Term
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Definition
Protein synthesis inhibition
binds 30S ribosomal subunit
bacteriostatic |
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Term
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Definition
protein synthesis inhibitor
binds 30S ribosomal subunit
bacteriocidal |
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Term
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Definition
protein synthesis inhibitor
binds 50S ribosomal subunit
bacteriostatic |
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Term
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Definition
protein synthesis inhibitor
binds 50S ribosomal subunit
bacteriostatic |
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Term
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Definition
protein synthesis inhibitor
binds 50S ribosomal subunit
bacteriostatic |
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Term
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Definition
Metabolite inhibitor
Block 2 steps in folic acid synthesis pathway
Bacteriocidal |
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Term
Fluoroquinolones
mechanism of action |
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Definition
| Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors inhibit DNA gyrase bacteriocidal |
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Term
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Definition
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
binds bacterial transpeptidases
bacteriocidal |
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Term
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Definition
cell wall synthesis inhibitor
binds peptidoglycan precursors |
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Term
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Definition
| layperson able to diagnose, monitor for side effects, if animal is responding to treatment |
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Term
| Veterinarian responsibility with approved drugs, nutriceuticals, compounded drugs. |
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Definition
| FDA approved: FDA responsible for safety and efficacy. Nutriceuticals, compounded drugs, extralabel use: veterinarian assumes responsibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vet has assumed responsibility for clinical judgments, has sufficient knowledge to make preliminary diagnosis, available for followup exam. |
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Term
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Definition
name and address of dispenser
serial number and date
name and address of veterinarian
directions for use
warnings/withdrawal times |
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Term
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Definition
| any use not on label, allowed with VCP relationship, if animal's health is threatened, suffering or death may result. |
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Term
| Food animal extralabel prohibited drugs |
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Definition
| Chloramphenicol, clenbuterol, diethylstilbestrol, dimetridazole, ipronidazole, nitroimidazoles, furazolidone (exc. topical), nitrofurazone (exc. topical), sulfas in lactaters, fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides, cephalosporins, adamantanes and neuraminidase |
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Term
| compounded drug definition and allowed use |
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Definition
definition: any manipulation to make a new drug product.
Allowed use: health threatened, suffering or death may result. No FDA drug available. Made from FDA drug. Must be safe and effective. Compounded on individual patient basis. Food animal - extended withdrawal time. |
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Term
| adv/disadv of compounded vs FDA drug |
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Definition
| FDA: tested for safety and efficacy, quality and handling regulations, adverse event reporting system. |
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Term
| Drug abbreviation errors to avoid |
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Definition
| No SID, U, IU, mcg, ug, TIW, q hs, trailing zero. phoning in, parenteral syringes for oral administration. Always use leading zeros. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of drug from site of administration to systemic circulation. |
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Term
| bioavailability definition |
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Definition
| Fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation. Lower bioavailability (oral) results in higher administered doses than IV. |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of drug from systemic circulation to site of action and other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of plasma cleared of a drug over time |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical modification of a drug generally resulting in a more polar, more easily excreted compound |
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Term
| Elimination half-life definition |
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Definition
| time required for plasma concentration of a drug to fall by half |
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Term
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Definition
Low Vd: drug limited to plasma
High Vd: drug has distributed out of plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| LD=target concentration * Vd |
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Term
| Plasma tissue barrier organs |
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Definition
| testes, placenta, prostate, eye, brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glial cell layer interposed between capillary endothelial cells and nervous tissue. P-glycoprotein pumps transport drugs back into the capillary lumen. |
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Term
| Dosage alterations with hepatic or renal disease |
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Definition
mild liver disease - no change
fulminant liver disease - dosage reduction
renal disease - dosage reduction for renal clearnce drugs |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium
Peptostreptococcus
Bacteroides
Fusobacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus |
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Term
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Definition
Bordetella
Pasteurella
Mannheimia |
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Term
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Definition
E. coli
Klebsiella
Proteus
Enterobacter
Salmonella |
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Term
| Supportive signs of infection |
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Definition
| Fever, inflammation, clinical signs, cytology, culture, serology, PCR |
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Term
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Definition
| Fever: body raises set point: inflammation, drug-induced. Hyperthermia - hypothalamus will attempt to return body to normal temp. |
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Term
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Definition
a->h: commensal, normal flora, pathogen
h->a: adequacy of immune response |
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Term
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Definition
d->a: appropriate drug or dose kills or inhibit agent. Inappropriate dose won't kill, may develop resistance.
