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COLLAB: COLLAB: Anatomy and physiology
Immune System
51
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/18/2017

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Cards

Term
The immune system protects against -------------.
Definition
Assaults on the body
Term
What are examples of microorganism responsible for external assaults?
Definition
Protozoan, bacteria, and viruses.
Term
What are examples of microorganism responsible for internal assaults?
Definition
Abnormal cells reproduce & form tumors that may become cancerous & spread.
Term
2 major categories of immune mechanisms:
Definition
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
Term

self- markers

Definition

molecules on the surface of cells that are unique to an individual, thus identifying the cell as self to the immune system

Term
Innate immunity:
Definition
(Non-specific immunity/inherited immunity) provides a general, nonspecific defense against anything that is not "self".
Term
Adaptive immunity
Definition
(Specific immunity/acquired immunity) acts as a specific defense against specific threatening agents
Term
Fever is believed to increase--------function and inhibit --------.
Definition
Immune
Pathogens
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles by phagocytes.
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
Chemical attraction of cells to the source of the chemical attractant.
Term
Diapedesis
Definition
Process by which immune cells squeeze through the wall of a blood vessel to get to the site of injury or infection.
Term
Neutrophil
Definition
Most numerous phagocyte; usually first to arrive at site of injury.
Term
Macrophage
Definition
(Means "large eater") large phagocytic cells.
Term
Natural killer (NK) cells:
Definition
(Third line of defense) lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells infected by viruses
Term
Five classes of antibodies:
Definition
Immunoglobulins M, G, A, E, and D
Term
IgM
Definition

Antibody that naive B cells synthesize and insert into their own plasma membranes; the predominant class

*produced after initial contact with an antigen.

Term
IgG
Definition

Makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood; predominant antibody of the

*secondary antibody response.

Term
IgA
Definition

Major class of antibody in mucous membranes,

*in saliva and tears.

Term
IgE
Definition
Small amount; produces harmful effects such as allergies.
Term
IgD
Definition

Small amount in blood;

*precise function unknown.

Term

What do the clones selected by antigens consist of and how are they selected?

(Clonal selection Theory)

Definition
Lymphocytes and are selected according to the shape of antigen receptors on the lymphocyte's plasma membrane.
Term
Suppressor T-cells:
Definition
Regulatory T-cells that suppress B cell differentiation, thus regulating immunity and promoting self-tolerance.
Term
Describe innate immunity?
Definition

AKA Inborn or inherited immunity

Genetic mechanisms put innate immune mechanisms in place during development in the womb.

Term
Adaptive or acquired immunity:
Definition
Resistance developed after birth.
Term
What are the two types of Adaptive or acquired immunity?
Definition
Natural and Artificial
Term
Natural immunity results from:
Definition
Non-deliberate exposure to antigens
Term
Artificial immunity results from:
Definition
Deliberate exposure to antigens, called immunization
Term
Active immunity:
Definition
  • When the immune system responds to a harmful agent regardless of whether it was natural or artificial.
  • Lasts longer than passive
  • A child develops measles and acquires and develops immunity to a subsequent infection.
Term
Passive immunity:
Definition
  • Developed when immunity from another individual is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune.
  • It is temporary but provides immediate protection.
  • A fetus receives protection from the mother through the placenta, or mother's milk.
Term
Clonal selection Theory
Definition
The body contains many diverse clones of cells, each committed by its genes to synthesize a different antibody.
Term
What are B cells first known as?
Definition
Naive cells (inactive)
Term
Unknown function of which antibody?
Definition
IgD
Term
Which antibody makes up 75% of all antibodies in blood?
Definition
IgG
Term
Which antibody is produced after contact with an antigen?
Definition
IgM
Term
Which antibody is commonly found in tears and saliva?
Definition
IgA
Term
Which antibody is associated with a reaction?
Definition
IgG
Term
Fever is triggered by:
Definition
Inflammation mediators
Term
Self-Markers
Definition
Molecules on the surface of cells that are unique to an individual, thus identifying the cell as "self" to the immune system
Term
Non-self-markers
Definition
Molecules on the surface of foreign or abnormal cells or particles that identify the particle as"non-self" to the immune system
Term
Self-tolerance
Definition
The ability of the immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare normal cells
Term
Species Resistance
Definition
Genetic characteristics of the human species protect the body from certain pathogens
Term
What are the innate immunity's first line of defense?
Definition
Mechanical and chemical barriers
Term
List the skin and mucous membranes that provide additional immune mechanisms.
Definition

Sebum

Mucus

enzymes

hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Term
What is the second line of defense in the innate immunity?
Definition
inflammation and fever
Term
Name 4 inflammation mediators.
Definition

Histamine

Kinins

Prostaglandins

Related Compounds

Term
What are 4 characteristic signs of inflammation?
Definition

Heat

Redness

Pain

Swelling

Term
What is Interferon?
Definition

Protein synthesized and released into circulation by certain cells if invaded by viruses to signal other nearby cells to enter a protective antiviral state

 

(TMI!)

Term
What is a Complement?
Definition

LOL - you're pretty!

 

Seriously: A group of enzymes that produce a cascade of reactions resulting in a variety of immune responses

Term
What is Opsonization?
Definition
Mark cells for destruction by phagocytes
Term
Name the 2 primary classes of lymphocytes.
Definition

B lymphocytes (B cells)

T lymphocytes (T cells)

Term
B cells develop in two stages - name them:
Definition
  1. Pre-B cells are formed in red bone marrow by hematopoietic stem cells shortly before and after birth  (aka Naive cells (inactive)
  2. The second stage occurs in lymph notes and spleen - activation of a naive B cell occurs after it binds to a specific antigen
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