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CNS Histology
CNS Exam 4
80
Anatomy
Graduate
08/30/2010

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Cards

Term
Neurons respond to stimuli and are either ___ or ____. They respond by altering __ ___ differences across membranes.
Definition
- excitable
- irritable
- electrical potential
Term
Bipolar neurons have an ___ and a ___ and are found in the ___, ___ ___, and ___ ____.
Definition
- axon
- dendrite
- retina
- olfactory epithelium
- acoustic ganglia
Term
Multipolar neurons have an ___ and two or more ____and are found throughout the nervous system.
Definition
- axon
- dendrites
Term
the most numerous neuron
Definition
- multipolar neuron
Term
Pseudounipolar neurons have a single process that divides into _ branches to form a T shape. These are found where?
Definition
2
- cranial and spinal ganglia of PNS
Term
Interneurons aka ____ _____, transmit signals within area of the ____.
Definition
association neurons
perikaryon (cell body, soma)
Term
Interneurons are between ____ _____ neuron and the ____ ___ neuron.
Definition
- primary sensory neuron
- final motor neuron
Term
Any neuron whose processes are entirely confined to an area are considered ____. These are located in the ___ ___, ____, and ____.
Definition
Interneurons
- olfactory bulb
- retina (bipolar neurons)
- spinal cord
Term
The perikaryon, aka neuron ___ ___, is the ___ center of the cell, but can also receive ____ input.
Definition
- cell body
- trophic
- stimuli
Term
The perikaryon, aka neuron ___ ___, is the ___ center of the cell, but can also receive ____ input.
Definition
- cell body
- trophic
- stimuli
Term
the perikaryon contains the ___ and ___ but does NOT include the ____.
Definition
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- processes
Term
what part of the neuron receives nerve endings that transmit excitatory or inhibitory stimuli from other neurons?
Definition
- perikaryon
Term
the nucleus is large and contains mostly ___ and a prominant ____.
Definition
- euchromatin
- nucleolus
Term
in a neruon perikarya, the __ ___ ___ is highly developed.
Definition
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
Term
The RER and free ribosomes appear basophillic and are called ___ ____.
Definition
Nissl bodies
Term
Injury to neurons causes a reduction in ___ ____, which is referred to as ____.
Definition
- Nissl bodies
- chromatolysis
Term
The __ ___ is found only in the perkaryon, while mitochondria are also found in ____, ____, and ___ ____.
Definition
- gogli complex- only in perikarya
- mitochondria in perikarya, axons, dendrites, and axon terminals
Term
The __ nerve, is an extension of the brain, so it is the only ____ ___, all the other cranial nerves are ___ ____.
Definition
- optic
- central nerve
- peripheral nerves
Term
a nerve impulse or action potential is a ___ change.
Definition
mechanical
Term
where are unipolar (single process and dendrite and axon) found?
Definition
dorsal root ganglia of spine
Term
will an active cell have more euchromatin or heterochromatin
Definition
euchromatin
Term
what does the nucleolus do?
Definition
- make ribosomal RNA
Term
golgi are found in the ___, mitochondria are found in the ___.
Definition
- dendrites
- axon
Term
Neurofilaments are ___ ____found in neuronal ____and ____.
Definition
- intermediate filaments
- perikaryon
- processes
Term
can see neurofilaments if use an ___ specific to the tissue and expose it to fluroescence.
Definition
- antibody
Term
Perikarya also has microtubles, what roles do these play?
Definition
- structural role
- mitosis
- cytokinesis
- vesicular transport
Term
Lipofuscin, referrerd to as ___ ___, accumulates with age in neuron cell bodies.
Definition
age pigment
Term
The lipofuscin found in the substantia nigra of the midbrain?
Definition
- melanin granules
Term
RER and free ribosomes are found in ____.
Definition
- dendrites
Term
____ and ____ are aligned along the axis of the dendrite.
Definition
- Neurofilaments
- microtubules
Term
Microtubules in dendrites aid in transport of macromolecules within ___ to distal regions.
Definition
vesicles
Term
All dendrites receive ____ ____ at points along their lenght.
Definition
- synaptic contact
Term
some dendritic spines, which are small protusions also receive synaptic contacts
Definition
Term
plasma membrane of the axon is called the ___ . It maintains the cells ____ ____ and contains channels that ions can flow through.
Definition
- axolemma
- membrane potential
Term
The cytoplasm in the axon is called the ____, and 90% of the neurons cytoplasm is here.
Definition
- axoplasm
Term
where is most of a neurons cytoplasm?
Definition
- axoplasm
Term
glial cells make up the ___ volume in the CNS as neurons do
Definition
same
Term
astocytes in the CNS can ___.
Definition
divide
Term
in HandE stained tissue, only ___ of glial cells show up.
Definition
nuclei
Term
what is the largest and most abundant glial cell in the CNS.
Definition
- astrocyte
Term
Protoplastic astrocytes are found in ___ matter and cover non-synaptic neuronal surfaces.
Definition
Term
