Term
| The function of the red blood cell is to |
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Definition
| carry oxygen to the tissues |
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Term
| What blood protein plays a role in hemostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells are involved in antibody production? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gammaglobulins are considered to be___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Red blood cell production is stimulated by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of blood platelets? |
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Definition
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Term
| Albumin plays a role in what? |
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Definition
| Osmotic pressure in the blood |
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Term
| Lymph does not have a large number of what WBC? |
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Definition
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Term
| The lymphatic system does not transport what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fat in the lymph would most likely be associated with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The humoral immune system involves what cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Leukocytes include what cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immune globulin is found on mucous membranes and therefore would be stimulated by intranasal vaccines? |
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Definition
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Term
| Leukopenia is defined as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma is consisted of what % of water and what % of dissolved substances? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first phagocytes to respond to an infection are what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Monocytes typically have what kind of nuclei? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immune response refers to produciton of antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells produce immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
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Term
| The leukocyte most commonly associated with parasitic and allergic conditions is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| As an erythrocyte develops, the nuclear chromatin does what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which is the function of the megakaryocyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| The term for blood cell formation is |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| produces cells that destroy foreign substances |
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Term
| What is being measured or tested when trying to diagnose failure of passive transfer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Albumin is found in the blood and is a type of |
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Definition
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Term
| What is being measured when trying to diagnose failure of passive immunity in a foal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which diagnostic test is used to determine autoimmune hemolytic anema? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| functions to boost local inglammatory response |
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin is usually found in the greatest quatity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Main function of neutrophil? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the term for a substance that stimulates antibody production? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which cell produces immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ANA test is best to diagnose what disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Combined immunodeficiency is most commonly seen in which animal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Absolute or relative polycythemia is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Explain the difference between active and passive immunity and from where the immunoglobulins come from? |
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Definition
Passive- donated from an outside source (i.e. colostrum)
Active- when body is producing own antibodies (memory cells) |
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Term
| Explain the difference between primary and secondary immunity, which immunoglobulin is the one primarily produced in each situation. |
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Definition
Primary- is the very first exposure to an antibody, IgM is produced
Secondary- produced when there is another exposure or lengthy exposure IgG is produced |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is post prandial lipemia? |
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Definition
| Fat present in plasma after an animal has eaten a meal |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pluripotent stem cells, make cells (WBC, thrmbocytes) different stimulus for each cell |
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Term
| Name the 3 types of T lymphocytes and their basic function; |
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Definition
Killer T: destroys cells in cell mediated immunity
Helper T: produce lymphocytes
Suppressor Cells- shut off immune response |
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Term
| What is involved in a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? What immunoglobulin is the one primarily responsible? |
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Definition
| Allergic responses come from type 1, IgE immunoglobulin |
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Term
| The condition where circulating numbers or RBC exceed what is normal is called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most numerous WBC in ruminants? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Most numerous WBC in cats |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most numerous WBC in horses? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most numerous WBC in dogs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most numerous WBC in pigs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Whate type of cells iknown as polymorphonuclear cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrophages are known as what type of cell while in circulation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is bilirubin? What is the difference between conjugate and unconjugated bilirubin? |
|
Definition
Breakdown product of hemoglobin
Conjugate has been joined with glucuronic acid and made water soluble
Unconjugated is not water soluble, has not been bound to glucuronic acid
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Term
| What does GALT stand for? |
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Definition
| Gut Associated Lymph tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the neutrophil marginal pool? |
|
Definition
| Where the neutrophils are on the margins of tissues and clumped together, not counted in the population |
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Term
| What is the function of the thymus, and in what animals is it found? |
|
Definition
| Kick starts immune response, T lymphocytes processed here, and they are in young animals |
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Term
| Which electrons are cations? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of the body's calcium is in the bone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Horses have higher___ than other species |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Amylase acts to breakdown |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Urine specific gravity for a normal cat is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| EDTA cannot be used when testing ______ because EDTA forms a complex with it |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Brown urine likely contains |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Urine specific gravity for a normal dog |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By product of muscle metabloism, produced at a constant rate, and filtered out by the glomeruli |
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Term
| When evaluating liver of dogs and cats, AST should be evaluated in conjuction with? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The glomeruli of both kidneys must be nonfunctional to what degree before serum chemistry changes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Decrease in albumin may occur in which of the following? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphorous concentrations in the body are usually inversely related to te concentration of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold for absorptions of glucose |
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Term
| The presence of protein in the urine may indicate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is associated with ketones in the urine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following can be used as a screening test for hypothyroidism? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Stress and epinephrine release in cats may cause and increase in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrinogen is produced in the |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Gamma globulins can be estimated by subtracting |
|
Definition
| Albumin from Total protein |
|
|
Term
| What does bicarbonate do? |
|
Definition
| Important in regulating blood pH and transporting carbon dioxide from the tissues to lungs |
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Term
| It is most useful to measure electrolyte values when an animal has |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial blood is most commonly used for |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Bilirubinuria is considered a normal finding in which species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following tests is considered accurate when using colorimetric dipstick for biochemical testing |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are produced by megakaryocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of grass tetany? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should blood test be done quickly when testing for glucose levels? |
|
Definition
| because the RBC consume the glucose at a rate of 10% per hour |
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Term
| When do you add epinephrine to lidocaine and when not? |
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Definition
Add it when there is a localized wound, because it constricts the blood vessels to keep the lidocaine from dispersing.
