Term
|
Definition
| The two liver enzymes that can indicate liver problemes |
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|
Term
| List the core canine vaccines |
|
Definition
Distemper combo
* canine distemper virus
* adenovirus 2 (hepatitis)
* parvovirus
Rabies |
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|
Term
| List the non-core canine vaccines |
|
Definition
Bordatella
Parainfluenza
Leptospirosis
Borrelia
Canine coronavirus
Giardia |
|
|
Term
| List the core feline vaccines |
|
Definition
Rabies
Distemper combo
* panleukopenia
* herpesvirus (viral rhinotracheitis)
* calicivirus |
|
|
Term
| List the non-core feline vaccines |
|
Definition
Leukemia (FeLV)
FIV
FIP
Chlamydophyla felis
Bordatella
Giardia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This disease can cause:
* fever
* leukopenia
* conjunctivitis, rhinitis, cough, vomiting, diarrhea
* anorexia
* dehydration
* secondary bacterial infections
* skin rash, hyperkeratotic foot pads (hard pad)
* encephalitis, seizures, ataxia, blindness
* onset of signs may be delayed for years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CAV-1 (canine adenovirus type 1) |
|
|
Term
| Used in the hepatitis vaccine |
|
Definition
| CAV-2 (canine adenovirus type 2) |
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|
Term
This disease can cause:
* fever
* depression
* lethargy
* leukepenia
* liver disease / failure
* bleeding problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common clinical sign of this canine infectious disease is hematuria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This disease can cause:
* clinical signs related to disorders of the kidneys, liver & blood vessels
* fever
* anorexia
* hematuria
* vomiting
* petechial hemorrhage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This virus can live for several years in the environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This disease can cause:
* lethargy
* fever
* leukopenia
* vomiting
* bloody diarrhea
* anorexia
* dehydration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Certain breeds of dog (pit bulls, dobermans, rottweilers, puppies) are more vulnerable to this disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease can cause mild gastroenteritis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Parainfluenza & bordatella bronchiseptica work together to cause this disease |
|
Definition
| Kennel cough (Bordatella) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This disease may cause:
* fever
* lethargy
* painful, swollen joints
* can infect any organ, system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vaccination protocol for Lyme disease? |
|
Definition
Vaccinate at 12 weeks of age, booster in 2 - 4 weeks, then annually.
Used for at-risk animals only, not a core vaccine |
|
|
Term
| What is the vaccination protocol for the canine distemper combo? |
|
Definition
| First vaccine as early as 6 weeks, boosters given every 3 - 4 weeks until 16 weeks old, then every 1 - 3 years. |
|
|
Term
| What is the vaccination protocol for rabies in dogs? |
|
Definition
| First vaccine between 12 - 16 weeks old, boostered in one year, then boostered every 1 - 3 years |
|
|
Term
| What is the vaccination protocol for bordatella? |
|
Definition
IN as early as 12 weeks of age, no booster, effective for 6 months.
SQ given as early as 12 weeks, boostered once in 3 - 4 weeks, then every year. |
|
|
Term
| What is the vaccination protocol for leptospirosis? |
|
Definition
| First vaccine given as early as 6 weeks, boostered every 3 - 4 weeks until 16 weeks old, then given every 1 - 3 years. Not a core vaccine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Feline viral rhinotracheitis (herpesvirus)
Calici virus
Panleukopenia |
|
|
Term
This feline disease can cause:
* fever
* anorexia
* leukopenia
* depression
* vomiting / diarrhea
* dehydration
* in-utero infection causes cerebellar hypoplasia |
|
Definition
| Panleukopenia (Feline distemper) |
|
|
Term
| The feline version of parvo |
|
Definition
| parvovirus: panleukopenia (feline distemper) |
|
|
Term
This feline disease can cause:
* fever
* sneezing
* ocular & nasal discharge, salivatin
* conjunctivitis possibly leading to corneal ulcer
* anorexia, depression
* cough |
|
Definition
| Upper respiratory infection, can be caused by herpesvirus (rhinotracheitis), calicivirus, bordatella, chlmaydophyla felis |
|
|
Term
| This feline disease has three types |
|
Definition
| FeLV: feline leukemia virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generalized immunosuppression leading to opportunistic infections or cancers (mycoplasma haemofelis, recurrent URI) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Lymphosarcoma or leukemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degeneration of bone marrow cells causing anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia |
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|
Term
| Vaccine protocol for FeLV: |
|
Definition
| Test before vaccination. First vax given at 9 weeks, boostered in 3 - 4 weeks, then yearly. Vaccination site: distal left rear leg preferred. |
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|
Term
| This feline disease is related to HIV, but is not zoonotic |
|
Definition
| FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) |
|
|
Term
| This feline disease is caused by a mutated coronavirus, and is fatal once it shows clinical signs |
|
Definition
| FIP (feline infectious peritonitis) |
|
|
Term
| This feline disease has a dry form and a wet form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dry form of FIP can cause |
