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ClP review
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308
Veterinary Medicine
Not Applicable
11/18/2017

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Term
Hematopoiesis
Definition
Production of blood cells (RBC's,WBC's,platelets)
Term
Granulopoiesis
Definition
production of granulocytes(neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils)
Term
Erythropoiesis
Definition
production of rbc's
Term
Thrombopoiesis
Definition
production of platelets
Term
Erythropoiesis is a hormone produced by the
Definition
kidney
Term
Erythropoietin stimulates the production of
Definition
RBC's
Term
If the kidney does not produce erythropoietin this will result in
Definition
anemia
Term
If the body is reactive to the anemia you will see
Definition
young rbc's in circulation
Term
Thrombopoietin stimulates the production of
Definition
platelets
Term
Can the liver and spleen create RBC's again?
Definition
True
Term
When would you see extramedullary hematopoiesis?
Definition
with an enlarged spleen
Term
what condition can result in an increased demand for RBC's
Definition
Pyometra (pus in the uterus)
Term
Where does hematopoiesis occur in a fetus?
Definition
for a fetus it occurs in several organs (red bone marrow, liver,spleen,thymus)
Term
Where does hematopoiesis occur for an adult?
Definition
In the red bone marrow
Term
What are two facts about stem cells?
Definition
1: stem cells can renew
2: stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types
Term
Do RBC's and granulocytes follow a similar pattern when they mature?
Definition
RBC's and granulocytes do follow a similar pattern when they mature
Term
As a cell gets older it gets
A) Smaller
B) Bigger
Definition
as a cell gets older it gets smaller
Term
As a cell gets older the cells color gets
A) darker
B) lighter
Definition
as a cell gets older the cell color gets lighter
Term
As a cell gets older the nucleus gets
A) smaller
B) Bigger
Definition
As a cell gets older the nucleus gets smaller
Term
As a cell gets older it gets
A) More RNA
B) Less RNA
Definition
As a cell gets older it gets less RNA
Term
As a cell gets older the nuclear density gets
A) less dense
B) denser
Definition
B) As a cell gets older the nuclear density gets denser
Term
Granulopoiesis is related to
Definition
basophils,neutrophils,eosinophils
Term
There is a common stem cell for neutrophils and
Definition
monocytes
Term
When the neutrophil concentration in peripheral blood increases the what concentration also increases?
Definition
monocyte concentration
Term
Production of blood is usually
Definition
6 days
Term
Shorten maturation time of blood can result in
Definition
toxic changes
Term
Myeloblast
Definition
Nucleus:
Very fine/granular chromatin
nucleoli
looks very messy

Cytoplasm:
Deeply basophilic
No granules
Term
Promyelocyte
Definition
Nucleus:
Fine chromatin
+/- nucleoli

Cytoplasm:
basophilic
Granules
Term
Myelocyte
Definition
Nucleus:
coarse,clumped,chromatin, circular

Cytoplasm:
slightly basophilic
Term
Metamyelocyte
Definition
Nucleus:
coarse,clumped,chromatin
shallow indent (looks like a bean)

cytoplasm:
similar to a mature cell, may be slightly basophilic
Term
Band
Definition
Nucleus:
Coarse,clumped,condensed chromatin.
Often parallel sides
Looks like a smile

Cytoplasm:
similar to a mature cell but may be slightly basophilic
Term
If a cell is between two stages what stage would you call it?
Definition
you would call it the more mature stage
Term
What is the pathway of maturing WBC's
Definition
1. Myeloblast
2. Promyelocyte
3.Myelocyte
4. Metamyelocyte
5.Band
6.Neutrophils
Term
Which two types of cells have the longest transit time?
Definition
The two types of cells to have the longest transit time is lymphocytes and monocytes.
Term
How long can transit times be for monocytes?
Definition
monocyte transit times can be weeks to months
Term
How long can transit times be for lymphocytes?
Definition
Lymphocyte transit times can take weeks to years
Term
What is required to do erythropoietin?
Definition
The ingredients required for erythropoietin is
1. protein
2. iron
3. copper
4.colbalt
5.vitamins
Term
Compared to granulocyte precursors erythroid precursors are
Definition
-smaller
-more basophilic when young
- have a very round nucleus
Term
Beside the bone marrow what are other sites of hematopoiesis?
