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CMN 102
Longitudinal Research
6
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
02/22/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal studies
Definition
  • Cross-sectional studies
    • Static snapshot
    • Slice of population at one time
      • e.g., an opinion poll
    • Inherent limitations:
      • Inability to capture change over time
      • Making casual inferneces is dangerous
  • Longitudinal designs
    • Multiple observations across time
    • Tracking changes over time
      • Testing how people respond to stimulus that occurs between observations
        • Pretest-experimental treatment-posttest
      • Testing for changes resulting from some intervening factor or event
      • e.g., survey before and after election campaigns
Term
Identify: three designs of longitudinal studies
Definition
  1. Trend studies
  2. Cohort studies
  3. Panel studies
Term

Longitudinal design type 1: Trend study

 

Advantages and limitations

Definition
  • Advantages of trend studies
    • Describing long-term changes in a population
      • Establishing a pattern over time
      • Can be based on a comparison of survey data originally constructed for other purposes
        • Secondary analysis
  • Limitations of trend studies
    • Ambiguous starting point
    • Inability to capture individual change over time
    • Changes in measurement schemes or the way questions were asked produce non-comparable results over time
Term

Longitudinal design type 2: Cohort study

 

Advantages and limitations
Definition
  • Advantages of cohort studies
    • Tracking changes in a group as they change
      • Birth cohort is one example of "cohort"
      • e.g., studying a sample of people born in 1940 every 10 years
        • Attempt to identify a unique effect from age cohort (people born in 1940)
        • Cannot be examined with a cross-sectional design
  • Limitations of cohort studies
    • Age effects/Period effects/Cohort effects
      • These effects are often confouned
    • Respondent mortality
Term

Longitudinal design type 3: Panel study

 

Advantages and limitations
Definition
  • Advantages of panel studies
    • Interview the same sample of respondents at different points in time
      • Can examine changes in respondent' thoughts and behaviors over time
      • e.g.,Studying the same sample of people during a campaign cycle
        • Can reveal shifting attitude: Election candidate opinion
        • Cannot be examined with a cross-sectional or cohort study design
      • Can examine how people react to changes in the environment
      • e.g., Examining effects of the anti-smoking health campaign --comparing respondents' knowledge/attitude before and after the campaign
  • Limitations to panel studies
    • Sensitization effects
    • Panel members are often difficult to recruit
    • The problem of respondent mortality
      • Requires a large sample for the first wave data
      • Possibility of bias in the panel sample -- Are those who drop out different?
    • Expensive
Term
Time dimension and causality in longitudinal research
Definition
  • Conditions of causality:
    • Time order: cause must precede effect
    • Correlation between cause and effect
    • All other alternative causes must be ruled out: absence of third factors that make the relationship between cause and effect spurious
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