Term
| What 5 things should look for on the unstained urine slide? |
|
Definition
| Casts, large crystals, clumps of cells, mucus threads, and debris |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things should you look for on 40x on the unstained urine slide? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria and Brownian movement |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things should be recorded on the stained urine slide on 10x? |
|
Definition
| Casts, cluster, and mucus threads |
|
|
Term
| What 9 things should be noted on the stained urine slide on 40x? |
|
Definition
| RBCs, WBCs, Epithelial cells, crystals, sperm, debris, mucus threads, fat droplets, and microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| What test pad is normal-trace the normal reading? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is WBCs in urine called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do granular casts in urine indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does intravascular hemolysis cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces bile acids in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is any condition in which bile excretion from the liver is blocked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be evaluated along with ALT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does conjugation mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do bile acids aid in the dogestion of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the test of choice for evaluating liver function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 blood chemistries do you run when you evaluate with horses when checking liver function? |
|
Definition
| GGT and sorbitol dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| When will blood levels of total bilirubin not be a significant finding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total bilirubin evaluates the function of what organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are low levels of albumin and globulins usually indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs associated with hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| Vomiting, lethargy, anorexia, ascites, PU/PD, and hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What's the most common cause of hepatic lipidosis in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a portosystemic shunt? |
|
Definition
| Vasculature that bypasses the liver for detoxification and goes directly into regular circulation |
|
|
Term
| What's another name for refereance range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are globulin levels calculated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 chemistries to test pancreatic function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in calcium cause a ______ in phosphorus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Preprandial samples are preferred when running blood chemistries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What liver enzyme can be used to test for hypothyroidism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the small intestine recieve digestive enzymes from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia refers to an increase in BUN resulting from an inability to urinate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long should a red top tube sit before centrifugation allowing a clot to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose utilization depends on the amount of ______ and ______ produced by the pancreas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of what can drop can drop by 10%/hr if not separated from RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an insoluble molecule derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin by macrophages in the spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kidney value is much less affected by diet and protein catabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Diagnosing liver problems is more complex than diagnosing kidney problems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Always get lab samples _____ treatment when possible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia is an elevation in BUUN as a result of dehydration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased BUN aand creatinine |
|
|
Term
| What % of glomeruli in both kidneys must be nonfunctional before serum chemistry changes indicate renal disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lab test evaluattes kidney function and is a breakdown product of protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substance is a by-product of muscle metabolism, is produced at a constant rate, and is filtered out by the renal glomeruli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ conserves nutrients, removes waste products, maintains blood pH, and controls blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's thee correct medical term for the infection of the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F All uremic animals are azotemic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the normal BUN value for a dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the normal creatinine level for a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Liver function tests referred to as the "leakage enzyme tests" include AST, ALT, and ALKP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Cholestasis causes backup of bile acids into the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does amylase break down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you measure electrolytes? |
|
Definition
| When an animal has lost fluids |
|
|
Term
| What ion increases with malignancy, particularly with lymphosarcoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperkalemia is primarily assosciated withh what endocrine disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the principal intracellular cation that is common measured in a blood chemistry profile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are common conditions associated with metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
| Shock, sepsis, CRF, DIC, and diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What's the order from the youngest to oldest RBC? |
|
Definition
| Rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, reticulocyte |
|
|
Term
| What's the order of youngest to oldest WBC? |
|
Definition
| Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, and neutrophil |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal leukocyte count with an increase in immature cells that outnumber the mature cells? |
|
Definition
| Degenerative left shift (immature outnumber mature) |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 pieces of information (besides TP and PCV) that you can get from a hematocrit tube? |
|
Definition
| Serum color and buffy coat size |
|
|
Term
| What are some toxicities that dogs or cats can habe that cause heinz bodies? |
|
Definition
| Onion toxicities, tylenol, propelene glycol, etc. |
|
|
Term
| When agglutination is present on a blood smear, how caan you determine if it's significant? |
|
Definition
| By adding a drop of saline to a drop of blood. If agglutination remains after adding the saline, it is significant. |
|
|
Term
| What will a RBB with a reduced hemaglobin look like? |
|
Definition
| Larger central pallor and an overall hypochromic look |
|
|
Term
| What's a schistocyte and when are they seen? |
|
Definition
| A fragment of a RBC and they are seen from heartworm infections and in conditions such as DIC |