Definition
Other sites of hematopoiesis are the spleen, liver, and rarely in the lymph nodes
Term
Nucleus: Round, Large,Delicate stippled chromatin,nucleoli

Cytoplasm: thin rim, royal blue, perinuclear clear zone
Definition
Rubriblast
Term
Nucleus: nucleoli usually dissapear, chromatin is slightly more coarse then a rubriblast

Cytoplasm: Royal blue, prominent perinuclear clear zone
Definition
Prorubricyte
Term
One of the most common erythrocyte precursors. Is relatively large. Usally colored from intensely basophilic to polychromatic (grey-blue). Has a juicy nucleus.
Definition
Rubricyte
Term
Is small. Contains a pyknotic. Bigger then the average rubricyte
Definition
Metarubricyte
Term
What are the most commonly seen nRBC's?
Definition
Rubricytes and Metarubricytes
Term
What do poly chromatic RBC's look like?
Definition
They look like shiny coins. They have no nucleus. They are slightly basophilic. Are larger than a mature RBC.
Term
What cells will be reticulocytes when stained with NMB
Definition
Polychromatic RBC's
Term
What is the normal percentage of polychromatic RBC's seen in dogs?
Definition
up to 1 %
Term
What is the normal percentage of polychromatic RBC's seen in cats?
Definition
up to 0.5 %
Term
In what species are polychromatic RBC's only released if necessary?
Definition
Polychromatic RBC's are only released if necessary in cattle,sheep and goats
Term
Which species of animal never have polychromatic rbc's in circulation
Definition
Horses never have rbc's in circulation
Term
WBC's are named specifically and counter as...
Definition
WBC's are named specifically and counter as part of the 100%
Term
nRBC's are named specifically and are reported as
Definition
nRBC's are named specifically and are reported as # per 100 WBC's
Term
For recycling what kindo of cells pick up RBC's
Definition
reticuloendotheial
Term
For recycling RBC's are metabolized into
Definition
iron,protein and bilirubin
Term
Where are RBC proteins stored after being broken down
Definition
they are stored in the amino acid pool
Term
-most common cause of UTI's
-Produce positive dipstick nitrate
-more rectangular than cocci
-seen in a chain or alone
Definition
Bacteria Rods
Term
Bacteria is one of the reasons why we must always use fresh urine samples. Why is this?
Definition
Bacteria numbers can double every 20 minutes
Term
-very small, spherical balls
-seen alone,chains or clusters
-may or may not be motile
- can be confirmed with staining
Definition
Cocci Bacteria
Term
What color does cocci bacteria stain?
Definition
cocci stains purple
Term
What color does rod bacteria stain?
Definition
bacteria cocci stains pink
Term
-may appear as small circles or clusters
-similar in shape to little snow men
-may appear in budding or non budding form
Definition
yeast
Term
-resemble bamboo stalks
-is a type of fungi
-may be confused with casts
Definition
Pseudohyphase
Term
-irregular cell outline
-may be granular
-small,dark or absent nucleus
Definition
squamous epithelial cells
Term
-smooth outer edge
-variable size
Definition
Transitional epithelial cell
Term
-size varies considerably
-cells are small, usually 2X the size of a WBC
Definition
renal epithelial cell
Term
-not usually significant and may be contaminated from clothing or fecal material
-can be confused with hyaline casts or waxy casts
-look like a piece or string
Definition
Fibers
Term
-Highly refractive and can vary greatly in size
-contain a dark outer ring with a clear center
-on a different field then RBC's
Definition
Air bubbles
Term
-most common kink of cast
-low reactive index
Definition
Hyaline cast
Term
-square ends
-cracked appearance
Definition
Waxy cast
Term
Often looks like yellow/brown needles or granules.Seen in urine samples
Definition
Bilirubin
Term
A crystal seen in urine samples. Dumbbell or hourglass shaped.
Definition
Calcium carbonate
Term
Seen in urine samples. Has a thorny apple appearance
Definition
ammonium biurate
Term
Found in urine samples, colorless and granular in shape
rough exterior creates a shadow
Definition
Amorphous phosphate
Term
Found in urine samples
- are uniformed in size
-are smaller then WBC
-possess a red tinged color
-may be smooth or cremated
Definition
RBC's
Term
Found in urine samples
-Are larger than RBC's
-so not crenate
-appear granular
-may have a visible nucleus
Definition
WBC's
Term
Found in urine samples
-crystal
-colorless
-look like a picket fence
Definition
calcium oxalate monohyrate
Term
Found in urine samples
-crystal
-colorless
-have an 'X' inside a square
Definition
Calcium oxalate dihydrate
Term
Found in urine samples
-crystal
-shaped like a coffin lid
Definition
struvite
Term
Found in urine samples
-greenish appearance
- T shape notch in the center
-usually due to to contamination from
powdered gloves
Definition
starch
Term
Found in urine samples
- a cast which has coarse or fine granules
-to be classified this the granules have to take up at least 1/3 of the cast
Definition
Granular cast
Term
Found in urine samples
- a cast which looks like an aero bar
- is common in cats
- fat must take up at least 1/3 of the cast
Definition
fatty cast
Term
Found in urine samples
-a cast that mainly consists of trapped WBC cells
Definition
WBC cellular cast
Term
What are the steps to using a dipstick?
