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Cognition
Memory and Learning
81
Anatomy
Graduate
04/08/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
mental process of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning and judgement
Definition
cognition
Term
how we recognize and interpret sensory information, based on memeory
Definition
perception
Term
how we recognize something based on a percieved pattern
Definition
pattern recognition
Term
how we focus on some particular sensory information, while filtering out other sensory information
Definition
attention and consciousness
Term
how we conjure up images in our minds without the actual sensory stimulation occuring
Definition
imagery
Term
has to do with abstract neural processing, developing new ideas in our brains without specific sensory input
Definition
thinking and concept formation
Term
acquisition of new information or knowledge
Definition
learning
Term
it is the experience-dependent generation of enduring internal representations, or modificaition sin such representations
Definition
learning
Term
retention of learned information that can be expressed later as needed
Definition
memory
Term
first stage of information processing
Definition
sensory-perceptual memory
Term
how logn does sensory-perceptual memory last
Definition
milliseconds to seconds
Term
memory which represents conscious awareness
Definition
short term memory
Term
how long does short term memory last
Definition
12-30 seconds
Term
approximately how many items can short term memory hold
Definition
7 +/- 2
Term
this memory involves alteration of preexisting synaptic connections
Definition
short term memory
Term
conversion of short term memory information to long term memory is called what
Definition
consolidation
Term
consolidation of STM information to LTM is accompaned by what (3)
Definition
growth of new synaptic connections, gene expression, increased protein synthesis
Term
primary site of short term memory
Definition
hippocampus
Term
memory longer than STM but not as permanent as LTM
Definition
intermediate term memory
Term
2 sub-categories of LTM
Definition
declaritive (explicit), nondeclarative (implicit)
Term
memory that is directly accessible to conscious recollection
Definition
declarative (explicit) memory
Term
2 types of declarative (explicit) memory
Definition
semantic, episodic
Term
memory type concerned with facts and information acquired through learning (math, history)
Definition
semantic
Term
memory concerned with remembering events (annivesrary, birthday)
Definition
episodic
Term
areas of the brain involved in declarative (explicit) memory (2)
Definition
medial temporal lobe, diencephalon
Term
LTM that is unconscous and demonstrated by performance
Definition
nondeclarative (implicit)
Term
2 types of nondeclarative (implicit) memory
Definition
procedural, non procedural
Term
memory for skills and habit, deals with how things are performed (motor memory system)
Definition
procedural memory
Term
brain structure associated with procedural memory
Definition
striatum
Term
memory that includes classical and operant conditioning and types of non-associative learning such as sensitization and habituation
Definition
non-procedural
Term
what 3 things is memory retrieval dependent on?
Definition
how well the information is encoded, how easy is it to retrieve, how recently the memory was stored
Term
how can memory retrieval be improved
Definition
if current conditiosn and those that existed when memory was stored are similar
Term
information coded in some sort of meaningful way seems to processed at a deeper level and more easily retrieved than information that is simply memorized. What memory type would this involve
Definition
semantic memory
Term
amnesia in which the recent past is forgotten, usually maintain older memories
Definition
retrograde
Term
amnesia in which there is an inability to make new memories following brain trauma
Definition
anterograde
Term
brain area responsible for: mediating rapid acquisition of behaviors based on the emotional (affective) meaning of the biological event
Definition
amygdala
Term
brain area responsible for: mediates the formation of habits and non-declarative memories, stimulus response associations
Definition
caudate nucleus
Term
brain area responsible for: declarative memories, the relationships among stimuli and events, spatial and temporal information
Definition
hippocampus
Term
brain area responsible for: visual sensory perception
Definition
extrastriate
Term
what part of the cortex may be involved in episodic memory
Definition
anterior
Term
what part of the cortex may be involved in semantic memory
Definition
posterior
Term
symbolic system that humans use for communicating thoughts
