Term
| What are the 5 different radiographic densities? |
|
Definition
Air
Fat
Soft tissue
Bone
Metal |
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|
Term
| What are most sensitive to radiation-induced damage? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 3 primary methods by which personnel are exposed to radiation during radiography? |
|
Definition
Exposure to the primary beam
Exposure from secondary (scatter) radiation
Exposure from "leakage" radiation |
|
|
Term
| What is scatter radiation? |
|
Definition
| Radiation scattered by interaction of the primary beam with objects in its path |
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|
Term
| Where would an xray leak be found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to the body induced by eadiation that becomes manifest within the lifetime of the recipient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Effects of radiation that occur to the genes of the reproductive cells |
|
|
Term
| 10 things you can do to decrease radiation exposure. |
|
Definition
Remove unnecessary personal
No persons under 18 or pregnant
Rotate personelle
Mechanical restraint
Chemical restraint
Ensure lifespan of protective apparel
Collimate to decrease field size and scatter
Never hand hold xray tube
Plan to decrease unnecessary retakes
Callibrate annually |
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|
Term
| What is the name of the radiation-monitoring device worn today? |
|
Definition
| The film badge (dosimeters) |
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|
Term
| How much exposure is can be received a year? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the unit of does equivalent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sievert (SV) supersedes which unit thich was previously used for the same purpose? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lead equivalent do gloves and gowns need in order to be safe? |
|
Definition
| Lead-impregnated rubber and other materials taht have an equivalent range of thickness |
|
|
Term
| How thick does lead in the rubber have to be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much lead do regulations in veterinary radiography require in protective equipment? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Why do regulations in veterinary radiography require more lead in the protective equipment? |
|
Definition
| The restrainer is often close to the primary beam |
|
|
Term
| How should protective aprons be stored? |
|
Definition
| Hung vertically over round surface OR Laid flat |
|
|
Term
| How big should the round surface to hang aprons be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where should gloved be placed for storage? |
|
Definition
| On vertical holders that allow air to circulate thoughout the inside |
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|
Term
| What is a second option to store gloves so that air can circulate through them? |
|
Definition
| Placing metal soup cans with both ends cut out side the gloves |
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|
Term
| When should aprons and gloves be inspected for damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the amount and direction of scatter radiation depend on? |
|
Definition
Intensity of the beam
Composition of the structure (xrayee)
kVp level
Thickness of the patient |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Radiation from the primary beam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Te path that the xrays follow as they leave the tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Commonly called scatter radiation, caused by interaction of the primary beam with objects in its path |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The degree of blackness or "darkness" on a radiograph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The measurable difference between two adjacent densities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A device made of lead strips embedded in a spacing material, placed between the patient and the film, designed to absorb non-image-forming radiation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The difference in density and mass of two adjacent anatomic structures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Distortion of anatomic structures so that the image appears longer than actual size, owing to the x-ray beam not being directed perpendicular to the film surface. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Distortion of anatomic structures when the image appears larger than actual size. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Distortion of anatomic structures when the image appears shorter than actual size due to the plane of interest not being parallel to the film surface. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Holds film in close uniform contact with the screens. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Plates within the x-ray cassette that are comprised of phosphorescent crystals (phosphors) that function to emit light. |
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|
Term
| What are the factors that effect radiographic density and contrast? |
|
Definition
The total number of xrays that reach the film
The penetrating power of the xrays
The developing time
The temperature of the developer |
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|
Term
| Why is scatter radiation important? |
|
Definition
| Because it exposes personnel as well as inappropriate areas of the film |
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|
Term
| How does scatter radiation effect film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Linear
Crossed
Focused
Unfocused
Pseudofocused |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors that affect radiographic detail? |
|
Definition
Geometric uncharpness
Geometric distortion
Geometric magnification |
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|
Term
| What is a cause of geometric unsharpness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The subject under examination must be parallel to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the anatomic part under examination is not parallel to the image receptor, what occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an image lack when it is distorted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where should the focal spot of teh xray beam be placed in order for there to be no geometric distortion? |
|
Definition
| Directly above the object and centered to the point of interest |
|
|
Term
| the surface of the cassette should be kept clean at all times to prevent what? |
|
Definition
| Creation of film artifacts |
|
|
Term
| T or F, cassettes can be dropped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can occur if the film contact is not perfect along the surface of the cassette? |
|
Definition
| Distortion of the xray image |
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|
Term
| What are the three properties which determine the efficiency of a screen? |
|
Definition
High level of xray absorption
High xray-to-light conversion with suitable energy and color
Little or no "afterglow" once radiation has ceased |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of xray film? |
|
Definition
Screen-type film
Direct exposure film |
|
|
Term
| What are xray films sensitive to? |
|
Definition
Radiation
Heat
