Term
|
Definition
| Production of blood cells (RBC's,WBC's,platelets) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of granulocytes(neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Erythropoiesis is a hormone produced by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Erythropoietin stimulates the production of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the kidney does not produce erythropoietin this will result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the body is reactive to the anemia you will see |
|
Definition
| young rbc's in circulation |
|
|
Term
| Thrombopoietin stimulates the production of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can the liver and spleen create RBC's again? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would you see extramedullary hematopoiesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what condition can result in an increased demand for RBC's |
|
Definition
| Pyometra (pus in the uterus) |
|
|
Term
| Where does hematopoiesis occur in a fetus? |
|
Definition
| for a fetus it occurs in several organs (red bone marrow, liver,spleen,thymus) |
|
|
Term
| Where does hematopoiesis occur for an adult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two facts about stem cells? |
|
Definition
1: stem cells can renew
2: stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types |
|
|
Term
| Do RBC's and granulocytes follow a similar pattern when they mature? |
|
Definition
| RBC's and granulocytes do follow a similar pattern when they mature |
|
|
Term
As a cell gets older it gets
A) Smaller
B) Bigger |
|
Definition
| as a cell gets older it gets smaller |
|
|
Term
As a cell gets older the cells color gets
A) darker
B) lighter |
|
Definition
| as a cell gets older the cell color gets lighter |
|
|
Term
As a cell gets older the nucleus gets
A) smaller
B) Bigger |
|
Definition
| As a cell gets older the nucleus gets smaller |
|
|
Term
As a cell gets older it gets
A) More RNA
B) Less RNA |
|
Definition
| As a cell gets older it gets less RNA |
|
|
Term
As a cell gets older the nuclear density gets
A) less dense
B) denser |
|
Definition
| B) As a cell gets older the nuclear density gets denser |
|
|
Term
| Granulopoiesis is related to |
|
Definition
| basophils,neutrophils,eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| There is a common stem cell for neutrophils and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the neutrophil concentration in peripheral blood increases the what concentration also increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Production of blood is usually |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shorten maturation time of blood can result in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nucleus:
Very fine/granular chromatin
nucleoli
looks very messy
Cytoplasm:
Deeply basophilic
No granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nucleus:
Fine chromatin
+/- nucleoli
Cytoplasm:
basophilic
Granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nucleus:
coarse,clumped,chromatin, circular
Cytoplasm:
slightly basophilic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nucleus:
coarse,clumped,chromatin
shallow indent (looks like a bean)
cytoplasm:
similar to a mature cell, may be slightly basophilic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nucleus:
Coarse,clumped,condensed chromatin.
Often parallel sides
Looks like a smile
Cytoplasm:
similar to a mature cell but may be slightly basophilic |
|
|
Term
| If a cell is between two stages what stage would you call it? |
|
Definition
| you would call it the more mature stage |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway of maturing WBC's |
|
Definition
1. Myeloblast
2. Promyelocyte
3.Myelocyte
4. Metamyelocyte
5.Band
6.Neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Which two types of cells have the longest transit time? |
|
Definition
| The two types of cells to have the longest transit time is lymphocytes and monocytes. |
|
|
Term
| How long can transit times be for monocytes? |
|
Definition
| monocyte transit times can be weeks to months |
|
|
Term
| How long can transit times be for lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocyte transit times can take weeks to years |
|
|
Term
| What is required to do erythropoietin? |
|
Definition
The ingredients required for erythropoietin is
1. protein
2. iron
3. copper
4.colbalt
5.vitamins |
|
|
Term
| Compared to granulocyte precursors erythroid precursors are |
|
Definition
-smaller
-more basophilic when young
- have a very round nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Beside the bone marrow what are other sites of hematopoiesis? |
|
Definition
| Other sites of hematopoiesis are the spleen, liver, and rarely in the lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
Nucleus: Round, Large,Delicate stippled chromatin,nucleoli
Cytoplasm: thin rim, royal blue, perinuclear clear zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nucleus: nucleoli usually dissapear, chromatin is slightly more coarse then a rubriblast
Cytoplasm: Royal blue, prominent perinuclear clear zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the most common erythrocyte precursors. Is relatively large. Usally colored from intensely basophilic to polychromatic (grey-blue). Has a juicy nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is small. Contains a pyknotic. Bigger then the average rubricyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most commonly seen nRBC's? |
