Term
|
Definition
acepromazine
promazine
chlorpromazine
anything ending in promazine |
|
|
Term
| Phenothiazines Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
given IV, IM, SQ, orally
induces sedation by depressing brain stem and neuronal signal transmission
inhibits dopamine release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anxiolytic
reduces concurrent administered anesthetic dose
provides no analgesia
interprets pain different |
|
|
Term
| Phenothiazines Side Effects |
|
Definition
hypotension due to alpha-1 blockage
antiarrythmic due to secondary catecholamine release
acts centrally on CRTZ and vomition center to reduce nauseau and vomiting
lowers seizure threshold
large doses cause respiratory depression
mild muscle relaxation, delayed gastric emptying, decreased PCV and total protein due to splenic sequestration
increased plasma volume
decreased body temperature
decreased platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
| Phenothiazines Metabolism |
|
Definition
biotransformed in liver
metabolites excreted in urine for several days
as dose increases, hypotension increases not level of sedation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diazepam
Midzolam
Zolazepam |
|
|
Term
| Benzodiazepines Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
binds receptor site and potentiates GABA
enhances chloride ion channel conductance
hyperpolarizes cell membranes
makes cell less excitable
reduces sympathetic output |
|
|
Term
| Benzodiazepines Side Effects |
|
Definition
less CV side effects
paradoxical excitement or aggression in young healthy excited animals |
|
|
Term
| Benzodiazepines Metabolism |
|
Definition
hepatic metabolism
renal and fecal excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only soluble in propylene glycol
irritating to tissues
CV depressant/irritant
sedative effects varies among individuals
may stimulate appetite in cats/dogs
high doses may produce respiratory depression and decreased blood pressure
often combined with ketamine to allow for muscle relaxation during induction
used to treat seizuring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2-5 times more potent than diazepam
well absorbed IM or SQ and doesn't need to be combined with propylene glycol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used in combination with tiletamine in Telazol for induction
prolonged rough recoveries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
xylazine
dexmedetomidine
detomidine
romifidine |
|
|
Term
| Alpha 2 Agonist Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
prejunctional inhibition of alpha 2 adrenergic receptors
decreased release of norepinephrine
causes sedation, decreased sympathetic activity, muscle relaxation, sedation, hypotension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreases anxiety
chemical restraint
dependable sedation
potentiates effects of other drugs
provides analgesia
sedated animals can still move unexpectedly |
|
|
Term
| Alpha 2 Agonist Side Effects |
|
Definition
initial transiet hypertension
followed by prolonged hypotension
bradycardia, secondary heart block, decreased cardiac output (up to 50-60%)
mild respiratory depression
increases blood glucose
decreased intestinal motility
increased urinary production through ADH antagonism at collecting ducts
increases uterine contraction
induces vomition |
|
|
Term
| Alpha 2 Agonist Receptor Specificity |
|
Definition
Alpha2:Alpha1 ratio
Dexedetomidine 1620:1
Romifidine 340:1
Detomidine 260:1
Xylazine 160:1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sedative, analgesia, muscle relaxation
onset 3-5 min IV
onset 5-15 min IM
sedation lasts longer than analgesia
tends to cause more vomition in small animals
no longer recommended for use in small animals with development of dexmedetomidine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most potent alpha 2 agonist
causes marked ataxia in horses
reliable sedation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used primarily in horses
can administer as CRI for standing procedures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
less ataxia for horses
approved for horses only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to reverse the sedative and cardiovascular effect of alpha 2 agonist |
|
|
Term
| Alpha 2 Antagonists Drugs |
|
Definition
Atipamezole
Yohimbine
Tolazline |
|
|
Term
| Alpha 2 Antagonists Receptor Specificity |
|
Definition
Atipamazole 8526:1
Yohimbine 40:1
Tolazoline 1:1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pre, intra, and post operative analgesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
may cause excitement in cats and horses at high doses (morphine)
differing concentrations and distribution of receptors in various regions of the brain
depends on temperature, pain, dose, route, timing
hypothermia
hyperthermia in cats
direct stimulation of CRTZ in medulla
inhibits coughing directly via medulla
improves mydriasis in cats, horses
miosis in dogs
dose dependent respiratory depression
minimal CV effects
bradycardia may occur
can cause histamine release causing vasodilation and hypotension
predisposes to ileus and constipation
may initially stimulate defecation in dogs
may cause urinary retention |
