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ATE2652L
Clinical Practice Lab
134
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
04/30/2013

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the 5 different radiographic densities?
Definition
Air
Fat
Soft tissue
Bone
Metal
Term
What are most sensitive to radiation-induced damage?
Definition
Rapidly deviding cells
Term
What are the 3 primary methods by which personnel are exposed to radiation during radiography?
Definition
Exposure to the primary beam
Exposure from secondary (scatter) radiation
Exposure from "leakage" radiation
Term
What is scatter radiation?
Definition
Radiation scattered by interaction of the primary beam with objects in its path
Term
Where would an xray leak be found?
Definition
Xray tube housing
Term
Somatic damage
Definition
Damage to the body induced by eadiation that becomes manifest within the lifetime of the recipient
Term
Genetic damage
Definition
Effects of radiation that occur to the genes of the reproductive cells
Term
10 things you can do to decrease radiation exposure.
Definition
Remove unnecessary personal
No persons under 18 or pregnant
Rotate personelle
Mechanical restraint
Chemical restraint
Ensure lifespan of protective apparel
Collimate to decrease field size and scatter
Never hand hold xray tube
Plan to decrease unnecessary retakes
Callibrate annually
Term
What is the name of the radiation-monitoring device worn today?
Definition
The film badge (dosimeters)
Term
How much exposure is can be received a year?
Definition
0.05 Sv/year
Term
What is the unit of does equivalent?
Definition
The sievert (SV)
Term
The sievert (SV) supersedes which unit thich was previously used for the same purpose?
Definition
The rem
Term
? Sv = 100 rem
Definition
1 Sv
Term
1 Sv = ? rem
Definition
100 rem
Term
What lead equivalent do gloves and gowns need in order to be safe?
Definition
Lead-impregnated rubber and other materials taht have an equivalent range of thickness
Term
How thick does lead in the rubber have to be?
Definition
0.25-1mm
Term
How much lead do regulations in veterinary radiography require in protective equipment?
Definition
0.5mm
Term
Why do regulations in veterinary radiography require more lead in the protective equipment?
Definition
The restrainer is often close to the primary beam
Term
How should protective aprons be stored?
Definition
Hung vertically over round surface OR Laid flat
Term
How big should the round surface to hang aprons be?
Definition
Not < 3 cm in diameter
Term
Where should gloved be placed for storage?
Definition
On vertical holders that allow air to circulate thoughout the inside
Term
What is a second option to store gloves so that air can circulate through them?
Definition
Placing metal soup cans with both ends cut out side the gloves
Term
When should aprons and gloves be inspected for damage?
Definition
Periodically
Term
What does the amount and direction of scatter radiation depend on?
Definition
Intensity of the beam
Composition of the structure (xrayee)
kVp level
Thickness of the patient
Term
Primary radiation
Definition
Radiation from the primary beam
Term
Primary beam
Definition
Te path that the xrays follow as they leave the tube
Term
Secondary radiation
Definition
Commonly called scatter radiation, caused by interaction of the primary beam with objects in its path
Term
Radiographic density
Definition
The degree of blackness or "darkness" on a radiograph
Term
Contrast
Definition
The measurable difference between two adjacent densities
Term
Grid
Definition
A device made of lead strips embedded in a spacing material, placed between the patient and the film, designed to absorb non-image-forming radiation.
Term
Subject contrast
Definition
The difference in density and mass of two adjacent anatomic structures.
Term
Elongation
Definition
Distortion of anatomic structures so that the image appears longer than actual size, owing to the x-ray beam not being directed perpendicular to the film surface.
Term
Magnification
Definition
Distortion of anatomic structures when the image appears larger than actual size.
Term
Foreshortening
Definition
Distortion of anatomic structures when the image appears shorter than actual size due to the plane of interest not being parallel to the film surface.
Term
Cassette
Definition
Holds film in close uniform contact with the screens.
Term
Intensifying screen
Definition
Plates within the x-ray cassette that are comprised of phosphorescent crystals (phosphors) that function to emit light.
Term
What are the factors that effect radiographic density and contrast?
Definition
The total number of xrays that reach the film
The penetrating power of the xrays
The developing time
The temperature of the developer
Term
Why is scatter radiation important?
