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o Advocacy of the spread of Democracy and Capitalism
o Opposed to isolationism and non-intervention
o Pro-imperialism |
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o Belief in Authoritarian rule and Socialism
o Belief in National Self-determination |
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| Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939) |
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| o a non-aggression pact, signed in Moscow. The agreement gave Hitler the go ahead to invade Poland with impunity a week after the Soviets had gained the upper hand in the far east, and guaranteed Nazi Germany that they would not have to fight the USSR. In addition, the Pact assured a temporary non-involvement of the Soviet Union's participation in a European War, as well as separating both Germany and Japan from forming a military alliance, thus allowing Stalin to concentrate on Japan |
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o Mass execution committed by Russian military against Polish nationals; discovered by German soldiers when marching through Poland
o Exhibited ruthlessness of Stalin |
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o Polish government exiled to London after Soviet invasion of Poland. Remained in London until end of Cold War
o Polish government in exile actually remained in existence until 1990 as an alternative to the one set up by the Soviets. The Polish Home Army supported the government but was decimated by the Nazis in the Warsaw Uprising. |
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o Partition Germany into 2 states
o Internationalize Germany’s main centers of mining/industry
o All heavy industry be annexed or destroyed |
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o Front in WW2 opened up by Germany invading Soviets
o Broke Molotov-Ribebentrop |
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o The wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization
o Agreement to the unconditional surrender of Germany
o Split up Germany/Berlin into 4 zones
o Demilitarize Germany
o Establishment of Polish government by Soviets
o Soviet and Yugoslavian citizens to be returned to their states
o Soviet commitment to the UN
o Stalin agreed to enter fight against Japan
o Hunt down Nazi War criminals |
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o The border between Germany and Poland which was drawn in the aftermath of World War II
o Beginning of the division over Europe
o Stalin want Germans in Poland |
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| Potsdam Agreements (1945) |
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Definition
o German reparations were set
o Demilitarization of Germany
o Conclusion of Peace Treaties |
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Definition
| o Quote used by Churchill to describe the divide between Soviet Europe and the free Western Europe |
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| o The straits between Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, Soviets sought control of this are throughout the Cold War |
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o “Father of containment”
o His writing inspired Truman’s foreign policy
o Author of the Long Telegram and “X Article” |
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o Kennan described dealing with Soviet Communism as “undoubtedly greatest task our diplomacy has ever faced and probably greatest it will ever have to face”. In the first two sections, he posited concepts that became the foundation of American Cold War policy:
§ The USSR perceived itself at war with Capitalism
§ The USSR viewed left-wing, but non-communist, groups in other countries as an even worse enemy of itself than the capitalist ones
§ The USSR would use controllable Marxists in the capitalist world as allies |
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o Analyzed the sources of Soviet resentment towards the west as well as their general conduct
o Unlike the "long telegram", Kennan's well-timed article appearing in the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs under the pseudonym "X," entitled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," did not begin by emphasizing "traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity" instead it asserted that Stalin's policy was shaped by a combination of Marxist–Leninist ideology, which advocated revolution to defeat the capitalist forces in the outside world and Stalin's determination to use the notion of "capitalist encirclement" as a fig leaf legitimizing his regimentation of Soviet society so that he could consolidate his political power.
o IDEOLOGY |
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o US policy towards communism
o Centered around fighting in Ad Hoc wars to prevent the spread of communism to democratic countries (Korea, Vietnam) |
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o More scared of atomic weapons rather than Soviets
o VP 41-45
o When he ran for Pres., he wanted to end CW |
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o Policy designed to help support Greece and Turkey so they wouldn’t succumb to Communism
o Beginning of Containment policy
o "The policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." - Truman |
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o Large-scale American program to aid Europe where the United States gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet communism
o Named after US Secretary of State George Marshall due to his integral part in its creation as well as the lack of support by US citizens of President Truman |
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Definition
o A technique for turning foreign aid into reserves of domestic currency.
o They were used by the UNRRA, and the Marshall Plan in the rebuilding of Western Europe after the Second World War |
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o Communist information bureau
o Created in response to Brussels Pact, Marshall Plan etc.…
o Dissolved in 1956 as part of Krushchev’s attempt to relax Soviet control of its
peripheries in Eastern Europe.