|
Definition
| Rubricytes and Metarubricytes |
|
|
Term
| What do poly chromatic RBC's look like? |
|
Definition
| They look like shiny coins. They have no nucleus. They are slightly basophilic. Are larger than a mature RBC. |
|
|
Term
| What cells will be reticulocytes when stained with NMB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal percentage of polychromatic RBC's seen in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal percentage of polychromatic RBC's seen in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what species are polychromatic RBC's only released if necessary? |
|
Definition
| Polychromatic RBC's are only released if necessary in cattle,sheep and goats |
|
|
Term
| Which species of animal never have polychromatic rbc's in circulation |
|
Definition
| Horses never have rbc's in circulation |
|
|
Term
| WBC's are named specifically and counter as... |
|
Definition
| WBC's are named specifically and counter as part of the 100% |
|
|
Term
| nRBC's are named specifically and are reported as |
|
Definition
| nRBC's are named specifically and are reported as # per 100 WBC's |
|
|
Term
| For recycling what kindo of cells pick up RBC's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For recycling RBC's are metabolized into |
|
Definition
| iron,protein and bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| Where are RBC proteins stored after being broken down |
|
Definition
| they are stored in the amino acid pool |
|
|
Term
-most common cause of UTI's
-Produce positive dipstick nitrate
-more rectangular than cocci
-seen in a chain or alone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria is one of the reasons why we must always use fresh urine samples. Why is this? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria numbers can double every 20 minutes |
|
|
Term
-very small, spherical balls
-seen alone,chains or clusters
-may or may not be motile
- can be confirmed with staining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color does cocci bacteria stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color does rod bacteria stain? |
|
Definition
| bacteria cocci stains pink |
|
|
Term
-may appear as small circles or clusters
-similar in shape to little snow men
-may appear in budding or non budding form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-resemble bamboo stalks
-is a type of fungi
-may be confused with casts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-irregular cell outline
-may be granular
-small,dark or absent nucleus |
|
Definition
| squamous epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
-smooth outer edge
-variable size |
|
Definition
| Transitional epithelial cell |
|
|
Term
-size varies considerably
-cells are small, usually 2X the size of a WBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-not usually significant and may be contaminated from clothing or fecal material
-can be confused with hyaline casts or waxy casts
-look like a piece or string |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Highly refractive and can vary greatly in size
-contain a dark outer ring with a clear center
-on a different field then RBC's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-most common kink of cast
-low reactive index |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-square ends
-cracked appearance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Often looks like yellow/brown needles or granules.Seen in urine samples |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A crystal seen in urine samples. Dumbbell or hourglass shaped. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seen in urine samples. Has a thorny apple appearance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Found in urine samples, colorless and granular in shape
rough exterior creates a shadow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Found in urine samples
- are uniformed in size
-are smaller then WBC
-possess a red tinged color
-may be smooth or cremated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Found in urine samples
-Are larger than RBC's
-so not crenate
-appear granular
-may have a visible nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Found in urine samples
-crystal
-colorless
-look like a picket fence |
|
Definition
| calcium oxalate monohyrate |
|
|
Term
Found in urine samples
-crystal
-colorless
-have an 'X' inside a square |
|
Definition
| Calcium oxalate dihydrate |
|
|
Term
Found in urine samples
-crystal
-shaped like a coffin lid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Found in urine samples
-greenish appearance
- T shape notch in the center
-usually due to to contamination from
powdered gloves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Found in urine samples
- a cast which has coarse or fine granules
-to be classified this the granules have to take up at least 1/3 of the cast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Found in urine samples
- a cast which looks like an aero bar
- is common in cats
- fat must take up at least 1/3 of the cast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Found in urine samples
-a cast that mainly consists of trapped WBC cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps to using a dipstick? |
|
Definition
*should always be performed fresh at room temp