Definition
Because it exposes personnel as well as inappropriate areas of the film
Term
How does scatter radiation effect film?
Definition
Decreases contrast
Term
What does a grid do?
Definition
Absorb scatter radiation
Term
What are the grid types?
Definition
Linear
Crossed
Focused
Unfocused
Pseudofocused
Term
What are the factors that affect radiographic detail?
Definition
Geometric uncharpness
Geometric distortion
Geometric magnification
Term
What is a cause of geometric unsharpness?
Definition
Motion
Term
What does SID increase?
Definition
Sharpness
Term
The subject under examination must be parallel to what?
Definition
The image receptor
Term
If the anatomic part under examination is not parallel to the image receptor, what occurs?
Definition
Geometric distortion
Term
What does an image lack when it is distorted?
Definition
Detail
Term
Where should the focal spot of teh xray beam be placed in order for there to be no geometric distortion?
Definition
Directly above the object and centered to the point of interest
Term
the surface of the cassette should be kept clean at all times to prevent what?
Definition
Creation of film artifacts
Term
T or F, cassettes can be dropped
Definition
F
Term
What can occur if the film contact is not perfect along the surface of the cassette?
Definition
Distortion of the xray image
Term
What are the three properties which determine the efficiency of a screen?
Definition
High level of xray absorption
High xray-to-light conversion with suitable energy and color
Little or no "afterglow" once radiation has ceased
Term
What are the two types of xray film?
Definition
Screen-type film
Direct exposure film
Term
What are xray films sensitive to?
Definition
Radiation
Heat
Pressure
Moisture
Light
Term
What is the function of the rinse bath?
Definition
To remove developer from the film, preventing carryover into the fixer tank
Term
List the five basic steps of film processing.
Definition
Unload cassette
Load film on a hanger
Develop
Rinse
Fix
Term
How long should film be left in the developer solution?
Definition
Five minutes
Term
How long should film be left in the fixer?
Definition
Double the developing time
Term
What do the developing and fixing times depend on?
Definition
Temperature
Term
What are the two basic purposes of the fix bath?
Definition
Removes unchanged silver hyalide crystals
Hardens film emulsion
Term
What does hardening of the film emulsion decrease?
Definition
Susceptibility to scratches
Term
What metal can be retrieved by the developing solutions?
Definition
Silver
Term
Why is it important to label film correctly?
Definition
Identification at a later date
Legal aspects
Term
Labeling of a film must legally be where?
Definition
In the emulsion
Term
What is the basic information included in a film label?
Definition
Name and address of clinic or vet
Date taken
Patient name
Patient sex
Patient age
Breed
Term
How should radiographs be filed?
Definition
In large 14 X 17 inch file envelope
Term
How should filing envelops be labeled?
Definition
Description of patient
Owner name
Date
Radiographic examination performed
Term
List the four factors that must be considered for accurate reproduction of an anatomic area.
Definition
Welfare of the patient
Restraint and immobilization
Minimal trauma to area of interest
Least risk of exposure to assistants
Term
Caliper
Definition
Used to measure anatomic area of interest
Term
Where should caliper measurements be made?
Definition
Thickest area
Term
How many views are standard for each anatomical area?
Definition
Two views of each area
Term
At what angle should the standard views be taken?
Definition
90 degrees of eachother (one vertical, one horizontal)
Term
What is the purpose of the final wash?
Definition
To rinse away processing chemicals
Term
Film should be immersed in developer for how long at 68 degrees?
Definition
5 minutes
Term
What are the two basic questions you should ask yourself when evaluating a radiograph?
Definition
Is the film too light or too dark?
Is there proper penetration?
Term
mA controls what?
Definition
Degree of blackness
Term
kVp controls what?
Definition
Shades of gray
Term
? > number of xrays > degree of darkness on film
Definition
mA
Term
mA > ? > degree of darkness on film
Definition
Number of xrays
Term
mA > number of xrays > ?
Definition
Degress of darkness on film
Term
? = mA x time
Definition
mAs
Term
mAs = ? x time
Definition
mA
Term
mAs = mA x ?
Definition
Time
Term
What unit is kVp?
