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Clinical Pathology
Final
132
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
05/13/2011

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Cards

Term
The function of the red blood cell is to
Definition
carry oxygen to the tissues
Term
What blood protein plays a role in hemostasis?
Definition
Fibrinogen
Term
What cells are involved in antibody production?
Definition
B lymphocytes
Term
Gammaglobulins are considered to be___
Definition
antibodies
Term
Red blood cell production is stimulated by what?
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
What is the function of blood platelets?
Definition
Hemostasis
Term
Albumin plays a role in what?
Definition
Osmotic pressure in the blood
Term
Lymph does not have a large number of what WBC?
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
The lymphatic system does not transport what?
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
Fat in the lymph would most likely be associated with what?
Definition
Chlyomicrons
Term
The humoral immune system involves what cells?
Definition
B cells
Term
Interferons do what?
Definition
Inhibits viruses
Term
Leukocytes include what cells?
Definition
Antibody producing cells
Term
Which immune globulin is found on mucous membranes and therefore would be stimulated by intranasal vaccines?
Definition
IgA
Term
Leukopenia is defined as what?
Definition
A decrease in WBC's
Term
Plasma is consisted of what % of water and what % of dissolved substances?
Definition
90% water, 10% dissolved
Term
The first phagocytes to respond to an infection are what?
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
Monocytes typically have what kind of nuclei?
Definition
Lobular
Term
Which immune response refers to produciton of antibodies?
Definition
Humoral
Term
What cells produce immunoglobulins?
Definition
Plasma cells
Term
The leukocyte most commonly associated with parasitic and allergic conditions is what?
Definition
Eosinophil
Term
As an erythrocyte develops, the nuclear chromatin does what?
Definition
Becomes denser, piknotic
Term
Which is the function of the megakaryocyte?
Definition
Produce thromocytes
Term
The term for blood cell formation is
Definition
erythropoeisis
Term
The thymus
Definition
produces cells that destroy foreign substances
Term
What is being measured or tested when trying to diagnose failure of passive transfer?
Definition
immunoglobulins
Term
Albumin is found in the blood and is a type of
Definition
Protein
Term
What is being measured when trying to diagnose failure of passive immunity in a foal?
Definition
IgG
Term
Which diagnostic test is used to determine autoimmune hemolytic anema?
Definition
Coombs
Term
IgA found where
Definition
Body secretions
Term
IgD is found where
Definition
on lymphocyte membranes
Term
IgE is functions
Definition
functions to boost local inglammatory response
Term
Which immunoglobulin is usually found in the greatest quatity?
Definition
IgG
Term
Main function of neutrophil?
Definition
Phagocytosis
Term
What is the term for a substance that stimulates antibody production?
Definition
antigen
Term
Which cell produces immunoglobulins?
Definition
Plasma cells
Term
The ANA test is best to diagnose what disorder?
Definition
Lupus erythematosus
Term
Combined immunodeficiency is most commonly seen in which animal?
Definition
Arabian horses
Term
Absolute or relative polycythemia is
Definition
Increase in erythrocytes
Term
Explain the difference between active and passive immunity and from where the immunoglobulins come from?
Definition

Passive- donated from an outside source (i.e. colostrum)

Active- when body is producing own antibodies (memory cells)

Term
Explain the difference between primary and secondary immunity, which immunoglobulin is the one primarily produced in each situation.
Definition

Primary- is the very first exposure to an antibody, IgM is produced

Secondary- produced when there is another exposure or lengthy exposure IgG is produced

Term
Optimum pH of blood
Definition
7.4
Term
What is post prandial lipemia?
Definition
 Fat present in plasma after an animal has eaten a meal
Term
What are PPSC's?
Definition
Pluripotent stem cells, make cells (WBC, thrmbocytes) different stimulus for each cell
Term
Name the 3 types of T lymphocytes and their basic function;
Definition