|
|
Term
| What does polycythemia mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to consider both the relative and absolute values of various types of white blood cells when interpreting a WBC differential? |
|
Definition
| Absolute values are more accurate and significant differences between the 2 can indicate an abnormality |
|
|
Term
| T/F When performing a WBC count both the marginal and circulating pool of WBCs are counted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does neutropenia mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 characteristics of a toxic WBC? |
|
Definition
| Enlarged, darker cytoplasm, basophilic granules, and vacuoles |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 reasons for eosinophilia? |
|
Definition
| Allergic reactions and parasitic infections |
|
|
Term
| T/F Platelets are produced in bone marrow from megakaryocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you check the calibration of a refractometer? |
|
Definition
| Put a drop of distilled water on the glass rectangle and replace the cover over it. Look through it towards the light and make sure the blue and white areas meet at 1.0 |
|
|
Term
| What information does a PCV provide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What information does a RBC count provide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the unit of measure for MCHC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the reference range PCV for a dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the reference range for a WBC for a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the unit of measure for MCH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What morphological trait does MCHC represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F RBC volume decreases as the cell ages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the general term for a RBC that is irregular in shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's another name for a crenated RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A target cell indicates a change in the cell's shape, size, or color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the term for for production of WBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the term for low platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much blood should be drawn to perform any laboratory test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Blood samples collectted should be processed within 1 hour or they should be refridgerated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for a corrected WBC? |
|
Definition
| 100/100+NRBC x WBC count = Corrected WBC |
|
|
Term
| When should a corrected WBC be calculated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The PCV is divided by the total RBC count and multiplied by 10 (PCV/RBC x 10) |
|
|
Term
| Total protein levels are ____ in an over hydrated animal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 functions of hemaglobin? |
|
Definition
| Bind to oxygen and remove CO2 from tissue |
|
|
Term
| Megakaryocytes are precursor cells to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is basophilic stippling seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of blood would you increase the angle of the pusher slide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total protein levels are _____ in a dehydrated animal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 agranulocytes? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes and monocytes |
|
|
Term
| Which squares on the Neubauer hemacytometer are used to count leukocytes with the leukotic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What information do the RBC indices yield? |
|
Definition
| The size, weight, and concentration of one RBC |
|
|
Term
| In cats, what type of reticulocytes do you count? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F When evaluating a blood film, first scan the smear on low power. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Spherocytes are formed when a macrophage removes an abnormal portion of the erythrocyte membrane, causing the erythrocyte to form a sphere instead of a biconcave disc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ normally have a few erythrocytes with Howell Jolly bodies because their spleen isn't as efficient as removing abnormal erythrocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are considered the hallmark of an inflammatory leukogram. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F A low coefficient of variance indicates good instrument precision. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Y/N Is a control product for a hematology analyzer the same thing as a calibrator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of errors that can occur when handling blood samples? |
|
Definition
| Preanylytical (sample error), anylytical (machine error), and postanylytical (human error) |
|
|
Term
| ____ MCV and ____ MCHC are excellent indicators of regenerative anemia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between absolute and relative anemia? |
|
Definition
| Absolute anemia is caused by blood loss, parasites, and hemolysis. Relative anemia is caused by dilution of the blood (fluid overload & Increased plasma volume) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 granulocytes? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
|
|
Term
| What's the best aniticoagulant for preservation of RBC morphology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destruction of RBCs and platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A graphic representation of your lab results |
|
|
Term
| T/F Anemia develops quicker in species with a shorter RBC lifespan. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between plasma and serum? |
|
Definition
| Plasma has clotting factors and serum doesn't |
|
|
Term
| What are all the types of blood cells that can be counted on a hemacytometer? |
|
Definition
| WBCs, RBCs, and platelets |
|
|
Term
| What is a common cause of seeing reactive lymphs on a differential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the most common NRBC seen on a differential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin is 1/3 of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the reference range for PCV in a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the eosin stain acidic or basic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the eosin stain attach to acidic or basic structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the primary function of neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| To fight off bacterial infections |
|
|
Term
| What is a problem with clotting of the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cpnverts fibrinogen to fibrin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 clinical signs of a primary bleeding disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 tests to look for a primary bleeding disorder? |
|
Definition
| BMBT and looking at platelets under a microscope |
|
|
Term
| What is a clay-like powder used in Activated Clotting Time (ACT)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 vitamin K dependent factors? |
|
Definition
| Factors II, VII, IX, and X |
|
|
Term
| What does PIVKA stand for? |
|
Definition
| Proteins induced by vitamin K absence test |
|
|
Term
| What test evaluates the final stage of the clotting process (the breakdown of the blood clot)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 places is food broken down and nutrients are absorbed (In the GI tract)? |