Pressure
Moisture
Light |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the rinse bath? |
|
Definition
| To remove developer from the film, preventing carryover into the fixer tank |
|
|
Term
| List the five basic steps of film processing. |
|
Definition
Unload cassette
Load film on a hanger
Develop
Rinse
Fix |
|
|
Term
| How long should film be left in the developer solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long should film be left in the fixer? |
|
Definition
| Double the developing time |
|
|
Term
| What do the developing and fixing times depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two basic purposes of the fix bath? |
|
Definition
Removes unchanged silver hyalide crystals
Hardens film emulsion |
|
|
Term
| What does hardening of the film emulsion decrease? |
|
Definition
| Susceptibility to scratches |
|
|
Term
| What metal can be retrieved by the developing solutions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to label film correctly? |
|
Definition
Identification at a later date
Legal aspects |
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|
Term
| Labeling of a film must legally be where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic information included in a film label? |
|
Definition
Name and address of clinic or vet
Date taken
Patient name
Patient sex
Patient age
Breed |
|
|
Term
| How should radiographs be filed? |
|
Definition
| In large 14 X 17 inch file envelope |
|
|
Term
| How should filing envelops be labeled? |
|
Definition
Description of patient
Owner name
Date
Radiographic examination performed |
|
|
Term
| List the four factors that must be considered for accurate reproduction of an anatomic area. |
|
Definition
Welfare of the patient
Restraint and immobilization
Minimal trauma to area of interest
Least risk of exposure to assistants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to measure anatomic area of interest |
|
|
Term
| Where should caliper measurements be made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many views are standard for each anatomical area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what angle should the standard views be taken? |
|
Definition
| 90 degrees of eachother (one vertical, one horizontal) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the final wash? |
|
Definition
| To rinse away processing chemicals |
|
|
Term
| Film should be immersed in developer for how long at 68 degrees? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two basic questions you should ask yourself when evaluating a radiograph? |
|
Definition
Is the film too light or too dark?
Is there proper penetration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ? > number of xrays > degree of darkness on film |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mA > ? > degree of darkness on film |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degress of darkness on film |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ? > speed > penetration power |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kVp > ? > penetration power |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be found in the xray tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anode releases ? electrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cathode releases ? electrons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ? attracts negatively charged electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thoracic field of view? |
|
Definition
| Manubrium > first lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What is the recumbency for general xrays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Higher density of tissue > ? |
|
Definition
| Lower radiographic density |
|
|
Term
| ? > lower radiographic density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 views of PennHIP? |
|
Definition
Distraction
Compression
Extended |
|
|
Term
| Which saphenous vein is used for dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which saphenous vein is used for cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ml is a tb syringe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main sized syringes used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ml can one muscles take per IM injection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the routes of administration? |
|
Definition
Intravenous (IV)
Intramuscular (IM)
Subcutaneous (SQ)
Subdermal (SD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Being free from infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical agent that kills or prevents growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destruction of all organisms, including bacteria and spores |
|
|
Term
| What scalpel handle/blade combination is used most often for small animal surgery? |
|
Definition
| Bard-Parker no. 3 handle with blade nos. 10, 11, 12, or 15 |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between Kelly and Crile forceps. |
|
Definition
| The jaws of the Crile forceps are transversely grooved for the entire length, but only the distal halves of the Kelly forceps are grooved |
|
|
Term
| Name the two common types of needle holders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the two types of needle holders? |
|
Definition
| The mayo-hegars do not have a built-in scissor for cutting suture material |
|
|
Term
| Operating scissors are defined by what three categories? |
|
Definition
Type of point
Blade shape
Cutting edge |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 classes of disinfectant agents? |
|
Definition
Iodine
Biguanides
Alcohols
Phenols
Quaternary Ammonium
Chlorides
Aldehyde |
|
|
Term
| Most surgical instruments can be sterilized in an autoclave at what temperature, time, and pressure? |
|
Definition
250F/120C
13 minutes
15-35 psi |
|
|
Term
| What are the three gloving techniques? |
|
Definition
Open gloving
Closed gloving
Assisted gloving |
|
|
Term
| Are the cuffs of a gown considered sterile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of the gown would be considered sterile? |
|
Definition
Front, from chest to level of sterile field
Sleeve, from two inches above elbow to top edge of cuffs |
|
|
Term
| What is the O2 flow through a non-rebreathing anesthesia machine? |
|
Definition
| O2 tank > pressure reducing valve > flowmeter > vaporizer > inspiratory valve > patient > expiratory valve > CO2 absorber/reservoir bag > scavenger |
|
|
Term
| How much pressure is a full O2 tank under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is O2 pressure reduced to after going through the pressure reducing valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much is O2 pressure reduced to after going through the flowmeter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Green tanks contain which gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blue tanks contain which gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pop-off valve is closed, where to the gases go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pop-off valve is open, where do the gases go? |
|
Definition
| To the scavenger for filtration |
|
|
Term
| What does the scavenger do? |
|
Definition
| Filter the gases flowing through the machine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mayo-Hegar needle holders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Olsen-Hegar needle holders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