Fibrous astrocytes are mostly found in ____ matter of the CNS, but can also be found in gray matter.
Definition
white
Term
Fibrous astrocytes have higher levels of ___ ____ ____, ___ ___ ___ ___, than protoplasmic astrocytes.
Definition
intermediate filament proteins
- glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
Term
astrocytes help for the ___ ___ on the outer part of the brain, which prevents antibodies from getting in brain.
Definition
glial limitans
Term
bbb is created by __ junctions b/w endothelial cells, astroctyes also here.
Definition
tight
Term
role of astrocytes in CNS:
Definition
- repair of CNS tissue by walling off damaged area with a plaque from healthy area
- fluid transport (Na+) by being so associated with blood vessels
Term
oligodendrocytes are abundant in the ___ ____ since this region of the brain is ___ ____.
Definition
- corpus callosum
- highly myelinated
Term
oligodendrocytess are detected by staining for ___
Definition
myelin basic protein (MBP)
myelin associated glycoprotein protein (MAG)
Term
Microglial cells are ___ ___ ___ cells
Definition
small
dense
elongate
Term
are microglia cells in white or gray matter?
Definition
both
Term
microglia nucleus description:
Definition
small dense chromatin, bean shaped
Term
Microglial cells are the principle __ cell in the CNS.
Definition
phagocytic
Term
microglia cells originate in the ___ ____.
Definition
bone marrow stem cells
Term
Ependymal cells are ___ or ___ in shape and line ___ of the brain and the __ ___ of the spinal cord.
Definition
- cuboidal
- squamous
- ventricles
- central canal
Term
ependymal cells are bathed in CSF and have numerous ___ on their apical surface to move the CSF.
Definition
cilia
Term
in ventricles of brain ependymal cells and underlying capillaries form the ___ ___ which produces CSF.
Definition
choroid plexus
Term
myelinated region in CNS is ___, unmyelinated region in CNS is __ __ ___.
Definition
internode= myelinated
node of Ranvier= unmyelinated
Term
adjacent to node of ranvier is terminal loops of myelin called ___
Definition
paranode
Term
in first stage of myelination, the axon at a particular site is enclosed by process of ___ ___ ____. the process completely envelops the axon and its lips come together to form a ___.
Definition
- myelin forming oligodendrocyte
- mesaxon
Term
process of forming MDLs is called
Definition
compaction
Term
with MS the space that was taken up by myelin gets taken up by astrocytic processes instead so you have __ ___
Definition
astrocytic hyperplasia- called an astrocyte plaque
Term
could stain for astroctye plaque with
Definition
GFAP
Term
MS patients have __ to myelin in their CSF
Definition
antibodies
Term
The ___ is the region of ____ myelin loops right next to the node of Ranvier.
Definition
- paranode
- uncompacted myelin
Term
only at the __ __ ___ is a myelinated axon exposed to the extracellular environment.
Definition
node of ranvier
Term
at a synapse the __ is expanded and has vesicles of ____.
Definition
axon
neurotransmitters
Term
neurotransmittes are stored in vesicles and released when the membrane of the vesicle fuses with teh presynaptic membrane
Definition
Term
the presynaptic membrane is the terminus of a ___
Definition
synapse
Term
synaptic clefts are filled with what?
Definition
- proteins
- mucopolysaccharides
Term
Gray matter is composed primarily of perikarya, unmyelinated axons, protoplasmic astrocytes, satellite oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
Definition
Term
White matter consists primarily of myelinated axons, fibrous astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
Definition
Term
gray matter is on ___ of brain, but ___ of spinal cord
Definition
gray outside brain
gray inside spinal cord
Term
central canal in spinal cord is remnant of lumen of ___ ___ __ and lined by epyndemal cells with cilia and microvilli, which extend up and down spinal cord
Definition
embryonic neural tube
Term
layers of cerebellar cortex
Definition
Outer molecular layer - receives dendrites of Purkinje neurons.
Central Purkinje cells – neurons.
Inner granule layer - receives axons of Purkinje neurons.
Term
purkinje cells receive ___ and ___ impulses from ___ areas of the cerebral cortex.
Definition
excitatory
inhbitory
motor
Term
purkinje cells are myelinated
Definition
Term
cerebellum modulates and coordinates movments
Definition
Term
purkinje cells are the largest neurons
Definition
Term
cerebrum has outer gray layer, cortex, and inner white layer. the cortex has what cells?
Definition
glia and neurons, pyramidal, stellate, and spindle in shape
Term
cells in cerebrum are in 6 layers:
Definition
Molecular layer (outermost) - nerve fibers, processes and some neurons.

External granular layer - granule neurons and glial cells.

External pyramidal layer - large pyramidal and granule neurons and glial cells.
- Internal granular layer - granule neurons and some glial cells.
- Internal pyramidal layer - medium-size pyramidal neurons and some glial cells.
- Multiform layer (innermost) - glial cells and neurons of various shapes.
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