneous fat
Term
deep facial
Definition
tougher tissu and continuous with superficial facia and attaches to bone over most of the body
Term
deep facial also sends ____ b/t muscleas and does what to groups of muscles?
Definition
septa; wraps them
Term
deep facia is found where?
Definition
thel imbs inm the antebrachium and crus
Term
what is important with blood and lymph vessles with the deep facia?
Definition
helps circulation
Term
what passes through the deep fascia septa?
Definition
V and N in the limbs that dont require assisted compression of muscles
Term
what 2 structues hold tendons in position?
Definition
retinacula and annular ligaments
Term
where are flexor retiinacula found?
Definition
all limbs
Term
in the shoulder joint, there is a ______ _____ retinacululm that holds the ______ of origin of the biceps in place in the ______ groove of the humberous
Definition
transverse humeral; tendon; intertubercular
Term
annular ligaments
Definition
thicknings of facia on the flexor aspct of the digits
Term
palmar annular ligament
Definition
thick fibrous structure on the palmar/plantar aspect of the metacarp(tarso)phalangeal joint and hold the SDFT and DDFT firmly in place
Term
proximal annular ligament
Definition
supports the DDFT at the level of the second phalange and is associated with the first and holds the DDFT/SDFT firmly in place
Term
elevation of the mandible
Definition
closing your mouth
Term
depressing the mandible
Definition
opening the mouth
Term
branches of the tigeminal nerve innervate what?
Definition
muscles of mastication
Term
what 5 muscles are used in chewing?
Definition
temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral ptergoid and digastricus
Term
temporalis muscle
Definition
attached to the sagittal crest of the skull and the bulk of it lies in the temporal fossa on either side of the cranium
Term
what is the purpose of the temporalis muscle?
Definition
to elevate the mandible in order to bring the upper and lower arcades of teeth into contact
Term
what breeds of dogs ahve an espeicially well developed powerful temporalis muscle?
Definition
pit bulls, rotties
Term
masseter musscle
Definition
arises fromk the maxillary region of the head and zygomatic arch to insert on the caudal part of the mandible
Term
what does the masseter muscle do?
Definition
acts to eleate the mandible and move it laterally
Term
what is the masseter muscel especially well developed in?
Definition
Quarter Horse
Term
where are the pterygoid muscles
Definition
arise from the ptergoid and palatine bones to insert on the mandible
Term
what do the pterygoid muscles do?
Definition
act to close the mouth and the side to side grinding movements in herbivores to chew
Term
where is the digasstricus muscle
Definition
arises from an area caudal to the TMJ and inserts on the angle of the jaw
Term
digastiricus muscle
Definition
2 bellies and functions ot focibly depress t6he mandible (open)
Term
mimetic muscles
Definition
responsible for movement of the skin and appendges of the face and head; thin cutaneous muscles innervated by the CrN 7
Term
auricular muscles
Definition
responsible for the wide variety of movements the animals make with their ears
Term
oribularis oculi M
Definition
sphincter like musce that allows forceful closure of the eyelids
Term
were is the orbicularis oculi M found?
Definition
surrounding the palpebral fissure
Term
what may you have to block to examin a horse's eye?
Definition
auriculaopalpebral or frontal N
Term
what is the importance of muscles that move the lips and cheeks
Definition
prehension and mastication of food
Term
obicularis oris
Definition
sphincter like muscle surrounding the margins of the mouth and controling lip movement
Term
buccinator
Definition
thin muscle that forms the walls of the cheek
Term
where is the levator nasobialis muscle
Definition
arises from the maxillary bone to the edge of the superior lip
Term
levator nasolabilis M
Definition
dialte the nostrils and rais the upper lip
Term
zygomaticus M
Definition
thin strap muscle that retracts the angle of the mouth
Term
where is the xygomaticus M
Definition
extends from the facial crest in ungulates or the scutiform cartilage of the ear in carnivores to the angle of the mouth
Term
canis M
Definition
dialte the nostril and elevate the upper lip
Term
where is the caninus M?
Definition
inserts on the upper lip in car, rum and pigs and on the nostril in eq, rum and pigs
Term
mentalis muscle
Definition
stiffen lower lip
Term
where is the mentalis M
Definition
extends from the lateral aspect of the obdy of th mandible to the lower lip
Term
7 muscles related to the pharynx and larynx
Definition
criocopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, hyopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, pterygopharyngeus, levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini
Term
laryngeal muscles
Definition
phonation (voice)
Term
5 laryngeal muscles
Definition
cricothyroid, cricoarytenoideus dorsalis and lateralis, tyroartenoideus, vocalis.