Definition
Kilovoltage
Term
? > speed > penetration power
Definition
kVp
Term
kVp > ? > penetration power
Definition
Speed
Term
kVp > speed > ?
Definition
Penetration power
Term
What can be found in the xray tube?
Definition
Anode
Cathode
Term
Anode releases ? electrons.
Definition
Positive
Term
Cathode releases ? electrons.
Definition
Negative
Term
? attracts negatively charged electrons?
Definition
Anode
Term
What is the thoracic field of view?
Definition
Manubrium > first lumbar vertebrae
Term
What is the recumbency for general xrays?
Definition
Right lateral
Term
Radiographic density = ?
Definition
Blackness
Term
? = blackness
Definition
Radiographic density
Term
Higher density of tissue > ?
Definition
Lower radiographic density
Term
? > lower radiographic density
Definition
Higher density of tissue
Term
What are the 3 views of PennHIP?
Definition
Distraction
Compression
Extended
Term
Which saphenous vein is used for dogs?
Definition
Lateral
Term
Which saphenous vein is used for cats?
Definition
Medial
Term
How many ml is a tb syringe?
Definition
1 ml
Term
What are the three main sized syringes used?
Definition
1 ml
3 ml
6 ml
Term
How many ml can one muscles take per IM injection?
Definition
1/2 - 1 ml
Term
What are the routes of administration?
Definition
Intravenous (IV)
Intramuscular (IM)
Subcutaneous (SQ)
Subdermal (SD)
Term
Asepsis
Definition
Being free from infection
Term
Disinfectant
Definition
Chemical agent that kills or prevents growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects
Term
Sterilization
Definition
Destruction of all organisms, including bacteria and spores
Term
What scalpel handle/blade combination is used most often for small animal surgery?
Definition
Bard-Parker no. 3 handle with blade nos. 10, 11, 12, or 15
Term
Describe the difference between Kelly and Crile forceps.
Definition
The jaws of the Crile forceps are transversely grooved for the entire length, but only the distal halves of the Kelly forceps are grooved
Term
Name the two common types of needle holders.
Definition
Mayo-Hegar
Olsen-Hegar
Term
What is the difference between the two types of needle holders?
Definition
The mayo-hegars do not have a built-in scissor for cutting suture material
Term
Operating scissors are defined by what three categories?
Definition
Type of point
Blade shape
Cutting edge
Term
What are the 7 classes of disinfectant agents?
Definition
Iodine
Biguanides
Alcohols
Phenols
Quaternary Ammonium
Chlorides
Aldehyde
Term
Most surgical instruments can be sterilized in an autoclave at what temperature, time, and pressure?
Definition
250F/120C
13 minutes
15-35 psi
Term
What are the three gloving techniques?
Definition
Open gloving
Closed gloving
Assisted gloving
Term
Are the cuffs of a gown considered sterile?
Definition
No
Term
What parts of the gown would be considered sterile?
Definition
Front, from chest to level of sterile field
Sleeve, from two inches above elbow to top edge of cuffs
Term
What is the O2 flow through a non-rebreathing anesthesia machine?
Definition
O2 tank > pressure reducing valve > flowmeter > vaporizer > inspiratory valve > patient > expiratory valve > CO2 absorber/reservoir bag > scavenger
Term
How much pressure is a full O2 tank under?
Definition
2200 psi
Term
What is O2 pressure reduced to after going through the pressure reducing valve?
Definition
50 psi
Term
How much is O2 pressure reduced to after going through the flowmeter?
Definition
15 psi
Term
Green tanks contain which gas?
Definition
O2
Term
Blue tanks contain which gas?
Definition
N2
Term
O2
Definition
Oxygen
Term
N2
Definition
Nitrogen
Term
If pop-off valve is closed, where to the gases go?
Definition
Back into the patient
Term
If pop-off valve is open, where do the gases go?
Definition
To the scavenger for filtration
Term
What does the scavenger do?
Definition
Filter the gases flowing through the machine
Term
[image]
Definition
Crile forceps
Term
[image]
Definition
Kelly forceps
Term
[image]
Definition
Mayo-Hegar needle holders
Term
[image]
Definition
Olsen-Hegar needle holders
Term
[image]
Definition
Bard-Parker
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