1. Mix well
2. dip stick in urine, dont drip
3. tap off excess
4. keep the stick horizontal
5. try to read immediately |
|
|
Term
| How would you set up a microscope for urine |
|
Definition
| condenser up,diaphragm closed, for casts 10x and other 40x |
|
|
Term
| How would you set up a microscope for blood |
|
Definition
| condenser up, diaphragm open, scan on 10x, count on 40x or 100x |
|
|
Term
| How would you set up a microscope for fecal |
|
Definition
| condenser down, diaphragm open, scan on 4X for ticks,10X for eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Icterus is the presence of excess bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| What does IMHA stand for? |
|
Definition
| IMHA stands for Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia |
|
|
Term
| What causes Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia? |
|
Definition
| Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia is where the immune system attacks and removes its own RCB's. This causes severe Anemia |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the spleen during immune mediated hemoltyic anemia |
|
Definition
| The spleen enlarges during IMHA due to excess amounts of bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the patients tissues and urine when they have IMHA |
|
Definition
| The patient becomes jaundice( icteric) which means the patient tissues and urine become a yellow/orange color. This is due to excess bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat Imunne Mediated Hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
| lots of blood transfusions since the apatient is likely to be severely anemic |
|
|
Term
| T/F unconjugated bilirubin cannot leave the body |
|
Definition
| this is true. Unconjungated bilirubin must first be broken down |
|
|
Term
| Where is unconjugated bilirubin broken down? |
|
Definition
| unconjugated bilirubin is broken down in the spleen,liver,bile duct and then the intestine |
|
|
Term
| When bilirubin is broken down by the body and leaves the body via the feces it is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When bilirubin is broken down by the body and leaves the body via the urine it is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the signs of IMHA on a slide? |
|
Definition
-increased polychromatic RBC's
-less RBC's than normal
-size of RBC's are varied
-Leptocytes
-presence of precursor RBC's |
|
|
Term
| What are possible causes of Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia? |
|
Definition
| There are many causes for Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia such as cancer, neoplasia, antibotic treatment or a adverse reaction to a vaccine. |
|
|
Term
| There will be an ____ production of conjugated and conjugated bilirubin die to excess RBC destruction |
|
Definition
| There will be an increased production of conjugated and conjugated bilirubin die to excess RBC destruction |
|
|
Term
| What species of animal if anorexic for 24 hrs will stop proccess unconjugated bilirubin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 ways to test if an animal is anemic? |
|
Definition
1. PCV
2. RBC number
3. MHC (measured hemaglobin concentration)
4. Smear evaluation |
|
|
Term
| The normal amount of RBC distribution in the optimal viewing area is |
|
Definition
| a monolayer (one cell thick with 50% touching) |
|
|
Term
| What would you see in the optimal viewing area if the animal has mild anemia |
|
Definition
| RBC's can be doubled to produce a monolayer |
|
|
Term
| What would you see in the optimal viewing area if the animal has moderate anemia |
|
Definition
| RBC's can be tripled to produce a monolayer |
|
|
Term
| What would you see in the optimal viewing area if the animal has marked anemia |
|
Definition
| RBC's can be quadrupled to produce a monolayer |
|
|
Term
| Describe a normal looking eythrocytes (canine) |
|
Definition
7.0 um size
+++ zone of central pallor
no anisocytosis |
|
|
Term
| With intravasuclar hemolysis what would you see? |
|
Definition
With intravasuclar hemolysis you would see
-ghost cells
-membrane only
-lost hemaglobin |
|
|
Term
| With extraravasuclar hemolysis what would you see? |
|
Definition
With extravasuclar hemolysis you would see
- lots of spherocytes |
|
|
Term
| Why do spherocytes happen? |
|
Definition
| They happen when the body tries to recycle RBC's |
|
|
Term
| Can Spherocytes still do thier job? |
|
Definition
| Yes spherocytes can still do thier job |
|
|
Term
| What do leptocyes look like? |
|
Definition
| Leptocytes are RBC's that zone of pallor appears warped |
|
|
Term
| When are leptocytes formed? |
|
Definition
| Leptocytes are formed when cells are large and less flexible than normal |
|
|
Term
| What are Howell Jolly bodies? |
|
Definition
| They are dark round nuclear remnants |
|
|
Term
| In what species are is the presence of Howell Jolly bodies normal |
|
Definition
| It is normal in cats (up to 1% of RbC's) |
|
|
Term
| When are Howell Jolly bodies normally seen? |
|
Definition
| Howell Jolly bodies are normally seen with decreased spleen function as well when the body has a strong reaction to anemia |
|
|
Term
| How will an patient act when they have Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia? |
|
Definition
The patient will be
- listless
-have a poor appetite
-be weak |
|
|
Term
| IMHA is often confused with arthritis. What is a sign to look for so that you know the difference |