a->d: intrinsic or acquired resistance |
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Term
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Definition
d->h: adverse reactions (allergic, GI, flora disruption)
h->d: pharmacokinetics |
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Term
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Definition
Antibiotic selection based on observation or experience without C&S.
Consider type of bug, general spectrum of drug |
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Term
| Time dependent drug definition and examples |
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Definition
Greatest efficacy at >4x MIC for most of dosing interval.
Beta lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, sulfonamides |
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Term
| Concentration dependent drug definition and examples |
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Definition
Greatest efficacy when Cmax reaches 8-10 MIC for part of dosing interval.
Fluoroquinolones and aminoglyosides |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentration dependent drugs have persistent antibiotic activity after falling below MIC |
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Term
| antibiotic resistance: public health |
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Definition
| Main factor in development of resistance is increased antibiotic use. Much ag animal use is OTC, but use in small animals is a risk as well. |
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Term
| Categories of antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
| Inherent resistance, internally acquired resistance (spontaneous mutation), externally acquired resistance (conjugation) |
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Term
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Definition
| pilus transfer of DNA plasmid between bacteria. Up to 8 types of resistance seen in a single plasmid |
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Term
| Strategies to reduce development of resistance |
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Definition
Appropriate antimicrobial use
Infection control: decrease spread of resistant bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Allergy, GI.
Vancomycin: IV hypersensitivity, renal, ototoxicity, bone marrow suppression |
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Term
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Definition
GI, allergy.
Staining of growing teeth
IV doxycycline fatal in horses!
Esophageal stricture in cats |
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Term
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Definition
| nephrotoxic, ototoxic, neuromuscular blockade |
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Term
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Definition
| chloramphenicols: aplastic anemia in humans. Florfenicol: severe diarrhea in horses. |
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Term
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Definition
| adult horses: severe colitis. Tilmicosin: fatal in horses, swine, primates. Labeled for IM use in cattle for resp disease, c/v collapse and death in cattle if given IV |
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Term
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Definition
| pseudomembranous colitis in horses |
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Term
| potentiated sulfonamide toxicity |
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Definition
| hypersensitivity: dobermans and rottweilers. Liver, renal, skin, polyarthritis, KCS - immune mediated diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage (dogs most sensitive), retinopathy (cats), CNS (rapid IV administration) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Gentamicin is less expensive. amikacin has fewer sites for attack and degradation by bacterial enzymes. Amikacin has slightly less toxicity |
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Term
| Metronidazole drug interaction |
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Definition
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Term
| Beta lactam resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
Inactivation by beta lactamase
altered target: transpeptidase |
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Term
| tetracycline resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| failure to reach site of action : efflux pumps |
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Term
| aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| inactivation by bacterial enzymes, failure to reach target (G-, altered porin size) |
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Term
| Amphenicol, macrolide, lincosamide resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| inactivation by bacterial enzymes |
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Term
| potentiated sulfonamide resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| failure to reach target (altered DNA gyrase), altered target |
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Term
| Rifampin resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| altered target, occurs rapidly, rifampin always used in combo with other drugs |
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Term
| Metronidazole resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| many G+ aerobes, some anaerobes. Used in combo with clarithromycin to treat rhodococcus equi in foals |
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Term
| Fluoroquinolone spectrum and examples |
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Definition
Staph, G- aerobes (wimpy and enteric), pseudomonas. Ineffective against anaerobes.
enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin, difloxacin, danofloxacin |
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Term
| Fluoroquinolone drug interactions |
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Definition
di and trivalent cations (sucralfate, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe) decrease absorption significantly.