· Dean Acheson
o Secretary of State under Truman from ’49-‘53
o Helped architect the Marshall Plan
o Most famous for convincing President Truman to intervene in the Korean War |
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o A plan proposed by the US government
o The United States, Great Britain and Canada called for an international organization to regulate atomic energy
o The plan called for control of all nuclear technologies, use of nuclear energy for only peaceful purposes, and the use of safeguards to protect from the use as weapons |
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o Yugoslavia
o While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, due to his successful economic and diplomatic policies, Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator,"
o Tito was the chief architect of the "second Yugoslavia", a socialist federation that lasted from WWII until 1991. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, he was also the first (and the only successful) Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony. |
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| Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) |
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Definition
| Soviets cut off all ground transportation to West Berlin in an attempt to "suffocate them." |
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Definition
| American/UK response to Berlin Blockade. Successful and embarrassed Soviets. Dropped supplies every 15 mins. More supplies through air than ground. |
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| o During the summer of 1949 the state department, headed by Acheson, produced a study of recent Sino-American relations. The document known officially as United States Relations with China with Special Reference to the Period 1944-1949, which later was simply called the China White Paper, attempted to dismiss any misinterpretations of Chinese and American diplomacy toward each other. Published during the height of Mao Zedong's takeover, the 1,054 page document argued that American intervention in China was doomed to failure. Although Acheson and Truman had hoped that the study would dispel rumors and conjecture, the paper helped to convince many critics that the administration had indeed failed to check the spread of communism in China. |
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Definition
o Chinese Nationalist Party
o Taiwan |
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Definition
o 1st Chairman of the communist party in China
o The architect and founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, he governed the country as Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China until his death in 1976. Politically a Marxist-Leninist, his theoretical contribution to the ideology along with his military strategies and brand of policies are collectively known as Maoism |
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o Chiang was an influential member of the Nationalist Party, the Kuomintang (KMT), and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen. He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy, and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT when Sun died in 1925. In 1926, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's nominal leader
o After American-sponsored attempts to negotiate a coalition government failed in 1946, the Chinese Civil War resumed. The CPC defeated the Nationalists in 1949, forcing Chiang's government to retreat to Taiwan, where Chiang imposed martial law and persecuted people critical of his rule in a period known as the "White Terror". After evacuating to Taiwan, Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake Mainland China. Chiang ruled the island securely as President of the Republic of China and General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975. |
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| o Represented China in the UN |
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| o North Atlantic Trade Association |
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o Shaped US Cold War Foreign policy after its implementation
o Policy outlining the policy of global containment
o Ultimately what led to the Korean and Vietnam Wars |
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o Under Eisenhower
o Push back communism rather than just contain
o Generally unsuccessful |
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o Wrote NSC-68
o Helped spark fears of the Cold War by talking about Soviet weapon build up |
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o Chancellor of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963, he led his country from the ruins of World War II to a powerful and prosperous nation that forged close relations with old enemies France and the United States.
o He was the first chancellor (head of government) of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, called West Germany), 1949–63. He was the first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a coalition of Catholics and Protestants that under his leadership became and has since remained the most dominant in Germany.
o He worked to restore the West German economy from the destruction in World War II to a central position in Europe, rebuilt its army and came to terms with France, helped make possible Western European unification, opposed rival East Germany, and made his nation a member of NATO and a firm ally of the United States. |
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o American High Commissioner in Germany
o Helped shift Germany from enemy to ally |
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| o A French political economist and diplomat. He is regarded by many as a chief architect of European unity and is regarded as one of the founding fathers of the European Union. Never elected to public office, Monnet worked behind the scenes of American and European governments as a well-connected pragmatic internationalist. The 1980–1981 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honor. |
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o A governmental proposal by then-French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to create a new form of organization of States in Europe called a supranational Community.