|
Definition
| Look for pale mucous membranes. This is a clear indicator of IMHA |
|
|
Term
| What are two things to look for on a slide to identify IMHA |
|
Definition
| Look for the presence of spherocytes as well as agglutination |
|
|
Term
| If you are unsure if the patient truly has IMHA what test can you preform. |
|
Definition
| If unsure you can do the saline glutination test which is 1 part blood and 4 parts blood.If the clusters remain on the slide you have IMHA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We access RBC's in order to identify anemia |
|
|
Term
| Anemia rouses suspicion of other diseases such as |
|
Definition
| liver disease,hypothyroidism,toxicities |
|
|
Term
| Describe a normal feline RBC |
|
Definition
5.8 um size
+ zone of central pallor
+ anisocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 function of RBC's? |
|
Definition
-oxygen transportation
-carbon dioxide transportation
-removal of waste from plasma |
|
|
Term
| What is the average life span of RBC's |
|
Definition
10-22 weeks (varies with species)
its about 100 days for dogs |
|
|
Term
| Decreased RBC number or pcv or hemoglobin concentration in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increased numbers of rbc's in the blood. Term can be used for rbc numbers, heatocrit (pcv) or hemoglobin concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin transports oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin is synthesized during RBC maturation in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| How would you measure hemoglobin using the cyanmethemoglobin method? |
|
Definition
| Using the cyanmethemoglobin method the blood cells are lyzed which then react with the cyanide agent. The color is then measured using photometrically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HB stands for total hemoglobin in the blood (not the amount of hem0globin in a cell ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Methemoglobin is (gray/purple) due to various drugs and toxicities |
|
|
Term
| What is carboxyhemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| Due to carbon monoxide exposure the blood is bright red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MCH stands for Means Corpuscular Hemaglobin (this is weighing the average) |
|
|
Term
| What does MCHC stand for? |
|
Definition
| MCHC means the corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. |
|
|
Term
| Which is more accurate? The MCH or the MCHC? |
|
Definition
| The MCHC is more accurate because it takes the cell size ito consideration |
|
|
Term
| What would you write when saying a hemaoglobin concentration is decreased? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would you write when saying a hemaoglobin concentration is in normal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would you write when saying a hemoglobin concentration is increased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a RBC with a punched out middle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mean Corpuscular volume it is measuring the size |
|
|
Term
| Although you know the MCV why do you still have to look at a smear? |
|
Definition
| The MCV is only an average, an animal with small or large RBC's may still have a normal MCV. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anisocytosis is a variation on cell size |
|
|
Term
| What would mild anisocytosis look like? |
|
Definition
| Mild anisocytosis is when the diameter of the smallest cell plus 1/3 of the diameter of the normal cell makes the largest cell |
|
|
Term
| What would moderate anisocytosis look like? |
|
Definition
| Moderate anisocytosis is when the diameter of the smallest cell plus 2/3 of the diameter of the normal cell makes the largest cell |
|
|
Term
| What would marked anisocytosis look like? |
|
Definition
| Marked anisocytosis is when the diameter of the smallest cell plus the diameter of the normal cell makes the largest cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the average size of a feline RBC look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RDW stands for red blood cell distribution width |
|
|
Term
| How is anemia classified? |
|
Definition
1. according to the size and hemoglobin saturation
2. according to the response
3. according to the cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypochromasia is decreased hemoglobin concentration |
|
|
Term
| What can cause a false hypochromasia? |
|
Definition
| An increased number of polychromatic RBC's (since they are not fully hemoglobinized) |
|
|
Term
| What cases do you often see hypochromasia and microscytosis? |
|
Definition
| You usually see this due to iron deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased hemoglobin concentration |
|
|
Term
| In which is it physically to see hyperchromic cells? |
|
Definition
| You would not see hyperchromic cells which are normal in shape |
|
|
Term
| What would cause a false reading of MCHC? |
|
Definition
| hemolysis and increased heinz bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that appear hyperchromic on a smear. They have also loss thier biconcave shape |
|
|
Term
| What will you see in a responsive anemia? |
|
Definition
| The bone marrow will release immature cells to replace the 'missing' ones |
|
|
Term
| In a responsive anemia would you see increased concentrations of polychromatic RBC's or decreased? |