Killer T: destroys cells in cell mediated immunity

Helper T: produce lymphocytes

Suppressor Cells- shut off immune response

Term
What is involved in a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? What immunoglobulin is the one primarily responsible?
Definition
Allergic responses come from type 1, IgE immunoglobulin
Term
The condition where circulating numbers or RBC exceed what is normal is called
Definition
polycythemia
Term
Most numerous WBC in ruminants?
Definition
Lymphocyte
Term
Most numerous WBC in cats
Definition
Neutrophil
Term
Most numerous WBC in horses?
Definition
neutrophil
Term
Most numerous WBC in dogs?
Definition
neutrophil
Term
Most numerous WBC in pigs?
Definition
Lymphocyte
Term
Whate type of cells iknown as polymorphonuclear cell?
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
Macrophages are known as what type of cell while in circulation?
Definition
Monocytes
Term
What is bilirubin? What is the difference between conjugate and unconjugated bilirubin?
Definition

Breakdown product of hemoglobin

Conjugate has been joined with glucuronic acid and made water soluble

Unconjugated is not water soluble, has not been bound to glucuronic acid

 

Term
What does GALT stand for?
Definition
Gut Associated Lymph tissue
Term
Name the agraunlocytes
Definition
Monocyte and Lymphocyte
Term
What is the neutrophil marginal pool?
Definition
Where the neutrophils are on the margins of tissues and clumped together, not counted in the population
Term
What is the function of the thymus, and in what animals is it found?
Definition
Kick starts immune response, T lymphocytes processed here, and they are in young animals
Term
Which electrons are cations?
Definition
Sodium and potassium
Term
What percent of the body's calcium is in the bone?
Definition
99%
Term
ALT is also known as
Definition
SGPT
Term
Horses have higher___ than other species
Definition
AST
Term
Amylase acts to breakdown
Definition
starches and glycogen
Term
Urine specific gravity for a normal cat is
Definition
1.030
Term
EDTA cannot be used when testing ______ because EDTA forms a complex with it
Definition
Calcium
Term
Brown urine likely contains
Definition
Myoglobin
Term
Urine specific gravity for a normal dog
Definition
1.025
Term
What is creatinine?
Definition
By product of muscle metabloism, produced at a constant rate, and filtered out by the glomeruli
Term
When evaluating liver of dogs and cats, AST should be evaluated in conjuction with?
Definition
ALT
Term
The glomeruli of both kidneys must be nonfunctional to what degree before serum chemistry changes?
Definition
70%
Term
Decrease in albumin may occur in which of the following?
Definition
Chronic Liver Disease
Term
Phosphorous concentrations in the body are usually inversely related to te concentration of
Definition
Calcium
Term
Glycosuria exists
Definition
When the blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold for absorptions of glucose
Term
The presence of protein in the urine may indicate
Definition
kidney disease
Term
What disease is associated with ketones in the urine?
Definition
Diabetes Mellitus
Term
Which of the following can be used as a screening test for hypothyroidism?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
Stress and epinephrine release in cats may cause and increase in
Definition
Glucose
Term
Fibrinogen is produced in the
Definition
liver
Term
Gamma globulins can be estimated by subtracting
Definition
Albumin from Total protein
Term
What does bicarbonate do?
Definition
Important in regulating blood pH and transporting carbon dioxide from the tissues to lungs
Term
It is most useful to measure electrolyte values when an animal has
Definition
lost fluids
Term
Arterial blood is most commonly used for
Definition
blood gas
Term
Bilirubinuria is considered a normal finding in which species
Definition
male dogs and cattle
Term
Which of the following tests is considered accurate when using colorimetric dipstick for biochemical testing
Definition
pH
Term
Horses urinary pH is
Definition
7.5
Term
What cells are produced by megakaryocytes?
Definition
platelets
Term
What is the cause of grass tetany?
Definition
hypo magnesium
Term
Cause of grass tetany?
Definition
Hypomagnesium
Term
Why should blood test be done quickly when testing for glucose levels?
Definition
because the RBC consume the glucose at a rate of 10% per hour
Term
When do you add epinephrine to lidocaine and when not?
Definition

Add it when there is a localized wound, because it constricts the blood vessels to keep the lidocaine from dispersing.