Inhibits CYP - theophylline toxicity |
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Term
| Potentiated sulfonamide spectrum and examples |
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Definition
Wimpy G-, Strep, *Nocardia,* UTI with enteric G-
trimethoprim sulfadiazine, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, ormetoprim sulfadimethoxine |
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Term
| Lincosamide spectrum and examples |
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Definition
anaerobes, strep
clindamycin and lincomycin |
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Term
| Macrolides spectrum and examples |
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Definition
aerobic G+, some wimpy G- resp infections
azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin |
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Term
| Amphenicol spectrum and examples |
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Definition
Broad spectrum. anaerobes, some G+ & G-, mycoplasma
Chloramphenicol, Florfenicol |
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Term
| Aminoglycoside spectrum and examples |
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Definition
Aerobic G-, pseudomonas, aerobic G+
gentamicin, amikacin |
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Term
| Tetracycline spectrum and examples |
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Definition
Broad spectrum, some G- & G+, lots of resistance, inconsistent against anaerobes, great for unusual organisms like anaplasma, ricketsia, ehrlichia, mycoplasma.
Oxytetracycline, doxycycline |
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Term
| Natural penicillins spectrum and examples |
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Definition
Anaerobes, strep, wimpy G-
Penicillin G |
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Term
| Aminopenicillin spectrum and examples |
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Definition
Wimpy G-, fewer anaerobes than Pen-G, strep, some enterococci
Ampicillin, amoxicillin |
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Term
| Antistaph penicillins spectrum and examples |
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Definition
Staph!
Cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin |
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Term
| anit-pseudomonal penicillins spectrum and examples |
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Definition
pseudomonas, G+ except staph
ticarcillin, piperacillin, carbenicillin |
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Term
| Beta lactamase inhibitor combo spectrum and example |
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Definition
Improved staph coverage
Clavulanate plus amoxicillin or ticarcillin
Sulbactam plus ampicillin |
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Term
| 1st generation cephalosporin spectrum and examples |
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Definition
+++ against G+, + against G-
Inconsistent against anaerobes
Cephalexin, cefadroxil |
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Term
| 2nd gen cephalosporin spectrum and examples |
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Definition
++ against both G- and G+
cefoxitin, cefaclor |
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Term
| 3rd gen cephalosporin spectrum and examples |
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Definition
+ against G+, +++ against G-
Ceftiofur, cefpodoxime, cefovecin |
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Term
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Definition
G+
no approved veterinary products |
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Term
| Imipenem and vancomycin use in animals |
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Definition
| 'big guns' reserved for use in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Penicillins, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, metronidazole. |
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Term
| Staphylococcus infection drugs |
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Definition
| Antistaph penicillins, clavamox, 1st gen cephalosporin |
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Term
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Definition
Beta lactams
Aminoglycosides |
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Term
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Definition
Natural penicillin, aminopenicillin
Macrolides, lincosamides, potentiated sulfas |
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Term
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Definition
| Aminopenicillin, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, potentiated sulfas |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluoroquinolones, 2nd and 3rd gen cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, antipseudomonal penicillins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aminopenicillin +/- clavulanate, 1st gen cephalosporins, potentiated sulfas, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones |
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Term
| Rhodococcus equi treatment |
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Definition
| Clarithromycin and rifampin |
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Term
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Definition
| Potentiated sulfa at double dose |
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Term
| Rickettsia and anaplasma treatment |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Tetracyclines, macrolides, amphenicols |
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Term
| Atypical mycobacteria treatment |
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Definition
| Fluoroquinolones and macrolides |
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