|
Definition
| increased concentrations of polychromatic RBC's |
|
|
Term
| In a responsive anemia would you see increased or decreased MCV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a responsive anemia would you see increased or decreased MCHC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a responsive anemia would you see increased or decreased anisocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increased concentration of polychromatic RBC's reticulocytes is the hallmark of a what? |
|
Definition
| it is a hallmark to the presence of a responsive anemia |
|
|
Term
| The presence of nucleated RBC's in the absence of increased polychromatic RBC's indicates what? |
|
Definition
| this indicates a lack of response to anemia from the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reticulocytes are immature non nucleated RBCs |
|
|
Term
| How would you stain reticulocytes? |
|
Definition
1. Mix a small amount of fresh blood with an equal amount of supragingival stain (NMB)
2. allow to sit for 10 minutes
3. smear as normal |
|
|
Term
| What is a better indicator of bone marrow response to anemia, reticulocytes or polychromatic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are reticulocytes a better indicator of bone marrow response to anemia than polychromatic cells? |
|
Definition
| Reticulocytes are easier to identify and in dogs reticulocytes only appear for one day while polychromatic cells last longer. With reticulocytes you can get a grasp of the bone marrow response in a day |
|
|
Term
| What are feline aggregate reticulocytes? |
|
Definition
| clumps or clusters of organelles seen which are equivalent to polychromatic RBC;s with routine stains |
|
|
Term
| What are feline punctate reticulocytes? |
|
Definition
| Scattered individual organelles, are equivalent to mature RBC's |
|
|
Term
| How would you quantify feline reticulocytes? |
|
Definition
| Each type should be reported separately. Only aggregate reticulocytes are used to assess recent responses |
|
|
Term
| What are RBC precursors reported as in a CBC |
|
Definition
| they are counted as part of the #/100 WBC's (do not include in the differential cell count |
|
|
Term
| If RBC precursors are presented what must happen? |
|
Definition
| The WBC count must be corrected |
|
|
Term
| What % of reticulocytes are considered normal for dogs and cats? |
|
Definition
| 1% for dogs, 0.0- 0.4 % for cats |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for correcting the WBC since reticulocytes are present? |
|
Definition
| corrected reticulocytes % = original count X patient PCV/normal PCV |
|
|
Term
| Since horses do not release reticulocytes/polychromatic cells from bone marrow what would you do? |
|
Definition
| You would perform a sequential PCV |
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of morphological changes that can occur in the absence of changes in cell numbers |
|
Definition
Toxic changes
Neoplastic changes (such as cancer)
Inclusions |
|
|
Term
| Machines CAN NOT detect morphological changes for this fact we must |
|
Definition
| must read a smear manually since the machines tend to misidentify abnormal cells |
|
|
Term
| All routine morphology should be accessed in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 features you should access when looking at a cell |
|
Definition
1.maturation/precursors
2.size
3.cytoplasm
4.nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is cytoplasmic basophilia? |
|
Definition
| A blotchy blue look to the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What is cytoplasmic vacuolation? |
|
Definition
| looks kinda foamy cytoplasm with holes |
|
|
Term
| Why do toxic changes occur? |
|
Definition
| toxic changes occur with inflammation or when the production of WBC's goes faster than its supposed to |
|
|
Term
| What is toxic granulation? |
|
Definition
| it is when a neutrophil remains their primary granules from when they were immature |
|
|
Term
| Why does hyper segmentation occur? |
|
Definition
| this happens when the cells have stayed in circulation longer than normal. Also seen in the use of steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The nucleus is small dark and dense ( a little circle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two little circle of dark and dense nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a continuous ring, the nucleus is a ring that does not overlap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A smudge is when you get a rupture of the nucleus but the chromatin does not spread out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ruptured nucleus with the chromatin spread out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a cell eats other cells, cellular debris and bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What is a giant neutrophil? |
|
Definition
| A neutrophil which is greater than 16 um |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 things you look at when you are looking at cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
| look at color, granules, vacuoles,doehle bodies and inclusions |
|
|
Term
| What are two reasons for increased cytoplasmic basophilia? |
|
Definition
| It is due to retained RNA or due to a short maturation time (can also be due to something interfering with the maturation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are small, irregular, blue segmented grey bodies which are remnants of RNA |