Term
recurrent layrngeal Nn
Definition
branches of the Vagus N that leave the vagus at the level of the base of the heard and course cranially to innervate the larynx
Term
"roaring"
Definition
in horses. paresis or paralysis of laryngeal M resulting from damage to one of the recurrent laryngeal Nn. (ususally the left)
Term
what CrN innervates the tounge?
Definition
12: hypoglossal
Term
geniglossus M's place
Definition
attaches to the rostral mandible and bas of the tounge
Term
action of the genioglossus M
Definition
allows the tounge to be pulled rostrally
Term
hyoglossus muscle
Definition
allows the tounge to be draun caudally
Term
where is the hyoglossis M
Definition
attaches to the hyoid apparatus and the base of the tounge
Term
styloglossus M
Definition
retract and elevate the tounge
Term
where is the styloglossus muscle?
Definition
atttaches to the stylohoid bone and the middle of the tounge
Term
hyoid Mm
Definition
associated with the hoid apparatus to swallow
Term
sternohoideus M's location
Definition
arisis from the sternum and first costal cartilage to insert on the basihyoid bone
Term
thyrohyoideus M's location
Definition
dorsal to the sternohyoideus, extending from the thyroid cartilage of the larynx to the thyrohoid bone of the hyoid apparatus
Term
mylohyoideus M
Definition
thin; aids in support of the tounge and is innervated by CrN V
Term
where is the mylohyoideus muscle
Definition
between the intermandibular space
Term
genoihyoideus M
Definition
strap muscle that draws the hyoid apparatus and larynx rostraly
Term
where is the geniohyoideus M?
Definition
from the mandibular syphysis to the basihyoid bone
Term
epaxial Mm
Definition
M that are located dorsal to the transverse processes o f the vertebrae
Term
where sre the epaxial muscles?
Definition
begin in the loin area and continue to the head
Term
what are the three groups of the neck and trunk?
Definition
longissimus Mm, transvversospinalis Mm, iliocostalis system
Term
erector spinae Mm
Definition
all the muscles of the neck and trunk
Term
longissimus Mm
Definition
small bundles of fibers; extensors of the vertebral column and as lateral flexor of the spine
Term
where is the transversospinalis system
Definition
span the spacee b/t a vertebral dorsal spinous process to a transverse process
Term
where are the longissimus Mm?
Definition
extend b/t the trnasverse process or b/t dorsal spinous processes of vertebrae
Term
where is the iliocostalis system
Definition
most lateral
Term
hypaxial Mm
Definition
Mm that are ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebrae
Term
what are the cervical hypoxial Mm
Definition
longus capitis and longus colli Mm
Term
what are the two Mm in the lumbar region?
Definition
psoas minor and iliopsoas
Term
longus capitis
Definition
flex the head and neck
Term
where is the longus capitis?
Definition
ventrolaterally along the cervical transverse process
Term
where is the longus colli
Definition
medial to the longus capitis covering the ventral surfaces of the vertebral bodies from the atlas to the sixth thoracic vertebra
Term
where is the splenius M
Definition
the dorsolateral aspect of the neck deep in the rhomboideus and srraus dorsalis cranialis Mm
Term
ssplenius M
Definition
raises the head
Term
semispinalis capitus's 2 parts
Definition
biventer cervicis, complexus
Term
where is the semispinalis capitis?
Definition
deep in the splenis M
Term
where is the biventer cervicis
Definition
dorsal M arising from the thoracic vertebrae and inserting on the caudal aspect of the skull
Term
wheere is the conplexus?
Definition
ventral to the biventer cervicis arising fro the cervical vertebrae and inserting on the nuchal crest
Term
three parts of the rectus capitis
Definition
rectus capitis dorslis major, rectius capitis dorsalis minor, recuts capitis ventralis
Term
rectus capitis dorsalis major
Definition
extends the alanto occipital joint
Term
AO joint
Definition
alanto-occipital joint
Term
rectus capitis minor
Definition
extends the AO joint
Term
rectus capitis ventralis
Definition
flex the AO joint along with the rectus capitis lateralis
Term
obliquus capitis cranialis
Definition
extends the AO joint and flexes it laterally. located on the atlas and axis
Term
obliquus capitis caudalis
Definition
rotate the AO. located on the atlas and axis
Term
t/f the obliquus capitis cranialis is larger than the obliquus capitis caudalis
Definition
T
Term
two divisions of the nuchal ligament
Definition
funiculus (rod like) and the laminar part
Term
what has the nuchal ligament?
Definition
domestic farm animals and the dog
Term
where is the nuchal ligament?
Definition
from the skull to the 1st thoracic Vert, it's the cranial extension of the surpaspinous procedss of the first throacic vertebra to the lumbar vertebra
Term
how many layers is the dorsal muscles of the neck?
