Term
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Definition
| procedures designed to minimize all types of error |
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Term
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Definition
| procedures that detect analytical error specifically |
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Term
| (T/F) You cannot entirely eliminate analytical error; you can only minimize it so that it does not interfere with interpretation of lab results |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unpredictable variability inherent in any measurement procedure |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between a measured value and the "true" value of analyte being measured |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between methods remains constant over a full range of analyte concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between methods varies depending upon analyte concentrations |
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Term
| In complex instruments, systematic error can be controlled through ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Good correlation (DOES/DOES NOT) equal agreement. |
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Definition
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Term
| (T/F) There is governmental oversight of veterinary diagnostic laboratories. |
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Definition
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Term
| 8 tips to running an in clinic lab: |
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Definition
1. formalized approach to in-clinic lab
2. have an operating budget
3. appropriately trained staff
4. use manufacturer's instruction
5. keep written records
6. repeat and review criteria
7. appropriate reference intervals
8. lab results accurately transferred to pt medical record |
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Term
| What is most laboratory error due to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only way to assess the entire test system? |
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Definition
| Running an external control sample |
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Term
| Big NO NOs of instruments: |
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Definition
1. Do not use expired reagents or control materials
2. DO not ignore instrument red flags! |
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Term
| Commonly available biochem tests detect three main types of hepatobiliary disease: |
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Definition
1. Hepatocellular injury
2. Cholestasis
3. Impaired liver funstion |
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Term
| 5 Potential etiologies of hepatocellular injury: |
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Definition
1. hypoxia
2. inflammation
3. metabolic d'se
4. toxic insult
5. neoplasia |
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Term
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): |
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Definition
| sensitive marker of hepatocellular in DOGS and CATS; not liver specific |
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Term
| Alternate causes of increased ALT: |
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Definition
hepatocellular regeneration
induction by some drugs
muscle damage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) |
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Definition
| requires more cellular damage than ALT to cause increase; less sensitive and specific; useful in horses and cattle |
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Term
| Rule-outs for elevated AST: |
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Definition
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Term
| Half life of AST in a) dog; b) horse: |
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Definition
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Term
| Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH): |
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Definition
| highly specific marker of HC injury; best one to use in LA and avians; reagent instability makes it not commonly used |
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Term
| Half life of SDH in horse: |
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Definition
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Term
| Two broad categories of Cholestasis: |
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Definition
| Obstructive or Functional |
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Term
| Two causes of obstructive cholestasis: |
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Definition
1. bile canaliculi (intra)
2. bile ducts (extra) |
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Term
| What might cause functional choestasis? |
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Definition
| Cytokines and LPS impair excretion of conjugated bilirubin (chemically blocks the excretion step) |
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Term
| Cholostasis markers on routine biochemical test panel (4) |
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Definition
ALP
GGT
Cholesterol
Bilirubin |
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Term
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): |
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Definition
| high sensitivity in dogs, low in cats and horses; has several isoforms |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in liver 1/2 life is 3 days in dog- increase in serum ALP activity is mainly from this isoform |
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Term
| Corticosteroid-induced isoform |
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Definition
| produced in liver 1/2 life is 3 days in dog |
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Term
| Bone, placental, intestinal isoforms of ALP: |
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Definition
| less common- bone 1/2 life is 3 days, the others is <6 hrs |
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Term
| Conditions other than cholestasis that can produce increased ALP: |
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Definition
drug/hormone
increased osteoclast activity
canine mammary tumors
breed abnormalities
normal skeletal growth
colostrum ingestion
late-term preggo in cats |
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Term
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): |
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Definition
| probably due to biliary hyperplasia (higher numbers of cells making enzyme) |
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Term
| What drugs and hormones may cause an increased GGT: |
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Definition
| phenobarbital and corticosteroids |
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Term
| Cholesterol in cholestasis: |
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Definition
| caused by obstructive cholestasis (decreased excretion from hepatocytes, increased synth) |
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Term
| Bilirubin: prehepatic, hepatic, posthepatic |
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Definition
Pre: increased RBC breakdown
Hepatic: lesion inhibiting bile flow through canaliculi
Post: lesion inhibiting flow through ducts |
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Term
| 5 Markers of impaired liver function: |
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Definition
Albumin (decreased)
Bilirubin (increased)
Cholesterol (decreased)
Glucose (decreased)
Urea (decreased) |
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Term
| Bile acids in impaired liver fnxn: |
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Definition
| increased serum BA in dogs and cats; highly sensitive and specific for hepatobiliary disease |
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Term
| Ammonia in impaired liver function: |
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Definition
| liver normally converts ammonia to urea in liver; hence increased ammonia and decreased urea |
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Term
| Analyte most useful in diagnosing muscle damage: |
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Definition
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