|
|
Term
| Opioids Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
acts as agonist on specific receptors
modulates inhibitory/excitatory effects of CNS
mu receptors- supraspinal analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, bradycardia, increased GI transit time, hypothermia, physical dependence
kappa- spinal analgesia, sedation, meiosis
sigma- spinal analgesia, respiratory depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produces max biological response
binds mu receptor
gives best analgesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces sub-maximal response at mu receptor |
|
|
Term
| Opioids Mixed Agonist-Antagonist |
|
Definition
have divergent activities on different receptors
agonist at kappa and sigma receptors
antagonist at mu receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| competitively reverses effects of agonists by preventing their binding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
full agonist at mu, kappa, sigma
cross BBB slower than synthetic opioids
single dose provides analgesia for 3-4 hours
high first pass effect orally
causes release of histamine
reduces MAC
can give IV, IM, SC, edidural
receptors in synovial and cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
full agonist
more lipid soluble
2-4 hour duration
see panting in dogs
less vomiting
CRI administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synethetic mu opoid
NMDA antagonist
useful for chronic pain
excellent oral absorption in humans
high potency and extended duration of action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
short-acting synthetic mu agonist
short onset and short duration
redistribution terminates clinical effect
metabolized by liver
excellent for CV
if given IV, significant bradycardia and respiratory depression
can be given CRI with inhalant anesthetics or as induction agent
transdermal patch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
partial mu agonist
binds tightly and dissociates slowly
delayed but long duration of action
ceiling effect
difficult to antagonize
can place in buccal pouch of cats and absorbed transmucosally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthetic agonist-antagonist opioid
minimal sedation and analgesia
short term
can be used to antagonize mu agonists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pure opioid antagonist
blocks both mu and kappa receptors
short duration
patients can rencarcotize
occasional excitement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
analog of fentanyl
does not need functioning liver or kidneys to work
metabolized by plasma esterases
shortest acting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
centrally acting muscle relaxation
used in large animal anesthesia
irritating to tissues
don't give perivascularly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anticholinergics Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
parasympatholytic
blocks effects of parasympathetic sysmte
antagonizes effects of Ach at postganglionic muscarinic receptors
does not block nicotinic receptors
muscarinic receptors at CNS, SA and AV nodes, glands vascular endothelium, smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Intravenous Anesthetic Agenst |
|
Definition
barbiturates
propofol
etomidate
dissociatives
opioids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
delirium free recoveries
can't rapidly bolus
no preservatives so need to use within 8 hours after opening vial
decreses intracranial and cerebral perfusion presures
reduces cerebral metabolic demand for oxygen
favored for neurologic disease associated with increased intracranial pressure
hypotension
strong dose dependent respiratory depressant
provides no analgesia
phenol can cause oxidative injury to cat RBC's with repeated use (Heinz Body Anemia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
imidazole
single injection suppresses adrenal steroidogensis for several hours
minimal CV depression
propylene glycol irritation
can cause myoclonus at induction |
|
|
Term
| Dissociatives Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
interruption of ascending signals the parts of the brain responsible for unconscious and conscious function
good for somatic analgesia but not visceral |
|
|
Term
| Dissociatives Side Effects |
|
Definition
eyes open with slow nystagmic gaze
increases muscle tone, spontaneous muscle movement
salivation, lacrimation, occasionally seizures
stimulates sympathetic NS
direct myocardial depressant
minimal respiratory depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
50% excreted by kidneys unchanged in cats
metabolized in liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
avoid use in seizures or increased intracranial pressure
hepatic dysfunction
cardiac disease
muscle rigidity or seizures
emerging delirium and hallucinations are common - need to smooth out with acepromazine, benzodiazepam, opioids, alpha 2 agonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
induction agent
CRI for chronic neuropathic or somatic pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dissociative
tiletamine and zolazepam 1:1
used as darting agent in exotics |
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