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Tissues Integumentary System Bone Tissue Axial System Appenicular System
169
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/03/2012

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Cards

Term
What are the names of the cell junctions?
Definition
Adhern Juctions, Tight Junctions, Gap Junctions, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosomes
Term
Role of Tight Junctions
Definition
Prevent Leakage and Passage of Materials between cells
Term
What are tight junctions structure?
Definition
plasma membranes of two cells are fused with a strip of proteins
Term
Locations of Tight Junctions
Definition
1. epithelium of bladder (prevents urine leakage)
2. epithelium of intestine & stomach (prevents food leakage)
Term
type of cell junction whose main role is to hold epithelial cells together
Definition
Adhern Juction
Term
3-part structure of Adherens junctions
Definition
1. PLAQUE (dense layer of protein inside cell membrane)
2. transmembrane glycoproteins (CADHERINS): cross the plaques of the two connected cells
3. microfilaments of ACTIN extend through cytoplasm
Term
what are Cadherins?
Definition
Cadherins = transmembrane glycoproteins that cross the plaques of two adjacent cells in ADHERENS junctions and Desmosomes
Term
cell junction that resists cell separation and disruption during TENSION & provide cellular support for CARDIAC muscle
Definition
Desmosomes *spot welds*
Term
3-part structure of desmosomes
Definition
1. Plaque
2. transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins)
3. Intermediate filaments (Keratin)
Term
two locations of desmosomes
Definition
1. epidermis
2. cardiac muscle cells
Term
role of hemidesmosomes
Definition

Hemidesmosomes connect cells to the basement membrane!!!!  *half welds*

 

 

Hemidesmosomes DO NOT link adjacent cells!

Term
where are hemidesmosomes widely distributed?
Definition
within EPITHELIA (which has basement membrane)
Term
what are GAP junctions
Definition
tiny intercellular gap between the plasma membranes
Term
what is specific to the structure of gap junctions
Definition
gap junctions are crossed by CONNEXONS= protein channels between the two plasma membranes, filled with fluid
Term
role of connexons in gap junctions
Definition
throught connexons, cells exchange ions and small molecules
Term
3 locations of gap junctions
Definition
1. involuntary muscle (cardiac & smooth)
2. osteocytes
3. epithelia of gut
Term
4 Main types of Tissues Are?
Definition

1.Epithlial Tissue

2.Connective Tissue

3.Muscular Tissue

4.Nervous Tissue

Term
Epithelial Tissues
Definition
Sheet of Cells that Covers Body Surfaces, forms glands, line hllow organs, body cavities, and ducts
Term
Basement Membrane
Definition
Ancors the Epithelial Tissue
Contains: Collagen IV, Proteoglycans, and a protein calles Laminin
Term
Simple squamous epithelium
 
 
Definition
lines the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, the interiors of lines the blood vessels (where it is called vascular endothelium), and membranes in the thrax and abdomen. The cells are thin and flattened, so that substances diffuse easily through them.
Term
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
Definition
A single layer of cube-shaped cells. Lines ducts of various glands, kidney tubules. Functions in secretion and absorption
Term
Simple columnar epithelium
Definition
this epithelium is thicker.
Found lining the gut and uterus. Aside from providing some protection for the underlying tissues, this type epithelium functions in secretion and abosortption.
Usually have microvilli to help create surface area.
Term
Goblet Cells
Definition
Simple Columnar Cells .. Ability to SECRET MUCOUS
Term
Pseudostratified columnar
Definition
Appears to be stratified, but is not. It also have goblet cells (produces mucus). The cells usually have cilia (hair sweepers)
 
***** FOUND IN = TRACHEA****
Term
Stratified squamous
Definition
has many layers of flat cells. The cells next to the basement are dividing and pushing older cells near the surface.

Found in the mouth, throat, vagina, anal canal, (these cells are not keratinized.)

Skin is Keratinized (made harder)
Term
Transitional Epithelium
Definition
Also known as uroepithelium because it lines the urinary bladder and urinary tract. its cuboidal cells provide an expandable and relatively impermeable lining to the bladder.
 