Definition
*should always be performed fresh at room temp
1. Mix well
2. dip stick in urine, dont drip
3. tap off excess
4. keep the stick horizontal
5. try to read immediately
Term
How would you set up a microscope for urine
Definition
condenser up,diaphragm closed, for casts 10x and other 40x
Term
How would you set up a microscope for blood
Definition
condenser up, diaphragm open, scan on 10x, count on 40x or 100x
Term
How would you set up a microscope for fecal
Definition
condenser down, diaphragm open, scan on 4X for ticks,10X for eggs
Term
What is Icterus
Definition
Icterus is the presence of excess bilirubin
Term
What does IMHA stand for?
Definition
IMHA stands for Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
Term
What causes Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia?
Definition
Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia is where the immune system attacks and removes its own RCB's. This causes severe Anemia
Term
What happens to the spleen during immune mediated hemoltyic anemia
Definition
The spleen enlarges during IMHA due to excess amounts of bilirubin
Term
What happens to the patients tissues and urine when they have IMHA
Definition
The patient becomes jaundice( icteric) which means the patient tissues and urine become a yellow/orange color. This is due to excess bilirubin
Term
How would you treat Imunne Mediated Hemolytic anemia?
Definition
lots of blood transfusions since the apatient is likely to be severely anemic
Term
T/F unconjugated bilirubin cannot leave the body
Definition
this is true. Unconjungated bilirubin must first be broken down
Term
Where is unconjugated bilirubin broken down?
Definition
unconjugated bilirubin is broken down in the spleen,liver,bile duct and then the intestine
Term
When bilirubin is broken down by the body and leaves the body via the feces it is called
Definition
stercobillinogen
Term
When bilirubin is broken down by the body and leaves the body via the urine it is called
Definition
urobilinogen
Term
What are some of the signs of IMHA on a slide?
Definition
-increased polychromatic RBC's
-less RBC's than normal
-size of RBC's are varied
-Leptocytes
-presence of precursor RBC's
Term
What are possible causes of Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia?
Definition
There are many causes for Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia such as cancer, neoplasia, antibotic treatment or a adverse reaction to a vaccine.
Term
There will be an ____ production of conjugated and conjugated bilirubin die to excess RBC destruction
Definition
There will be an increased production of conjugated and conjugated bilirubin die to excess RBC destruction
Term
What species of animal if anorexic for 24 hrs will stop proccess unconjugated bilirubin
Definition
Horses
Term
What are 4 ways to test if an animal is anemic?
Definition
1. PCV
2. RBC number
3. MHC (measured hemaglobin concentration)
4. Smear evaluation
Term
The normal amount of RBC distribution in the optimal viewing area is
Definition
a monolayer (one cell thick with 50% touching)
Term
What would you see in the optimal viewing area if the animal has mild anemia
Definition
RBC's can be doubled to produce a monolayer
Term
What would you see in the optimal viewing area if the animal has moderate anemia
Definition
RBC's can be tripled to produce a monolayer
Term
What would you see in the optimal viewing area if the animal has marked anemia
Definition
RBC's can be quadrupled to produce a monolayer
Term
Describe a normal looking eythrocytes (canine)
Definition
7.0 um size
+++ zone of central pallor
no anisocytosis
Term
With intravasuclar hemolysis what would you see?
Definition
With intravasuclar hemolysis you would see
-ghost cells
-membrane only
-lost hemaglobin
Term
With extraravasuclar hemolysis what would you see?
Definition
With extravasuclar hemolysis you would see
- lots of spherocytes
Term
Why do spherocytes happen?
Definition
They happen when the body tries to recycle RBC's
Term
Can Spherocytes still do thier job?
Definition
Yes spherocytes can still do thier job
Term
What do leptocyes look like?
Definition
Leptocytes are RBC's that zone of pallor appears warped
Term
When are leptocytes formed?