o It led to the peaceful re-organization of post- World War Western Europe. The proposal led first to the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community |
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| European Defense Community (1950) |
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Definition
o In response to the rearmament of Germany
o Wanted to create a Pan-European army |
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Definition
1 Red Scare
2 US Senator setup HUAC |
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| 1 McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. |
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1 House of Un-American Activities Committee
2 Headed by McCarthy
3 Hollywood investigations (blacklist) |
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Helped create the UN
1 Accused and convicted of being a Soviet spy |
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4 Accused of being Soviet spies, selling nuclear secrets
5 Executed
6 Only civilians ever executed for espionage |
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4 US Senator who was a non-interventionist
5 Senate majority leader |
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5 First President of the Republic of Korea/South Korea
6 Anti-communist |
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The prime minister of Iran
1 Was ousted by the Brits and Americans due to his reliance on the pro-Soviet Tudeh Party |
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Definition
5 Perimeter set up in southeast corner of Korea where N. Korea drove enemy forces back to
6 Perimeter was broken when MacArthur led counter attack in North Korean territory to draw forces away |
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| US commanding General in Korea |
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| 5 Landing spot for MacArthur’s counter attack on North Korean forces |
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| 7 Division created between North and South Korea |
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5 Secretary of State under Eisenhower
6 Important in the overthrow of the Shah
7 coined the term “brinksmanship”
8 Intricate part in supporting the French’s war in Vietnam |
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| Japan Peace Treaty (1951) |
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Definition
4 Japan peace treaty in San Francisco
5 Ended the Pacific front of WW2
6 Demilitarized Japan |
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| 6 Japanese Prime Minister ‘46-’47,’48-’51 |
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Definition
1 Build up of Nukes
2 Massive retaliation, shift to “air-atomic”
3 Cut down on manpower, focus on long range attacks |
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Definition
| 1 The practice of pushing dangerous events to the verge of—or to the brink of—disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome. |
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| 1 The ability if attacked to strike back with a massive nuclear attack |
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1 Restore peace Indochhina
2 As a result Vietnam was seperated into 2 zones
2-4 North = Communist
2-5 South = Democratic |
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1 First climactic conflict between French and the Viet Minh
2 Beginnings of Vietnam War |
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| 1 Communist revolutionaries in Vietnam |
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5 North Vietnamese Leader
6 Led Vietnam independence movement
7 Defeated French in the battle of Dien Bien Phu |
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5 First President of South Vietnam
5-6 Resulted from Geneva Conference |
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7 Replaced Stalin, more moderate
8 Denounced Stalin’s ways in Secret Speech
9 More willing to compromise than Stalin, strove for peace in conflicts (ie Poland/Hungary) |
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8 Bring Imre Nagy to power
9 Hungarian “freedom fighters” vs Soviet troops
10 Soviets granted partial autonomy, Hungs. kept fighting for full autonomy, crushed by Soviets |
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| Khrushchev’s Secret Speech |
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Definition
10 Denounces Stalin for purges and violences, break with Stalinist rule/past
11 Aimed to make a more attractive USSR to developing nations |
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Definition
4 Dulles forms SEATO to assure US support if Southeast Asian countries were attacked (mutual consultation in event of aggression)
5 US, UK, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Pakistan, and Philippines |
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6 The Australia, New Zealand, and United States Security Treaty
7 Came about as a way for the US to have a military presence in Southeast Asia, as well as provide defense to New Zealand and Australia from any Chinese attacks |
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8 US, UK, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Pakistan
9 Alienated other Mid East countries (Egypt, Arab nations) and allowed for Soviet influence
1 Originally Baghdad Pact, renamed CENTO when Iraq withdrew |
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Definition
1 Egyptian dictator, used Anti-Zionist sentiment to gain power in Arab nations
2 Nationalized Suez Canal
3 Unstable in eyes of US, UK, and France
4 Non-aligned, leaned toward Soviets |
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Definition
1 Eisenhower and Kruschev
2 “Thawing of CW”
3 Some sort of mediation/compromise with Krushchev
4 Krushchev more open to issues than Stalin |
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5 Proposed by US at Geneva conference
6 Plan to allow Soviet planes to survey American military bases, vise versa
7 Soviet plane/ radar technology years behind US
8 Soviets denied plan because secrecy of their bases was key to their power, most US bases public knowledge |
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Israel invades Sinai pen. UK and France back attack
US and Soviets call for end of hostilities fearing Middle East turmoil could lead to WW3
With US, UK, and France distracted, Soviets roll tanks to Hungary to stop revolts |
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