Definition
language
Term
the sound structure of language
Definition
phonology
Term
the structure of words and sentences
Definition
syntax
Term
the meanings of words
Definition
semantics
Term
area responsible for speech production
Definition
broca's area
Term
where is broca's area located
Definition
junction of frontal and temporal lobe of left hemisphere
Term
area responsible for speech comprehension
Definition
Wernicke's area
Term
where is wernicker's area located
Definition
posterior parietal/temporal region closed to primary auditory area
Term
specialized region for spoken words
Definition
postersuperior temporal gyrus
Term
specialized regions for written words
Definition
middle temporal gyrus
Term
Broca's aphasia would result in what 4 S/S
Definition
prevention of speech production, person can understand language, words are not properly formed, speech is slurred
Term
wernicker's aphasia would result in what 2 S/S
Definition
cannot understand language, can speak clearly but words make no sense
Term
Association areas: regions responsible for sensory information and language (3)
Definition
parietal-temporal-occipital
Term
Association areas: responsible for emotional expression and memory formation
Definition
limbic
Term
Association areas: recieves information from all other association areas, relates different aspects of an event into a coherent experience
Definition
medial temporal lobe
Term
Association areas: executive functino of behvaior
Definition
anterior (prefrontal) cortex
Term
Handedness is correlated with what
Definition
contralateral hemisphereic dominance
Term
the dominant hemisphere is usually concerned with what (2)
Definition
language, logical operations
Term
non-dominant hemisphere is concerned with what (2)
Definition
emotion and artistic skills
Term
what insures communcation between the 2 hemispheres
Definition
intact corpus callosum
Term
what would you cut in the brain for a patient with severe epilepsy to decrease seizure activity
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
visually, a side effect of cutting the corpus callosum resulted in what
Definition
right side of brain is blind to what the left was seeing and vice versa
Term
split-brain: objects falling in the right visual field can be verbaly identified via what
Definition
verbal left hemisphere
Term
split-brain: an object cannot be verbally identified if it falls in this visual field
Definition
left
Term
dominant hemishpere characteristics (5)
Definition
number skills, written language, reasoning, scientific, spoken language
Term
non-dominant hemisphere characteristics (6)
Definition
insight, 3-d spatial reasoning, art awareness, imagination, music awareness, language comprehension
Term
disorders of higher functions are based on what 2 models
Definition
anatomical, synaptic communication model
Term
disorders of higher function: anatomical model disorders are due to what
Definition
some type of abnormal wiring, degenerative damage, or lack of development
Term
5 disorders of higher function associated with the anatomical model
Definition
alzheimer's, schizophrenia, depression, dyslexia, OCD
Term
Disorders of Higher Function: Anatomic Model: Alzheimer's is asssociated with what (2)
Definition
plaques and tangles
Term
Disorders of Higher Function: Anatomic Model: schizophrenia is associated with what (3)
Definition
enlarged ventricles, disorganization of cells, blood flow abnormalities
Term
Disorders of Higher Function: Anatomic Model: depression is associated with what
Definition
blood flow abnormalities
Term
Disorders of Higher Function: Anatomic Model: dyslexia is associated with what
Definition
cellular disorganization
Term
Disorders of Higher Function: Anatomic Model: OCD is associated with what
Definition
abnormal blood flow and metabolism
Term
Disorders of Higher Function: Anatomic Model: disorders associated with the synaptic communication model (3)
Definition
schizprenia, OCD, Depression
Term
Disorders of Higher Function: Anatomic Model: disorders associated with both models (3)
Definition
schizophrenia, ocd, depression
Term
Disorders of Higher Function: disorders are due to too much or too little neurotransmitter, supported by pharmacological treatment
Definition
synaptic communication model
Term
Disorders of Higher Function: Synaptic Communication Model: schizophrenia is associated with what
Definition
too much dopamine
Term
Disorders of Higher Function: Synaptic Communication Model: OCD is associated with what
Definition
may have decreased levels of serotonin
Term
Disorders of Higher Function: Synaptic Communication Model: what is associated with depression
Definition
decreased activity in synapses
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