****FULL BLADDER = CELLS FLATTENED****
*** EMPTY BLADDER = Apical DOME CELLS****
Term
What are glands?
Definition
Glands are collections of cells that secrete substances. there are two major types of gland.
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
secretions pass straight into the blood stream. (throid, pancreas, pituitary)

the products they secrete (insulin, sex hormones, groth hormones.)
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
Glands where the cells secrete into ducts that open into a surface
(sweat glands, salicary glands)
Term
Merocrine glands (2 types)
Definition
Serous merocrine glands have watery secretions (e.g. seat glands, some salivary glands)
Mucous merocrine glands hace this secretions (e.g. glands found in the respitory tubes, some salivary glands)
Term
Halocrine glands
Definition
Secrete entire cells laden with secretory cell product (e.g. sebaceous glands in the skin). the cells then disintegrate, releasing the secretory product.
Term
Function of Connective tissue
Definition
1. Binds structures together
2. Supports and protects
3. Serves as a framework
4. Fills up spaces
5. Stores fat
6. In some places, it generates blood cells
7. Protects against infections
8. Helps repair tissue damage
Term
What gives rise to adult connective tissue
Definition
mesenchyme
Term
mesenchyme structure (embryonic connective tissue)
Definition
star or spindle shaped mesenchymal cell, gell like ground substance with fine, immature protein fibers (more gr subst than cells)
Term
mucous connective tissue (wharton's jelly) structure

Definition
much like mesenchyme with more abundant immature protein fibers
Term

Mucous CT *(Whartons Jelly) Location

 

Definition
Umblicial Cord
Term
what is extracellular matrix(space)
Definition

The space between cells can be called the extracellular space/material. not a vacume but filled wit materials (collagenous and elastic fibers and Ground substance)



if its liquid the tissue will be loose (blood)

if it got fibers it will be tough

Term
Ground Substance
Definition

   This is the liquid portion of the extracellular matrix.  It is never entirely watery, but more gel-like.Composed of special protein molecules to which are attached large amounts of carbohydrates. These molecules are called proteoglycans.


***they bind water, big role in hydration***

Term
What are the 3 connective tissue fibers?
Definition

COLLAGEN (MAIN PROTEIN OF CT)

Retricular Fibers

Elastic Fiber

Term
COLLAGEN (CT PROTEIN)
Definition

MOST ABUDANT PROTEIN IN THE BODY

 

white fibers

Collagens are major body proteins, consising of three intertwined amino acid chains, where every third amino acid chain is a glycine. The amino acids proline and hydroxyproline are also important in holding the structure of the molecule together.

Term
Elastic fibers
Definition
yellow fibers composed mainly of the protein elastin, buy also contain a protein called fibrillin
Term
Reticular Fibers
Definition
Thin bundles of collagen.
Term
Fibroblasts cells
Definition
cells that produce fiber!
Term
Macrophages
Definition
these cells are large and are derived from blood cells.   A certain white blood cell can leave the blood and enter tissue, and is then called a macrophage.  This cell is a scavenger in our connective tissues.  It chews up foreign particles in the tissue by phagocytosis, protecting and cleaning out our bodies.
Term
MAST CELLS
Definition
Large cells packed with granules, usually located near blood vessels.

Function: Release substances that help prevent blood clotting and promote the inflammatory response
Term
White blood cells
Definition
Move into connective tissue during the inflammation response
Term
Loose Connective Tissue
(areolar connective tissue)
Definition

****most widley distributed in the body**

 

Composed of both collagenous and elastic fibers randomly dispersed in the matrix. Numerous fibroblasts are present.

Both flexibility and strength. It binds tissues together yet allows flexibility and elasticity. It is found surrounding blood vessels and nerves, muscle groups, and binding skin to underlying muscles.