|
|
Term
| Which species of animal are doehle bodies common in? |
|
Definition
| doehle bodies are common in cats |
|
|
Term
| What do doehle bodies mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many lobes must a neutrophil have to be considered hypersegmented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is hypersegmented considered a toxic change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a hypersegmentation usually called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pelger huet anomaly? |
|
Definition
| This is when the chromatin is condensed but not constricted |
|
|
Term
| What is a barr body and what causes them? |
|
Definition
| A barr body is a small drum stick with a nuclear appendage. They are due to a second X chromosome (seen in females and hermaphrodites) |
|
|
Term
| Why do bilobed neutrophils happen? |
|
Definition
| They started out as myelocytes but then there was a left shift |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 changes that are considered toxic changes |
|
Definition
Donut nuclei
Giant neutrophil
Toxic granulation |
|
|
Term
| What are two causes of toxic neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| Caused by accelerated granulopoiesis or inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What do granular lymphocytes usually indicate? |
|
Definition
| Often indicate inflammation but can also be seen in neoplastic cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe a reactive lymphocyte |
|
Definition
| large,royal blue, nucleus may be indented,may have vacuoles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one or more nucleoli, usually large, chromatin is finer and more dispersed, moderately to deeply basophilic cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Describe an atypical lymphocyte |
|
Definition
| The nucleus has deep clefts or multiple folds. May have abundant cytoplasm thats dark blue. Any lymphocyte that 'doesn't looks right'can be called an atypical lymphocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deeply basophilic cytoplasm, prominent perinuclear clear zone, eccentric nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is leukoagglutination |
|
Definition
| clumps of WBC's in peripheral blood (usally an artifact due to prolonged storage or due to EDTA) |
|
|
Term
| T/F you can only use absolute numbers to access WBC's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the storage pool? |
|
Definition
| As soon as there is an demand for neutrophils the bone marrow can quickly release them. When the pool drains it will release the cells from the proliferating pool and so on |
|
|
Term
| The cells we don't see are resting in the.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood is ONLY collected from the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F cells can move back and forth and change places between the circulating and the marginating pool |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| higher than normal neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 reasons for neutrophilia? |
|
Definition
1. inflammation
2. stress/corticosteroids
3. exercise
4.leukemia/neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| In inflammation neutrophils are _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In inflammation lymphocytes are _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In inflammation eosinophils are ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With stress neutrophils are _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When it comes to stress would you see a left shift? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With stress you would see _______ lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With stress you would see _______ monocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With exercise you would see ______ neutrophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Would you see a left shift due to exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Could you see a left shift due to inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With exercise you would see ______ lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Involves bacteria,virus,fungi,parasites and any foreign organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is a tissue response, tissue will be red,hot or painful and swollen or all four. |
|
Definition
| Inflammation. Inflammation does not always mean an organism is involved |
|
|
Term
| Means the tissue is responding. Does not always mean an infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If we take blood we collected from the circulating pool early on in an inflammatory condition we may see ________ because the cells have marginated and gone out onto the tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps the body takes to reacting to inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. neutrophils are first released from marrow granulocytes reserve pool
2. granulopoiesis is stimulated
3. as supply of mature neutrophils are depleted you will see less mature neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What is the first WBC that is released when inflammation occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a left shift is an increased concentration of immature segmented neutrophils |
|
|
Term
Which of these 3 would you see a left shift?