Do not add it when you are treating arrythemias, it makes the heart more sensitive to the arrythemias

Term
Reversal agent for medetomidine
Definition
Atipamazole
Term
What three species is ALT liver specific?
Definition
Dogs, cats, primates
Term
2 enzymes used to aid in pancreatitis
Definition
amylase, lipase
Term
Aged urin samples left at room temperature and exposed to UV light may cause a false negative result in which biochemical tests?
Definition
Bilirubin
Term
Fresh urine appears which color when myoglobinuria is present?
Definition
Brown
Term
What does x-ray film digestion test measure?
Definition
fecal trypsin
Term
What substance increases in the urine in glomerular disease?
Definition
Protein
Term
In order for glycosuria to occur which of the following must also be present
Definition
hyperglycemia
Term
Proteins that induce chemical changes in other substances but are not changed themselves are called
Definition
enzymes
Term
The adrenal cortex is made up of what?
Definition

Zona glomerulosa

Zona reticularis

Zona fasculata

Term
The ability of the renal tubules to concentrate or dilute a urine sample is assessed by which component of the urinalysis
Definition
specific gravity
Term
The leukocyte and nitrate pads on urinary colorimetric strips give presumptive evidence that the patient may have?
Definition
bacterial infection
Term
Cholesterol and triglycerides are plasma___
Definition
lipids
Term
Determination of what is useful in the detection of the inflammatory process
Definition
fibrinogen
Term
Hyperkalemia is commonly associated with what endocrine disease
Definition
hypoadrenocorticism
Term
The preferred sample for most blood chemistry tests are
Definition
serum
Term
A serum sample that is extremely icteric generally derives its color from and increased level
Definition
total bilirubin
Term
False decreases in serum glucose levels can be caused by
Definition
Prolonged contact with RBC before separating the serum
Term
Blood levels of total bilirubin will not be significant findings in
Definition
acute pancreatitis
Term
In horses the blood chemistry tests most commonly seen to evaluate liver function are
Definition
gamma glutamyl transerase (GGT) and sorbitol dehydorgenase (SD)
Term
In dogs and cats the blood chemistry tests most commonly seen used to evaluate liver function are
Definition
Alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)
Term
This substance increases in the urine with glomerular disease
Definition
protein
Term
Perenal azotemia refers to
Definition
increase in BUN resulting in dehydrations, shock or decrease in blood flow to the kidney
Term
Why would ketones be found in the urine of lactating or pregnant ruminants?
Definition
energy demands is exceeding intake, fat is broken down to compensate for demand, ketones are end product
Term
What does BUN stand for and whad does it help assess function in which organ
Definition
Blood urea nitrogen and kidney
Term
What is the hemoglobin A1C test and what does it measure
Definition
Blood glucose test, hemoglobin binds to glucose gives average range over a few months
Term
If alkaline phosphate is elevated in young animals, what is the likely source, older animals
Definition

Young- osteoblasts and chondroblasts

Older- liver

Term
Which test can be done to try and detect liver disease before an animal becomes icteric?
Definition
Bile acids
Term
Elevation of conjugated bilirubin levels is most likely an indication of what disease? How about elevated levels of unconjugated?
Definition

Hepatocellular damage--- conjugated

Hemolysis-----unconjugated

 

Term
Cholesterol levels are used for screening test for what endocrine disease
Definition
hypothyroidism
Term
Why should a red top tube be use to measure calcium levels instead of a purple top
Definition
The EDTA in the purple top tube binds to calcium
Term
Best type of sample to measure bicarbonate in the blood
Definition
Arterial sample
Term
Low levels of sodium in blood
Definition
hyponatremia
Term
In what tissues is creatinine kinase produced
Definition
striated muscle tissues and brain cells
Term
What is isothenuria?
Definition
Isotonic to the glomerular filtrate 1.010
Term
What is the general difference between urine pH in herbivores and carnivores?
Definition
pH in herbivores are more alkaline, and carnivores are slightly more acidic
Term
Two most likely causes of protein in urine?
Definition
trauma and inflammation of urine tract
Term
With what minimum blood glucose level in dogs will glucose be evident in the urine?
Definition
170-180 mg/dl
Term
How is hematuria differentiated from hemoglobinuria?
Definition
hematuria can be spun down and the urine will be normal color, hemoglobinuria will stay red
Term
Three activities of glucocorticoids, what is the primary glucocorticoid produced in the body?
Definition

anti inflammatory, anti allergic, glucogenous

cortisol

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