Term
Adipose Tissue **LCT**
Definition
***SUBCUTAENOUS LAYER*** No fiber, made up adipocyte cell

Store tryglycerides (fat cells) - represent the body's most important energy resourse
(fills spaces, cushions and holds organs in place, acts as a shock absorber, insulates, and give shape.)
Term
Reticular Connective Tissue ***LCT***
Definition

network of reticular fibers and cells.

 

forms scaffolding usedby cells of lymphoid tissues ** spleen, lymph node***

Term
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Definition
Densely packed and arranged parallel to the direction of the force. Interspersed among the collagen fibers are elastin fibers. Tissue has a poor blood supply that makes the healing process slow.
****TENDONS, LIGAMENTS***
Term
Dense regular tissue: Tendons
Definition
atttach muscle to bone
Term
Dense Regular tissue: ligaments
Definition
Attach Bone to bone
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
If one of the cells gets sick or dies, these seal like a hatch to prevent damage to other cells.
Term
C.T. that stores energy.
Definition
Fat
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets are all
Term
Muscular Tissue
Definition
generate the physical force needed to make body structures move.
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses.
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
C.T. and muscle are
derived
Term
forms a single layer of column-like cells, ±cilia, ±microvilli, ±mucous
Definition
SImple Columnar Epithelium
Term
The apical ―dome cells‖ of
the top layer (seen here in
relaxation) are an
identifiable feature and
signify an
Definition
Empty Bladder
Term
Stratified squamous
epithelium
Definition
prominent feature
of the outer layers
of the skin.
Term

hyaline cartilage

function-

Definition
lacks elasticity, durable, keeps open (trachea)
Term

hyaline cartilage

location-

Definition
trachea, fetal skeleton, ribs-connects to sternum, joints
Term

fibrocartilage

location-

Definition
knee joint, between discs in vertebrea
Term

hyaline cartilage

description-

Definition
long piece of cartilage
Term

fibrocartilage

 

description-

 

Definition
waves
Term

elastic cartilage

function-

Definition
elasticity, bounces back to shape
Term

fibrocartilage

function-

Definition
shock absorbtion
Term

elastic cartilage

description-

Definition
dark appearance with purple dots, elastic fibers at 40x
Term

elastic cartilage

location-

Definition
ear nose
Term
Endothelium
Definition
specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary –it is extremely important in reducing turbulence of flow of blood.
Term
Mesothelium
Definition
found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, peritoneum
Term
Fibroblasts
Definition
are the most numerous cell of connective tissues. These cells secrete protein fibers (collagen, elastin, & reticular
fibers) and a
―ground substance‖
which varies from
one C.T. to another.
Term

Sparse cells
Surrounded by an extracellular matrix
Definition
all C.T. share a common ―theme
Term
Connective TIssue
Definition

Chondrocytes make the various cartilaginous
Adipocytesstore triglycerides.
Osteocytesmake bone.
White blood cells are part of the blood.

 

ARE APART OF??????

Term
are the ―big eaters‖ that swallow and destroy invaders or debris. They can be fixed or wandering.
Definition
Macrophages
Term
also macrophages "small eaters" that are numerous in the blood
Definition
Term
Mast Cells and Eosinophils
Definition
play an important role in inflammation
Term

Lymphocytes

Definition
secrete antibody proteins and attack invaders
Term
Bone
Definition
Which connective tissue has a calcified intracellular matrix?
Term
Chondrocytes of cartilage are capable of turning into the ____ that make up  ____ _____
Definition
osteocytes ------ bone tissue
Term
Blood and Lymph
Definition
liquid connecticve tissues
Term
Epithelial membranes are the simplest organs True or Flase
Definition
True
Term
Epithelial Membranes =
Definition
epithelium and connective tissue
Term
Mucous Membranes line "interior" body surfaces open to the outside. Which ones?
Definition

Digestive Tract, Respiratory tract, Reproductive Tract

 

Term
Serous Membranes Line some internal surfaces like?
Definition

Partietal Layer

Serious fluid between layers

Visceral Layer next to organ

 

 

 