|
Definition
| inflammatory masses (granulomas) on any organ |
|
|
Term
| Wet form of FIP can cause |
|
Definition
| acute accumulation of proteinaceous, yellow to amber fluid in thorax and/or abdomen |
|
|
Term
| This feline disease is usually only confirmed by necropsy or histopathology of tissue biopsy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yellow, indicates presence of bilirubin, normal in horses and reptiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pink to red, indicates damaged RBCs due to sampling error or disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White or milky, indicates fat in blood from recent ingestion of food, obesity or disease |
|
|
Term
| Increase in this enzyme indicates hepatocellular damage |
|
Definition
| ALT (alanine transferase) |
|
|
Term
| Elevations of this enzyme indicates liver necrosis or muscle damage |
|
Definition
| AST (Aspartate transferase) |
|
|
Term
| Elevations in this enzyme can indicate cholestasis |
|
Definition
| ALP / ALKP (alkaline phosphatase) |
|
|
Term
| Increase in this enzyme comes from the breakdown of RBCs (hemoglobin) and can indicateliver or hemolytic disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme can decrease with liver failure, but is more commonly used to measure kidney function |
|
Definition
| BUN (blood urea nitrogen) |
|
|
Term
| An increase in this enzyme can indicate a myriad of renal problems, from simple dehydration to UO to renal disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme is more specific to the kidneys than any other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increases in these two enzymes can indicate pancreatitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic enzyme that digests fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic enzyme that digests carbs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease causes vomiting, anorexia, painful abdomen, elevated amylase and lipase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: inability of the pancreas to produce enough enzymes for digestion |
|
|
Term
| What is the TLI test for? |
|
Definition
| Trypsin like immunoreactivity: tests for EPI |
|
|
Term
| What breed of dog is most prone to developing EPI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic tumors can cause what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most common WBC in dog and cat
Also called segs or PMN’s
Granules in cytoplasm lyse bacteria
Lifespan is 24 hours
First line of defense against microbial infections |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Red/pink granules release anti-histamine
Lifespan is 8-15 days
Found mainly in tissues ( GI tract, respiratory, skin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Engulf bacteria:
They detoxify bacteria, antigen/antibody complexes, fungi and inert particles
Control inflammation:
They release anti-histamine from granules to counteract infiltration of fluid.
Help breakdown clots:
Have profibrinolysin in granules to breakdown fibrinogen in clots. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Least common cell in dogs and cats
Lavender granules release histamine and heparin
Lifespan is 10-12 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Induce inflammation:
They release histamine to provide fluid to transport neutrophils to the injury
Prevent blood from clotting:
Release heparin from granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Largest WBC
Seen more in chronic conditions
Can engulf and destroy pathogens that can’t be effectively controlled by neutrophils. Especially intracellular organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Help to provide immunity:
Involved in many stages of the antigen-antibody response.
Phagocytosis:
Of bacteria, fungi and protozoa
Pinocytosis:
Removal of liquids from inflammatory processes
Coagulation and fibrinolysis:
Generation of several clotting factors and lysing activators.
Scavenger Role:
Removal of dead, dying and damaged cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This lymphocyte is a very long-lived cell. Usually around 4 yrs, but a small percentage up to 20 yrs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This lymphocyte lives a few hours to 3-4 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the two types of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells that are actively producing antibodies are called |
|
Definition
| reactive lymphs or plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| B cells produce what against a specific antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do T-cells destroy pathogens? |
|
Definition
| Attach to invading agents and destroy them |
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan for RBCs? |
|
Definition
| Average lifespan is 110 days for the dog, 68 days for the cat |
|
|
Term
| What does a regenerative left shift anemia indicate? |
|
Definition
| Indicates a bone marrow response to the anemic disease process; good prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the lab findings for a regenerative left shift? |
|
Definition
High WBC count
# of mature neuts > # of bands |
|
|
Term
| What does a degenerative left shift anemia indicate? |
|
Definition
| Indicates an unresponsive or overworked bone marrow; a poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the lab findings for a degenerative left shift anemia? |
|
Definition
Low WBC count
# of bands (& other immature neuts) > # mature neuts |
|
|
Term
| What is a neutrophilic right shift? |
|
Definition
| > 5% hypersegmented neutrophils ( > 5 lobes) |
|
|
Term