Definition
Leptocytes are formed when cells are large and less flexible than normal
Term
What are Howell Jolly bodies?
Definition
They are dark round nuclear remnants
Term
In what species are is the presence of Howell Jolly bodies normal
Definition
It is normal in cats (up to 1% of RbC's)
Term
When are Howell Jolly bodies normally seen?
Definition
Howell Jolly bodies are normally seen with decreased spleen function as well when the body has a strong reaction to anemia
Term
How will an patient act when they have Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia?
Definition
The patient will be
- listless
-have a poor appetite
-be weak
Term
IMHA is often confused with arthritis. What is a sign to look for so that you know the difference
Definition
Look for pale mucous membranes. This is a clear indicator of IMHA
Term
What are two things to look for on a slide to identify IMHA
Definition
Look for the presence of spherocytes as well as agglutination
Term
If you are unsure if the patient truly has IMHA what test can you preform.
Definition
If unsure you can do the saline glutination test which is 1 part blood and 4 parts blood.If the clusters remain on the slide you have IMHA
Term
Why do we access RBC's?
Definition
We access RBC's in order to identify anemia
Term
Anemia rouses suspicion of other diseases such as
Definition
liver disease,hypothyroidism,toxicities
Term
Describe a normal feline RBC
Definition
5.8 um size
+ zone of central pallor
+ anisocytosis
Term
What are the 3 function of RBC's?
Definition
-oxygen transportation
-carbon dioxide transportation
-removal of waste from plasma
Term
What is the average life span of RBC's
Definition
10-22 weeks (varies with species)
its about 100 days for dogs
Term
Decreased RBC number or pcv or hemoglobin concentration in the blood
Definition
Anemia
Term
increased numbers of rbc's in the blood. Term can be used for rbc numbers, heatocrit (pcv) or hemoglobin concentration
Definition
polycythemia
Term
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Definition
hemoglobin transports oxygen
Term
How is hemoglobin made?
Definition
Hemoglobin is synthesized during RBC maturation in bone marrow
Term
How would you measure hemoglobin using the cyanmethemoglobin method?
Definition
Using the cyanmethemoglobin method the blood cells are lyzed which then react with the cyanide agent. The color is then measured using photometrically.
Term
What does HB stand for?
Definition
HB stands for total hemoglobin in the blood (not the amount of hem0globin in a cell )
Term
What is methemoglobin?
Definition
Methemoglobin is (gray/purple) due to various drugs and toxicities
Term
What is carboxyhemoglobin?
Definition
Due to carbon monoxide exposure the blood is bright red
Term
What does MCH stand for?
Definition
MCH stands for Means Corpuscular Hemaglobin (this is weighing the average)
Term
What does MCHC stand for?
Definition
MCHC means the corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
Term
Which is more accurate? The MCH or the MCHC?
Definition
The MCHC is more accurate because it takes the cell size ito consideration
Term
What would you write when saying a hemaoglobin concentration is decreased?
Definition
Hypochromic
Term
What would you write when saying a hemaoglobin concentration is in normal?
Definition
Normochromic
Term
What would you write when saying a hemoglobin concentration is increased
Definition
hyperchromic
Term
What is a torocyte?
Definition
It is a RBC with a punched out middle
Term
What does MCV mean?
Definition
Mean Corpuscular volume it is measuring the size
Term
Although you know the MCV why do you still have to look at a smear?
Definition
The MCV is only an average, an animal with small or large RBC's may still have a normal MCV.
Term
What is anisocytosis?
Definition
Anisocytosis is a variation on cell size
Term
What would mild anisocytosis look like?
Definition
Mild anisocytosis is when the diameter of the smallest cell plus 1/3 of the diameter of the normal cell makes the largest cell
Term
What would moderate anisocytosis look like?
Definition
Moderate anisocytosis is when the diameter of the smallest cell plus 2/3 of the diameter of the normal cell makes the largest cell
Term
What would marked anisocytosis look like?
Definition
Marked anisocytosis is when the diameter of the smallest cell plus the diameter of the normal cell makes the largest cell
Term
What is the average size of a feline RBC look like?
Definition
5.8 um
Term
What does RDW stand for?
Definition
RDW stands for red blood cell distribution width
Term
How is anemia classified?
Definition
1. according to the size and hemoglobin saturation
2. according to the response
3. according to the cause
Term
What is hypochromasia?
Definition
Hypochromasia is decreased hemoglobin concentration
Term
What can cause a false hypochromasia?