Term
Cutaneous Membrane =?
Definition
Skin
Term
in a simple gland does ducts branch?
Definition
does not branch
Term
in a compound gland ducts does it  branch?
Definition
compound gland ducts branch
Term
Does tublar glands have round or tubular secretory parts?
Definition
tubular
Term
Does Acinar have round or tube secretory parts?
Definition
Round secretory Parts
Term
Areolar CT is also called?
Definition
lamina propria
Term
Serous membrane
Definition
lines a cavity that DOES NOT open to the OUTSIDE
Term
Epithelium Serous Memebrane is called?
Definition
Mesothelium
Term
Pleura Location?
Definition
LUNG
Term
PERICARDIUM location
Definition
HEART
Term
peritoneum location
Definition
abdominal cavity
Term
Parietal part will line the ?
Definition
Cavity
Term
Visceral parts cover?
Definition
the orangs in the cavity
Term
MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINES A CAVITY THAT?
Definition
opens to the outside
Term
nervous tissues has 2 cells what are they?
Definition
neurons (brain cells) & neuroglia (support)
Term

Meroctine Secretion

most common manner of secretion

Definition

gland releases its product by exocytosis.. no gland is lost or damaged

 

Term
apocrine glands bud
Definition
their secretions off through the pm prudcing membrane bound vesicles in the lumen of the gland.
Term
Holocrine secretions r produced by?
Definition
rupture of the pm, release entire cellular content in lumen,which will kill the cell
Term
Integumentary system includes
Definition
skin, including hair nails and glands as well as blood vessels, muscles and nerves
Term
Clevage line
Definition
Pattern of collagen and elastin fiber bundles in the dermis & follows the lines of tension in the skin
Term
Two layers of Skin are?
Definition

Epidermis

Dermis

 

 

 

Term
Epidermis composed of
Definition
Kertinized stratfied squamous epithelium
Term
Kertinized stratfied squamous epithelius has 4 major types of cells, what are they?
Definition

Kertinocytes

Melanocytes

Langerhans Cells

Merkel Cells

 

Term
keratinocytes make up 70% 80% 90% or 100% of the cells
Definition
90 percent!
Term
Kertain is a
Definition
tough fiborous protein that provides protection and makes it waterproof
Term
Melanocytes produce
Definition
pigment melanin (((that protects against damage by uv radiation)))
Term

Langhren Cells are macrophages

 

Definition

originate in red bone marrow

INVOLVED IN IMMUNE Responses

Term
Merkels Cells function
Definition
sensation of touch along wit other adjact tactile discs.
Term

How layers are in the epidermis

 

Definition
5 layers
Term
Stratum Basale
Definition

bottom (deepest layer).

Cell devision occurs here and produces all layers.

Term
Stratum Spinosum
Definition
Layer of 8-10 kertinocytes
Term
Stratum Granulosum
Definition

3rd Layer filled with granules of kertin.

NON DIVIDING

Term
Stratum Lucidum
Definition

4th layer **Only present in thick skin**

**fingertips,palms,soles***

Term
Stratum Corneum
Definition

always outer most layer composed of 20 layers of flat cells-remnants

 

*SHEDDDING***

 

Term
dermis
Definition
vascular & nutritive Layer
Term
Kertinization is when?
Definition
replacing of viable cells in the stratum basale with more waxy kertain protein as cells move from deepest layer to surface layer
Term
Dandruff
Definition
Excess of kertainzed cells shed from scalp
Term
how many types of skin which are they
Definition

2 types

Thin (hairy) skin all body but palms

Thick (hairless) skin --- palms --palmar - digits -sole

 

Term
Melanin
Definition

produced by melanocytes in stratrum basale

 

Eumelanin (brown to black)

Pheomelanin (yellow to red)

Term
What causes goosebumps
Definition
Arrector Pili
Term
Freckles
Definition
Custered consentrated melanin triggerd by sunlight
Term
Superficial Fascia
Definition
The subcutaneous layer, consisting of loose connective tissue and fat (adipose) tissue, found below the dermis and above muscle and bone
Term
nevi "birthmarks"
Definition
chronic lesions of the skin
Term
vitiligo
Definition

depigmentation patches in the skin.