| What types of patients do you see a neutrophilic right shift in? |
|
Definition
Seen in animals with Vitamin B12/ Folic acid deficiency
Seen with long-term steroid treatments |
|
|
Term
| What are reactive lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
B lymphocytes engaged in antibody production
Appear as small to med-sized with a rim of deep blue cytoplasm
Report, if any seen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the hallmark RBC morphology for IMHA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disorders or diseases are spherocytes associated with? |
|
Definition
Hemolytic anemias
Hallmark cell for Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)
Hereditary sperocytosis
Post transfusion with mismatched blood |
|
|
Term
| What diseases or disorders are target cells associated with? |
|
Definition
Non-regenerative anemias
Chronic liver dz |
|
|
Term
| What disease processes or injuries are schistocytes seen with? |
|
Definition
Seen in sever burn cases
Combined with spherocytes – hallmark for IMHA
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC)
Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) |
|
|
Term
| What causes crenation, or echinocytes? |
|
Definition
Usually due to an artifact caused by not adequately waving the slide dry
Can be caused from making slides with EDTA blood older than 3 hours |
|
|
Term
| What are burr cells typically caused by? |
|
Definition
Renal dz
Lymphosarcoma
Post exercise (esp. horses)
Rattlesnake bites |
|
|
Term
| What can cause acanthocytes |
|
Definition
Serious pathologic condition
Associated with Liver dz and hepatic lipidosis |
|
|
Term
| What are stomatocytes associated with? |
|
Definition
| Associated with a rare inherited disorder but normal in dolphins |
|
|
Term
| Keratocytes can occur when? |
|
Definition
| When present in larger numbers or with other poikilocytes (schistocytes, acanthocytes), keratocytes suggest mechanical injury to the red cells. This occurs in conditions causing microangiopathic hemolysis (DIC, vasculitis, hemangiosarcoma) and/or mechanical fragility, e.g. iron deficiency anemia (refer to image shown under 'hypochromasia') and oxidant injury. In cats, keratocytes can be seen in increased numbers in liver disease, e.g. hepatic lipidosis. |
|
|
Term
| What causes basophilic stippling? |
|
Definition
Results from precipitation of RNA during the Diff Quik staining process
May indicate abnormal RBC formation in the bone marrow
Various anemias
Lead poisoning |
|
|
Term
| What are Howell Jolly bodies? |
|
Definition
Nuclear remnants are normally removed from peripheral blood by a pitting process in the spleen
Associated with:
Splenectomy
Cases of abnormal RBC formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
denatured, precipitated hemoglobin
Cats normally have a small percentage
NMB stain is necessary to see actual inclusion
Associated with:
Acetaminophen (Tylenol®) poisoning
Onions: raw, cooked, and dehydrated
Zinc toxicity
Propylene glycol
Crude oil ingestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Associated with:
Multiple myeloma
Normal occurrence in some species (horses especially) |
|
|
Term
| Agglutination is associated with what type of anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polychromasia happens with what type of anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pathopysiological (or general) causes for anemia? |
|
Definition
Acute or chronic blood loss
Hemolytic conditions or disease (IMHA)
Nutritional defeciencies (IDA)
Decrease due to RBC hypoplasia in bone marrow production (kidney dz = decreased erythropoietin) |
|
|
Term
| Define regenerative anemia |
|
Definition
| Bone marrow is responding to the blood loss by producing and releasing RBCs in decreasing levels of maturity |
|
|
Term
| What does the blood picture for regenerative anemia typically look like? |
|
Definition
Immature rbcs
Polychromatophils/ retics
nRBCs
Anisocytosis
Increased Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) = macrocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Non-regenerative anemia means what? |
|
Definition
| Bone marrow is not responding to the blood loss |
|
|
Term
| What does the blood picture for non-regenerative anemia look like? |
|
Definition
Only presently mature RBCs circulating
Do not see immature RBCs in bloodstream
Poikilocytosis
Decreased MCV and MCHC = microcytosis and hypochromasia |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of regenerative anemia? |
|
Definition
hemorrhage
hemolytic disease |
|
|
Term
| What can cause non-regenerative anemia? |
|
Definition
Nutritional deficiencies
Kidney dz
Primary bone marrow failure |
|
|
Term
| What is the retic formula? |
|
Definition
# retics in 1000 RBCs/10 = % retics
Ex: count 100 rbcs for 10 fields.
Tally each field –
5, 6, 4, 5, 7, 4, 6, 3, 8, 5 = 53 retics
53 retics/10 fields = 5.3% retics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tyrosine crystal
pH: Acid
can indicate liver disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystal
pH: Acid or Neutral
Normal in small amounts, in large amounts can indicate urolithiasis, most often occur after eating high-oxalate foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal
pH: Acid
Often seen in cases of ethylene glycol poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amorphous urates
pH: Acid
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leucine crystal
pH: Acid
Can indicate liver disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cystine crystal
pH: Acid
Can indicate renal tubular disorders |
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|