Definition
4
Term
what are the layers of the ventral muscles of the neck?
Definition
superficial and deep
Term
in carnivores, what are the two parts of the sternocephalicus M
Definition
pars mastoidea (deep) and pars occipitalis (dorsal)
Term
in ruminants, there is a _______ part that inserts on the _______ of the _______ M of the jaw and in bovines it also inserts on the ______. (regarding the sternocephalicus muscle)
Definition
mandibularis; fascia; masseter; mandible
Term
in horses, there is a mandibularis part of the sternocephalicus muscle called what?
Definition
sternomandibularis M
Term
sternothyroideus's location
Definition
originates on the sternum and inserts on the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
Term
where is the sternohyoideus muscle?
Definition
originates on the sternum but inserts on the basihyoid bone
Term
what do the sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus Mm do?
Definition
draw the tounge and larynx caudally
Term
where are the scalenus Mm
Definition
extend from the transverse process of the cervical vertbrea to the first few ribs
Term
the scalenus Mm act as Mm of what?
Definition
inpiration
Term
the dog has the ___ and ____ parts of the scalenus Mm
Definition
dorsal and medius
Term
the ox has three parts of the scalenus Mm called what?
Definition
ventral, medius and dorsal
Term
the horse has the ____ and _______ Mm of the scalenus Mm
Definition
medius and ventral
Term
serratus ventralis cervicus and thoracis Mm's location
Definition
fan-shaped that insert on the serrated face of the dial scapula
Term
where is the serratus dorsalis cranialis M?
Definition
located dorsally on the cranial thorax; arisis from the thoraclumbar fascia nd inserts on the craniolateral surface of the birs
Term
where is the serratus dorsalis caudalis?
Definition
dorsal aspect of the caudal thorax; arisies from thr throracolumbar fascia nd inserts on the last few ribs
Term
what is the action of the serratus dorsalis caudalis?
Definition
to draw the ribs caudally during expiration
Term
where are the external intercostal Mm
Definition
arising from the caudal border of one rib and attaching to the cranial border of the next rib
Term
where are the internal intercostal Mm?
Definition
arise from the cranial border of one rib and run in a cranioventral direction to the caudal border of the adjacent rib
Term
diring respiration, the interal and external intercostal ribs do what?
Definition
draw the ribs together
Term
what are the 4 muscles of the abdominal wall?
Definition
external/internal abdominal obiques, transversus abdominis and rectus abdominis
Term
linea alba
Definition
white fibrous attachment of the two abdominal oblique muscles and transversus abdominis muscles
Term
contration of the abdominal wall Mm aids in what 5 things?
Definition
urniation, defecation, parturition, respiration and locomotion
Term
where is the external abdominal oblique?
Definition
covering the ventral half of the lateral thoracic wall land the lateral part of the abdominal wall (fan-shaped)
Term
the fibers of the external obdominal oblique are directed what?
Definition
caudoventrally
Term
where does the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique splitint two parts, and what does it form/what are the parts?
Definition
caudoventrally and just cranial to the iliopubic eminence; forms superficial inguinal ring; external openain of the inquinal canal and arcus inguinalis
Term
where is the internal abdominal oblique?
Definition
arisies from the superficial leaf of the thoracolumba fascia caudal to the last rib from thetuber coxae and insters by a large aponeurosis on the costal arch, recuts abdominis and linea alba and prepubic tendon
Term
at the rectus abdominis, the internal abdominal oblique fuses with that and the external ab ob to form what?
Definition
external sheath of the rectus abdominis
Term
cremaster M
Definition
asociated with the spermatic cord and is the most caudal group of fibers in the internal ab ob
Term
where is the trnasversus abdominis M
Definition
medial to the internal abdominal oblique; arises from the medial surface of the last four or five ribs and from the transvers processes of the lumbar vertebrae
Term
the transversus abdominis's what attaches to the linea alba
Definition
aponeurosis
Term
where is the rectus abdominis
Definition
extends from the pecten of the pubis as the prepubic tendona nd continues cranially to the sternum
Term
recuts abdominis
Definition
flexes the thoracolumbar part of the vertebral colum
Term
on humans, the rectus abdominis is called what?
Definition
six pack!
Term
diaphragm is the main muscle for what?
Definition
inspriation
Term
where do the girdle muscles pass?
Definition
b/t the trunk and forelimb
Term
t/f large animals have a clavicle
Definition
F
Term
the tendon in the brachiocephalicus muscle located at the level of the shoulder joint
Definition
clavicular intersection
Term
where is the clavicular intersection located?
Definition
at the level of the shoulder joint in the brachiocephalicus musscle
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