 

Term
Albinism
Definition
complete of partial absense of pigment in the skin, eyes, hair.. DUE TO defect OF ENZYME
Term
The dermis is composed of?
Definition

Connective Tissue

(collagen & elastic fibers)

Term
Dermis has two regions
Definition

1. Papillary region

2. Reticular Region

Term
Papillary Region is below the epidermis and
Definition
areolar connective tissue
Term
Reticular region consists of
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue
Term
Tears of excesion stretching *stretch marks** occur in what region.
Definition
Reticular region
Term
What determines the color of your skin
Definition

3 Pigments!!

1.melanin

2.carotene

3.hemoglobin

 

 

Term
Sebaceous Gland
Definition
Glands located along the shaft of the hair
Term
Subcutanous Layer
Definition
Is beneath skin not apart of skin
Term
Subcutaneous layer
Definition
Stores Fat
Term
What is a sebaceous gland?
Definition
Also known as oil glands, secrete sebum.
Term
Where in the skin layer would you find blood and lymph vessels?
Definition
Dermis
Term
What is the function of the sudoriferous glands?
Definition

secrete sweat, or persperation.

 

(Sweat Glands)

Term
Sebum
Definition
Oily substance (secreted from sebaceous glands), prevent dehydration, soften skin & hair, slow growth of bacteria
Term
Acne
Definition
A bacterial inflammation of the sebaceous glands
Term
Sudoriforous Glands
Definition
sweat glands
Term
Eccrine Glands
Definition
the most numerous type of sweat glands
Term
Apocrine Glands
Definition
When under stress, these glands produce secretions that are thicker and have a stronger odor than those of the eccrine glands
Term
melanin
Definition
Found in epidermis, makes up most of our skin color
Term
Carotene
Definition
Yellow pigment found in dermis, naturally gives skin of some individuals a yellow tint.
Term

V

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

Definition
Oxygen-carrying red pigment molecule in the blood.
Term
Albinos have pale skin because?
Definition
Defect of an enzyme involved in the production of melanin
Term
What enzyme converts the tyrosin into melanin?
Definition
tyrosinase
Term
What causes an increase in melanin productions and why
Definition

the sun uv rays

In order to protect your skin, melanocytes produce more melanin which means youll be darker

Term
Pacinian Corpuscles
Definition

type of touch receptor located in the skin

found deep in dermis ***sense of pressure***

Term
Melanoma
Definition

MOST DANAGEROUS TYPE OF SKIN CANCER

can develop on any part of the body, however the arms, legs and trunk are the most common area of the body. When detected early, it is considered highly treatable.Symptoms include a mole, freckle, or new/existing spot that changes color in size, shape, and color.

Term

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Definition

most common skin cancer

found in face neck hands

 

Symptoms include a sore that oozes or bleeds, a redness area that is irritated, a yellow or white area that resembles a scar, and a pink pearly bump.

Term

Malignant Melanoma 4 warning signs are?

 

Definition

Asymmetry

Border

Color

Diameter

Term
Burn
Definition
Tissue damage caused by excessive heat that denature proteins to the skin cells
Term
Burns are graded according to their?
Definition
severity
Term
1st degree burn
Definition
Only epidermis (no blisters)
Term
Second Degree Burn
Definition
destroys epidermis and part of the dermis
Term
3rd degree burn
Definition

destroys all 3 layers

epidermis

dermis

subcutaneous layer

 

Term
A major burn includes
Definition

3' burns over 10% of body surface

2' burns over 25% of body surfaces

Any 3' burns on face hands feet or perineum

Term
When a burn exceeds 70% victims?
Definition
die
Term
the dermis develops from the
Definition
mesoderm
Term
What causes wrinkles as we age
Definition
we become older our skin gets thinner, drier and less elastic.
Term
Why does milk have vitamin D added?
Definition
Vitamin D must be present for calcium to be absorbed and used. That's why milk is fortified with Vitamin D
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