1. Inflammation
2. Stress
3. Exercise |
|
Definition
| You would only see a left shift in inflammation |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for neutrophils to respond to inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils will respond in hours |
|
|
Term
| Accelerated granulopoiesis can result in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If no PCV is given you would use the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would you call a cell which has an increased zone of central pallor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which species has a larger zone of central pallor?
Cats, Dogs or horses? |
|
Definition
| Dogs, dogs have +++ zone of central pallor while cats have +. Horse have none |
|
|
Term
In which species is moderate rouleaux normal?
Cats, dogs or horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal hematocrit/PCV for a dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal hematocrit/PCV for a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What samples are pyknosis and karyorrhexis normally seen? |
|
Definition
| commonly seen in samples which have not been processed immediately |
|
|
Term
| What is a mitotic figure? |
|
Definition
| looks like a cell with condensed granules with no nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Why do bilobed neutrophils happen? |
|
Definition
| These cells start out as a myelocyte in circulation but then something such as a left shift occurs |
|
|
Term
| Toxic neutrophils are caused by what? |
|
Definition
| accelerated granulopoiesis |
|
|
Term
| You quantify Doehle bodies, cytoplasmic basophilia and foamy cytoplasm as a percentage. What would a few percentage be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You quantify Doehle bodies, cytoplasmic basophilia and foamy cytoplasm as a percentage. What would a moderate percentage be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You quantify Doehle bodies, cytoplasmic basophilia and foamy cytoplasm as a percentage. What would a many percentage be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you calculate MCV? |
|
Definition
| PCV (so if it was 22% then 0.22 L/L) over the RBC count |
|
|
Term
| Review formulas and do 5 example questions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is myoglobinuria and what color does it cause the urine to become? |
|
Definition
| Myoglobinuria is the presence of myoglobinuria in the urine. It is usually associated with muscle destruction. It causes the urine to turn brown |
|
|
Term
| How would you test for blood borne pathogens? |
|
Definition
-blood smears
-buffy coat smear
-modified knott test
-filter test
-serology
-PCR |
|
|
Term
| What blood borne pathogen is also known as feline infectious anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What blood borne pathogen is this describing?
-epicellular
-coccoid,rod or ring forms
-single paired, groups or chains
- 1# cause of anemia in cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What things should you ask yourself if you suspect mycoplasma haemofelis? |
|
Definition
-is the patient anemic?
-are there signs of hemolysis
-is there stain debris present |
|
|
Term
| What is a good way to collect blood if you are looking for blood borne pathogens? |
|
Definition
| a good test is to poke the ear to get the blood and then touch the slide directly to the ear. |
|
|
Term
| How must you handle the sample if you suspect mycoplasma haemofelis to prevent detachment |
|
Definition
1. When exposed to EDTA it detaches so make a direct smear
2. If the sample gets cold it will detach
3. once the sample has sat for more than 15 mins it will detach |
|
|
Term
| A good way to test to see if its truly a ________- is to sample on different days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| were on a slide is it best to see blood borne pathogens? |
|
Definition
| the feathered edge of the smear |
|
|
Term
| What are things that can be easily mistaken for blood borne pathogens? |
|
Definition
-stain debris
-refractive drying
-poorly stained howell jolly bodies
-basophilic stippling |
|
|
Term
| When making a smear to look for blood borne pathogens do you wash alot or very little? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What distinctive feature does mycoplasma haefelis have that other blood borne pathogens wont? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you are looking for blood borne pathogens and are unsure, cant find it or have not made a smear within 15 minutes what can you do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a problem with doing a PCR for an animal with a blood borne pathogen? |
|
Definition
| You have to send it out. This takes days. The animal can die by then. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of animals does mycoplasma haefelis temd to affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of mycoplasma haefelis? |
|
Definition
Anemia!!!!
