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| Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans |
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| Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth |
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| believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth |
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| required of members of the Puritan Church; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church |
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| society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminately |
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| Protestant church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty |
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| often debtors sold to slave traders by African kings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange |
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| first permanent English settlement in the Americas (1607), along James River |
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| introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation, diplomat to Local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish and Turks |
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| key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617 |
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| foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land |
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| Calvinist, devised concept of "city on a hill" ("A Model of Christian Charity"); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay |
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| exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs |
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| settlers to pay the expenses of a servant's voyage and be granted land for each person they brought over; headright system |
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| Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649) |
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| mandated the toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant) |
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| reluctant to give colonists their own government, preferred to appoint royal governors |
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| William Penn and the Quakers |
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| settled in Pennsylvania, believed the "Inner Light" could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers |
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| challenged New Englanders to completely separate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church |
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| challenged New England Calvinist ministers' authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism |
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| New Englanders who did not wish to relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saints so that their children would be able to have the opportunity to be saints |
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| rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans |
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| only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763 |
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| ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; too restrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists |
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| tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures |
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| ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies |
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| combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one "supercolony" governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a "supergovernor" |
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| William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures |
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| established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors |
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| emphasis on human reason, logic, and science (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity |
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| connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan |
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| began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities |
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| believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine |
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| powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity |
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| Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance |
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| New Lights vs. Old Lights |
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| New Lights brought new ideas, rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other |
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