Definition
An increased number of polychromatic RBC's (since they are not fully hemoglobinized)
Term
What cases do you often see hypochromasia and microscytosis?
Definition
You usually see this due to iron deficiency
Term
What is hyperchromic?
Definition
Increased hemoglobin concentration
Term
In which is it physically to see hyperchromic cells?
Definition
You would not see hyperchromic cells which are normal in shape
Term
What would cause a false reading of MCHC?
Definition
hemolysis and increased heinz bodies
Term
What are spherocytes?
Definition
Cells that appear hyperchromic on a smear. They have also loss thier biconcave shape
Term
What will you see in a responsive anemia?
Definition
The bone marrow will release immature cells to replace the 'missing' ones
Term
In a responsive anemia would you see increased concentrations of polychromatic RBC's or decreased?
Definition
increased concentrations of polychromatic RBC's
Term
In a responsive anemia would you see increased or decreased MCV?
Definition
increased MCV
Term
In a responsive anemia would you see increased or decreased MCHC?
Definition
decreased MCHC
Term
In a responsive anemia would you see increased or decreased anisocytosis?
Definition
increased anisocytosis
Term
An increased concentration of polychromatic RBC's reticulocytes is the hallmark of a what?
Definition
it is a hallmark to the presence of a responsive anemia
Term
The presence of nucleated RBC's in the absence of increased polychromatic RBC's indicates what?
Definition
this indicates a lack of response to anemia from the body
Term
What are reticulocytes?
Definition
Reticulocytes are immature non nucleated RBCs
Term
How would you stain reticulocytes?
Definition
1. Mix a small amount of fresh blood with an equal amount of supragingival stain (NMB)
2. allow to sit for 10 minutes
3. smear as normal
Term
What is a better indicator of bone marrow response to anemia, reticulocytes or polychromatic cells?
Definition
reticulocytes
Term
Why are reticulocytes a better indicator of bone marrow response to anemia than polychromatic cells?
Definition
Reticulocytes are easier to identify and in dogs reticulocytes only appear for one day while polychromatic cells last longer. With reticulocytes you can get a grasp of the bone marrow response in a day
Term
What are feline aggregate reticulocytes?
Definition
clumps or clusters of organelles seen which are equivalent to polychromatic RBC;s with routine stains
Term
What are feline punctate reticulocytes?
Definition
Scattered individual organelles, are equivalent to mature RBC's
Term
How would you quantify feline reticulocytes?
Definition
Each type should be reported separately. Only aggregate reticulocytes are used to assess recent responses
Term
What are RBC precursors reported as in a CBC
Definition
they are counted as part of the #/100 WBC's (do not include in the differential cell count
Term
If RBC precursors are presented what must happen?
Definition
The WBC count must be corrected
Term
What % of reticulocytes are considered normal for dogs and cats?
Definition
1% for dogs, 0.0- 0.4 % for cats
Term
What is the formula for correcting the WBC since reticulocytes are present?
Definition
corrected reticulocytes % = original count X patient PCV/normal PCV
Term
Since horses do not release reticulocytes/polychromatic cells from bone marrow what would you do?
Definition
You would perform a sequential PCV
Term
What are three examples of morphological changes that can occur in the absence of changes in cell numbers
Definition
Toxic changes
Neoplastic changes (such as cancer)
Inclusions
Term
Machines CAN NOT detect morphological changes for this fact we must
Definition
must read a smear manually since the machines tend to misidentify abnormal cells
Term
All routine morphology should be accessed in the
Definition
optimal viewing area
Term
What are the 4 features you should access when looking at a cell
Definition
1.maturation/precursors
2.size
3.cytoplasm
4.nucleus
Term
What is cytoplasmic basophilia?
Definition
A blotchy blue look to the cytoplasm
Term
What is cytoplasmic vacuolation?
Definition
looks kinda foamy cytoplasm with holes
Term
Why do toxic changes occur?
Definition
toxic changes occur with inflammation or when the production of WBC's goes faster than its supposed to
Term
What is toxic granulation?
Definition
it is when a neutrophil remains their primary granules from when they were immature
Term
Why does hyper segmentation occur?
Definition
this happens when the cells have stayed in circulation longer than normal. Also seen in the use of steroids
Term
What is pyknosis?
Definition
The nucleus is small dark and dense ( a little circle)
Term
What is karyorrhexis?
Definition
two little circle of dark and dense nucleus
Term
What is a donut band?