|
Definition
| Mouth, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum |
|
|
Term
| What 2 places are water reabsorbed in the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| Ileum and large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Elevation in what 2 enzymes can indicate acute pancreatitis in the canine only? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for lipase in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for lipase in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for amylase in dogs/cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is slowly metabolized blood sugar that evaluates blood sugar levels over the last 7-10 days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 causes of chronic bleeding? |
|
Definition
| NSAIDS, ulcers, and tumors |
|
|
Term
| What type of diabetes is more common in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of diabetes is more common in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are small peeanut-shaped glands just cranial to the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's responsible for the reabsorption of Na and excretion of K and is most important for handling stress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 clinical signs of patients with adrenal disease? |
|
Definition
| Chronic infections, skin disease, PU/PD, ascites, panting, lethargy, and high BP |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 forms of hyperadrenocorticism? |
|
Definition
| Pituitary dependent (PDH), adrenal neoplasia, and iatrogenic (long term administration of steroids) |
|
|
Term
| Lipemic serum, high ALKP, high ALT, high cholesterol, and hypoglycemia can indicate what? |
|
Definition
| Cushing's disease (hyperadrenocorticism) |
|
|
Term
| What does an ACTH stimulation test check for? |
|
Definition
| Addisons or Cushhings disease |
|
|
Term
| What does low dose dex suppression test check for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a high does dex suppression test indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 causes of Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism)? |
|
Definition
| Idiopathic, iatrogenic, granulomatous disease (fungal infections of adrenal tissue), and neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What does decreased production of aldosterone and/or cortisol by the adrenal glands indicate? |
|
Definition
| Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons) |
|
|
Term
| Low sodium and increaked potassium, hypoglycemia, azotemia, and no response to cortisol levels after administration of ACTH indicates what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would you see signs of uremia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia?: Normal quality of urine increased SG and normal sediment that's caused by heart failure or dehydration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia?: Normal quality of urine and decreased SG and active sediment and can be caused by glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and casts are present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia?: Increased volume of urine with low SG without casts and can indicate chronic renal failure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 causes of acute renal failure? |
|
Definition
| Shoch, heart disease, and low blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is a protein-losing nephropathy caused by reactions to immune complexes in the blood the indirectly damages the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lab test measures thyroxine levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are typically hyperthyroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are typically hypothyroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What synthesizes fibringen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test is used to observe response to ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test checks for continued diuresis and dilute urine even if water in unavailable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 pathways of the clotting cascade? |
|
Definition
| Intrinsic, extrinsic, and common |
|
|
Term
| Which clotting pathway involves factors XII, XI, IX, and VII and is activated by components only found in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which clotting pathway involves factors II and VII and is activated by tissue factor and the common pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which clotting pathway involves factors X, V, prothrombin, and fibrinogen and begins when the first 2 pathways meet to form fibrin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tube do you use if a hemostatic disorder is suspected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a veterinary coagulation analyzer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 hemostasis tests test the intrinsic and common pathways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hemostasis test tests the extrinsic pathway? |
|
Definition
| PT (Good for rodenticide toxicity) |
|
|
Term
| What test is more sensitive than PT ot PTT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test is useful in detecting the presence of DIC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacterial arrangement look like chinese letters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are resistant to heat, drying, chemicals, and radiation and remain unstained when a gram stain is used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Ziehl-Neelsen stain is aka? |
|
Definition
| Acid fast stain for mycobacterium |
|
|
Term
| The Giemsa stain is used for? |
|
Definition
| Spirochetes and rickettsiae (Ehrlichia) |
|
|
Term
| What's the new methylene blue stain used to look for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of media will the media not alter drugs, so it's used for sensitivity testing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of media is good for various bacteria (egg/blood agar)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of media inhibit most bacteria with bile salts or antimicrobials (MacConkey agar suppress gram +)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of media creates a biochemical reaction on the agar (Simmon's citrate)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long do you incubate culture before checking for growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would you report there to be no growth on an agar plate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you incubate cultures at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria smell like grapes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria smell like chocolate cake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria smell like sulfur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's primary purpose is to differentiate between inflammation and neoplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the term of observing cells in relation to neighboring cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the introduction of a needle into a body cavity or organ to remove fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for a Romanowsky stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anksokaryosis (cell size variation), leomorphism (variation of cell size/shape of same type of cell), high/variable nucleus/cytoplasm ration, increased mitotic activity, coarse chromatic pattern, and destruction of neighboring tissues are signs of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