-icterus
-fever
-weight loss
-dehydration |
|
|
Term
| What blood changes would you see with mycoplasma haefelis? |
|
Definition
-leukopenia or leukocytes with a left shift
-may be coombs positive
-blood may auto agglutinate |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat mycoplasma haefelis? |
|
Definition
teracyclines
transfusion is pcv is critically low |
|
|
Term
| How does mycoplasmosis affect cattle |
|
Definition
| usually no clinical signs unless ill or spleen has been removed |
|
|
Term
| How does mycoplasmosis affect sheep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does mycoplasmosis affect pigs? |
|
Definition
anemia and icterus
appearance may also have comma,dumbell and tennis racket forms |
|
|
Term
| T/F pigs can transfer mycoplasmosis transplacentally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species does ehrichia spp affect? |
|
Definition
| affects many species such as dogs and horses |
|
|
Term
| What cells dose ehrichia affect? |
|
Definition
| parasite of monocytes,neutrophils and lymphocytes (does not affect RBC's) |
|
|
Term
| Were is ehrichia found in a WBC? |
|
Definition
| is found in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Ehrilichiosis is transmitted by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are clinical shigns of Ehrilichiosis |
|
Definition
| leukopenia,anemia,thrombocytoemia |
|
|
Term
| How would you diagnosis Ehrilichiosis ? |
|
Definition
| routine blood smear,buffy coat smear,serology and PCR |
|
|
Term
| What kind of pathogen is Babesia spp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells dose Babesia spp affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species does Babesia spp affect? |
|
Definition
| can affect all domesticated species but is species specific |
|
|
Term
| What does Babesia spp look like? |
|
Definition
| usually pyriform (pear or apple seed shaped). Has a thin purple rim with wrights stain |
|
|
Term
| How is Babesia spp transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of Babesia spp? |
|
Definition
-causes intravascular hemolysis (replicates in call and then destroys it when escaping
-icterus
-splenomegaly
-hemoglobinemia |
|
|
Term
| How would you diagnosis Babesia spp? |
|
Definition
detect on a blood smear
buffy coat smear
serology
PCR |
|
|
Term
| What species does trypanasomes affect? |
|
Definition
| can affect all vertebrates |
|
|
Term
| How does trypanasomes appear? |
|
Definition
| elongated kinda worm like or like a fiber in urine |
|
|
Term
| Is trypanasomes extracellular or epicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species does erythrocytic anaplasmosis affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is erythrocytic anaplasmosis intra cellular or extra cellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does erythrocytic anaplasmosis looks like? |
|
Definition
ring, matchstick, comet,dumbells
stained basophilic |
|
|
Term
| T/F erythrocytic anaplasmosis may have more than one per cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of erythrocytic anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| marked immune mediated hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Does erythrocytic anaplasmosis increase or decrease PCV? |
|
Definition
| erythrocytic anaplasmosis can decrease the PCV by 50-80%, normal one day and then not the next |
|
|
Term
| What changes does erythrocytic anaplasmosis cause on a slide. |
|
Definition
spherocytes
may be comb positive
no hemoglobin
splenomasly (extravascular hemolysis) |
|
|
Term
| How would you diagnosis erythrocytic anaplasmosis? |
|
Definition
check a blood smear
serology
PCR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively recent brought to the US post gulf war |
|
|
Term
| What does Anaplasma platys affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of Anaplasma platys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you diagnosis Anaplasma platys? |
|
Definition
| may see on a smear or PCR |
|
|
Term
| What does cytauxzoon felis cause? |
|
Definition
| causes hemolytic anemia in cats |
|
|
Term
| What does cytauxzoon felis look like? |
|
Definition
| small,irregular rings in RBC's,lymphocytes and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| How is cytauxzoon felis transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