Definition
a continuous ring, the nucleus is a ring that does not overlap
Term
What is a smudged WBC?
Definition
A smudge is when you get a rupture of the nucleus but the chromatin does not spread out.
Term
What is a basket WBC?
Definition
A ruptured nucleus with the chromatin spread out
Term
What is a phagocytosis?
Definition
When a cell eats other cells, cellular debris and bacteria
Term
What is a giant neutrophil?
Definition
A neutrophil which is greater than 16 um
Term
What are 5 things you look at when you are looking at cytoplasm?
Definition
look at color, granules, vacuoles,doehle bodies and inclusions
Term
What are two reasons for increased cytoplasmic basophilia?
Definition
It is due to retained RNA or due to a short maturation time (can also be due to something interfering with the maturation)
Term
What are Doehle bodies?
Definition
they are small, irregular, blue segmented grey bodies which are remnants of RNA
Term
Which species of animal are doehle bodies common in?
Definition
doehle bodies are common in cats
Term
What do doehle bodies mean?
Definition
They mean a toxic change
Term
How many lobes must a neutrophil have to be considered hypersegmented?
Definition
6
Term
Is hypersegmented considered a toxic change?
Definition
no
Term
What does a hypersegmentation usually called?
Definition
A right shift
Term
What is pelger huet anomaly?
Definition
This is when the chromatin is condensed but not constricted
Term
What is a barr body and what causes them?
Definition
A barr body is a small drum stick with a nuclear appendage. They are due to a second X chromosome (seen in females and hermaphrodites)
Term
Why do bilobed neutrophils happen?
Definition
They started out as myelocytes but then there was a left shift
Term
Name 3 changes that are considered toxic changes
Definition
Donut nuclei
Giant neutrophil
Toxic granulation
Term
What are two causes of toxic neutrophils?
Definition
Caused by accelerated granulopoiesis or inflammation
Term
What do granular lymphocytes usually indicate?
Definition
Often indicate inflammation but can also be seen in neoplastic cells
Term
Describe a reactive lymphocyte
Definition
large,royal blue, nucleus may be indented,may have vacuoles
Term
Describe a lymphoblast
Definition
one or more nucleoli, usually large, chromatin is finer and more dispersed, moderately to deeply basophilic cytoplasm
Term
Describe an atypical lymphocyte
Definition
The nucleus has deep clefts or multiple folds. May have abundant cytoplasm thats dark blue. Any lymphocyte that 'doesn't looks right'can be called an atypical lymphocyte
Term
Describe a plasma cell
Definition
deeply basophilic cytoplasm, prominent perinuclear clear zone, eccentric nucleus
Term
What is leukoagglutination
Definition
clumps of WBC's in peripheral blood (usally an artifact due to prolonged storage or due to EDTA)
Term
T/F you can only use absolute numbers to access WBC's
Definition
True
Term
What is the purpose of the storage pool?
Definition
As soon as there is an demand for neutrophils the bone marrow can quickly release them. When the pool drains it will release the cells from the proliferating pool and so on
Term
The cells we don't see are resting in the....
Definition
the marginating pool
Term
Blood is ONLY collected from the ______
Definition
circulating pool
Term
T/F cells can move back and forth and change places between the circulating and the marginating pool
Definition
true
Term
What is leukocytosis?
Definition
Increased WBC's
Term
Neutrophilia
Definition
higher than normal neutrophils
Term
What are 4 reasons for neutrophilia?
Definition
1. inflammation
2. stress/corticosteroids
3. exercise
4.leukemia/neoplasia
Term
In inflammation neutrophils are _____
Definition
increased
Term
In inflammation lymphocytes are _____
Definition
decreased
Term
In inflammation eosinophils are ____
Definition
decreased
Term
With stress neutrophils are _____
Definition
increased
Term
When it comes to stress would you see a left shift?
Definition
No
Term
With stress you would see _______ lymphocytes
Definition
decreased
Term
With stress you would see _______ monocytes
Definition
increased
Term
With exercise you would see ______ neutrophils
Definition
increased
Term
Would you see a left shift due to exercise?
Definition
no
Term
Could you see a left shift due to inflammation?
Definition
possibly
Term
With exercise you would see ______ lymphocytes
Definition
increased
Term
Involves bacteria,virus,fungi,parasites and any foreign organisms
Definition
infection
Term
is a tissue response, tissue will be red,hot or painful and swollen or all four.
Definition
Inflammation. Inflammation does not always mean an organism is involved
Term
Means the tissue is responding. Does not always mean an infection.