Do not add it when you are treating arrythemias, it makes the heart more sensitive to the arrythemias |
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Term
| Reversal agent for medetomidine |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What three species is ALT liver specific? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 enzymes used to aid in pancreatitis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Aged urin samples left at room temperature and exposed to UV light may cause a false negative result in which biochemical tests? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fresh urine appears which color when myoglobinuria is present? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does x-ray film digestion test measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substance increases in the urine in glomerular disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order for glycosuria to occur which of the following must also be present |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Proteins that induce chemical changes in other substances but are not changed themselves are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The adrenal cortex is made up of what?
|
|
Definition
Zona glomerulosa Zona reticularis Zona fasculata
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|
Term
| The ability of the renal tubules to concentrate or dilute a urine sample is assessed by which component of the urinalysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The leukocyte and nitrate pads on urinary colorimetric strips give presumptive evidence that the patient may have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol and triglycerides are plasma___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Determination of what is useful in the detection of the inflammatory process |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperkalemia is commonly associated with what endocrine disease |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The preferred sample for most blood chemistry tests are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A serum sample that is extremely icteric generally derives its color from and increased level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| False decreases in serum glucose levels can be caused by |
|
Definition
| Prolonged contact with RBC before separating the serum |
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|
Term
| Blood levels of total bilirubin will not be significant findings in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In horses the blood chemistry tests most commonly seen to evaluate liver function are |
|
Definition
| gamma glutamyl transerase (GGT) and sorbitol dehydorgenase (SD) |
|
|
Term
| In dogs and cats the blood chemistry tests most commonly seen used to evaluate liver function are |
|
Definition
| Alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) |
|
|
Term
| This substance increases in the urine with glomerular disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Perenal azotemia refers to |
|
Definition
| increase in BUN resulting in dehydrations, shock or decrease in blood flow to the kidney |
|
|
Term
| Why would ketones be found in the urine of lactating or pregnant ruminants? |
|
Definition
| energy demands is exceeding intake, fat is broken down to compensate for demand, ketones are end product |
|
|
Term
| What does BUN stand for and whad does it help assess function in which organ |
|
Definition
| Blood urea nitrogen and kidney |
|
|
Term
| What is the hemoglobin A1C test and what does it measure |
|
Definition
| Blood glucose test, hemoglobin binds to glucose gives average range over a few months |
|
|
Term
| If alkaline phosphate is elevated in young animals, what is the likely source, older animals |
|
Definition
Young- osteoblasts and chondroblasts
Older- liver |
|
|
Term
| Which test can be done to try and detect liver disease before an animal becomes icteric? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elevation of conjugated bilirubin levels is most likely an indication of what disease? How about elevated levels of unconjugated? |
|
Definition
Hepatocellular damage--- conjugated
Hemolysis-----unconjugated
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|
|
Term
| Cholesterol levels are used for screening test for what endocrine disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should a red top tube be use to measure calcium levels instead of a purple top |
|
Definition
| The EDTA in the purple top tube binds to calcium |
|
|
Term
| Best type of sample to measure bicarbonate in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low levels of sodium in blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what tissues is creatinine kinase produced |
|
Definition
| striated muscle tissues and brain cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Isotonic to the glomerular filtrate 1.010 |
|
|
Term
| What is the general difference between urine pH in herbivores and carnivores? |
|
Definition
| pH in herbivores are more alkaline, and carnivores are slightly more acidic |
|
|
Term
| Two most likely causes of protein in urine? |
|
Definition
| trauma and inflammation of urine tract |
|
|
Term
| With what minimum blood glucose level in dogs will glucose be evident in the urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is hematuria differentiated from hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
| hematuria can be spun down and the urine will be normal color, hemoglobinuria will stay red |
|
|
Term
| Three activities of glucocorticoids, what is the primary glucocorticoid produced in the body? |
|
Definition
anti inflammatory, anti allergic, glucogenous
cortisol |
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|