Definition
red tissue
Term
If we take blood we collected from the circulating pool early on in an inflammatory condition we may see ________ because the cells have marginated and gone out onto the tissue
Definition
neutropenia
Term
What are the 3 steps the body takes to reacting to inflammation?
Definition
1. neutrophils are first released from marrow granulocytes reserve pool
2. granulopoiesis is stimulated
3. as supply of mature neutrophils are depleted you will see less mature neutrophils
Term
What is the first WBC that is released when inflammation occurs?
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
What is a left shift?
Definition
a left shift is an increased concentration of immature segmented neutrophils
Term
Which of these 3 would you see a left shift?
1. Inflammation
2. Stress
3. Exercise
Definition
You would only see a left shift in inflammation
Term
How long does it take for neutrophils to respond to inflammation?
Definition
Neutrophils will respond in hours
Term
Accelerated granulopoiesis can result in...
Definition
toxic changes
Term
If no PCV is given you would use the ___
Definition
HCT
Term
What would you call a cell which has an increased zone of central pallor?
Definition
hypochromic
Term
Which species has a larger zone of central pallor?
Cats, Dogs or horses?
Definition
Dogs, dogs have +++ zone of central pallor while cats have +. Horse have none
Term
In which species is moderate rouleaux normal?
Cats, dogs or horses?
Definition
Cats
Term
What is the normal hematocrit/PCV for a dog?
Definition
40-59
Term
What is the normal hematocrit/PCV for a cat?
Definition
29-50
Term
Pyknotic nuclei
Definition
forms one ball
Term
Karyorrhectic nuclei
Definition
multiple balls
Term
What samples are pyknosis and karyorrhexis normally seen?
Definition
commonly seen in samples which have not been processed immediately
Term
What is a mitotic figure?
Definition
looks like a cell with condensed granules with no nuclei
Term
Why do bilobed neutrophils happen?
Definition
These cells start out as a myelocyte in circulation but then something such as a left shift occurs
Term
Toxic neutrophils are caused by what?
Definition
accelerated granulopoiesis
Term
You quantify Doehle bodies, cytoplasmic basophilia and foamy cytoplasm as a percentage. What would a few percentage be?
Definition
5-10%
Term
You quantify Doehle bodies, cytoplasmic basophilia and foamy cytoplasm as a percentage. What would a moderate percentage be?
Definition
11-30%
Term
You quantify Doehle bodies, cytoplasmic basophilia and foamy cytoplasm as a percentage. What would a many percentage be?
Definition
greater than 30%
Term
How would you calculate MCV?
Definition
PCV (so if it was 22% then 0.22 L/L) over the RBC count
Term
Review formulas and do 5 example questions
Definition
Okay :)
Term
What is myoglobinuria and what color does it cause the urine to become?
Definition
Myoglobinuria is the presence of myoglobinuria in the urine. It is usually associated with muscle destruction. It causes the urine to turn brown
Term
How would you test for blood borne pathogens?
Definition
-blood smears
-buffy coat smear
-modified knott test
-filter test
-serology
-PCR
Term
What blood borne pathogen is also known as feline infectious anemia?
Definition
Mycoplasma Haemofelis
Term
What blood borne pathogen is this describing?
-epicellular
-coccoid,rod or ring forms
-single paired, groups or chains
- 1# cause of anemia in cats
Definition
mycoplasma haemofelis
Term
What things should you ask yourself if you suspect mycoplasma haemofelis?
Definition
-is the patient anemic?
-are there signs of hemolysis
-is there stain debris present
Term
What is a good way to collect blood if you are looking for blood borne pathogens?
Definition
a good test is to poke the ear to get the blood and then touch the slide directly to the ear.
Term
How must you handle the sample if you suspect mycoplasma haemofelis to prevent detachment
Definition
1. When exposed to EDTA it detaches so make a direct smear
2. If the sample gets cold it will detach
3. once the sample has sat for more than 15 mins it will detach
Term
A good way to test to see if its truly a ________- is to sample on different days
Definition
blood borne pathogens
Term
were on a slide is it best to see blood borne pathogens?
Definition
the feathered edge of the smear
Term
What are things that can be easily mistaken for blood borne pathogens?
Definition
-stain debris
-refractive drying
-poorly stained howell jolly bodies
-basophilic stippling
Term
When making a smear to look for blood borne pathogens do you wash alot or very little?
Definition
wash alot
Term
What distinctive feature does mycoplasma haefelis have that other blood borne pathogens wont?
Definition
they have a ring form
Term
If you are looking for blood borne pathogens and are unsure, cant find it or have not made a smear within 15 minutes what can you do?
Definition
you can so a PCR
Term
What is a problem with doing a PCR for an animal with a blood borne pathogen?
Definition
You have to send it out. This takes days. The animal can die by then.
Term
What kind of animals does mycoplasma haefelis temd to affect?
Definition
male young cats
Term
What are clinical signs of mycoplasma haefelis?
Definition
Anemia!!!!
-icterus
-fever
-weight loss
-dehydration
Term
What blood changes would you see with mycoplasma haefelis?
Definition
-leukopenia or leukocytes with a left shift
-may be coombs positive
-blood may auto agglutinate
Term
How would you treat mycoplasma haefelis?
Definition
teracyclines
transfusion is pcv is critically low
Term
How does mycoplasmosis affect cattle
Definition
usually no clinical signs unless ill or spleen has been removed
Term
How does mycoplasmosis affect sheep
Definition
may cause severe anemia
Term
How does mycoplasmosis affect pigs?
Definition
anemia and icterus
appearance may also have comma,dumbell and tennis racket forms
Term
T/F pigs can transfer mycoplasmosis transplacentally
Definition
true
Term
What species does ehrichia spp affect?
Definition
affects many species such as dogs and horses
Term
What cells dose ehrichia affect?
Definition
parasite of monocytes,neutrophils and lymphocytes (does not affect RBC's)
Term
Were is ehrichia found in a WBC?
Definition
is found in the cytoplasm
Term
Ehrilichiosis is transmitted by
Definition
ticks
Term
What are clinical shigns of Ehrilichiosis
Definition
leukopenia,anemia,thrombocytoemia
Term
How would you diagnosis Ehrilichiosis ?
Definition
routine blood smear,buffy coat smear,serology and PCR
Term
What kind of pathogen is Babesia spp?
Definition
protozoa
Term
What kind of cells dose Babesia spp affect?
Definition
RBC's
Term
What species does Babesia spp affect?
Definition
can affect all domesticated species but is species specific
Term
What does Babesia spp look like?
Definition
usually pyriform (pear or apple seed shaped). Has a thin purple rim with wrights stain
Term
How is Babesia spp transmitted?
Definition
Ixodid ticks
Term
What are the clinical signs of Babesia spp?
Definition
-causes intravascular hemolysis (replicates in call and then destroys it when escaping
-icterus
-splenomegaly
-hemoglobinemia
Term
How would you diagnosis Babesia spp?
Definition
detect on a blood smear
buffy coat smear
serology
PCR
Term
What species does trypanasomes affect?
Definition
can affect all vertebrates
Term
How does trypanasomes appear?
Definition
elongated kinda worm like or like a fiber in urine
Term
Is trypanasomes extracellular or epicellular?
Definition
extracellular
Term
What species does erythrocytic anaplasmosis affect?
Definition
affects ruminants
Term
Is erythrocytic anaplasmosis intra cellular or extra cellular?
Definition
intra cellular
Term
What does erythrocytic anaplasmosis looks like?
Definition
ring, matchstick, comet,dumbells
stained basophilic
Term
T/F erythrocytic anaplasmosis may have more than one per cell
Definition
true
Term
What are the clinical signs of erythrocytic anaplasmosis?
Definition
marked immune mediated hemolytic anemia
Term
Does erythrocytic anaplasmosis increase or decrease PCV?
Definition
erythrocytic anaplasmosis can decrease the PCV by 50-80%, normal one day and then not the next
Term
What changes does erythrocytic anaplasmosis cause on a slide.
Definition
spherocytes
may be comb positive
no hemoglobin
splenomasly (extravascular hemolysis)
Term
How would you diagnosis erythrocytic anaplasmosis?
Definition
check a blood smear
serology
PCR
Term
Leishmaniasis
Definition
relatively recent brought to the US post gulf war
Term
What does Anaplasma platys affect?
Definition
affects the platelets
Term
What are the clinical signs of Anaplasma platys
Definition
causes thrombocytopenia
Term
How would you diagnosis Anaplasma platys?
Definition
may see on a smear or PCR
Term
What does cytauxzoon felis cause?
Definition
causes hemolytic anemia in cats
Term
What does cytauxzoon felis look like?
Definition
small,irregular rings in RBC's,lymphocytes and macrophages
Term
How is cytauxzoon felis transmitted?
Definition
is transmitted by ticks
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