Term
| What 5 things should look for on the unstained side? |
|
Definition
| Casts, large crystals, clumps of cells, mucus threads, and debris |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things should you look for on 40x on the unstained side? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria and Brownian movement |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things should be recorded on the stained side on 10x? |
|
Definition
| Casts, clusters, and mucus threads |
|
|
Term
| What 9 things should be noted on the stained side on 40x? |
|
Definition
| RBCs, WBCs, Epithelial cells, crystals, sperm, debris, mucus threads, fat droplets, and microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| When would you see increased ketones? |
|
Definition
| Decreased carbohydrate and increased lipid metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What test pad is normal-to trace the answer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is WBCs in urine called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do granular casts in urine indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does intravascular hemolysis cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does bleeding in the lower urinary tract indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does sweet/fruity scented urine odor indicate? |
|
Definition
| Diabetes mellitus and acetonemia in cattle |
|
|
Term
| T/F Bacteria should be present in normal urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 visual transparencies? |
|
Definition
| Clear, cloudy, flocculent |
|
|
Term
| What 4 things could cause increased specific gravity? |
|
Definition
| Dehydration, shock, acute renal disease, and decreased water intake |
|
|
Term
| What's increased frequency in urination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bilirubin that's bound to albumin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pyuria indicate? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation in the urinary tract |
|
|
Term
| What's the most common cast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the oldest type of cast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Some bilirubin is ok in cats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Early Renal Disease/Detection |
|
|
Term
| What's increased amounts of uria in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an increased BUN indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does aa uremic patient indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of ketones? |
|
Definition
| Acetoacidic acid, acetone, and betahydroxyuric acid |
|
|
Term
| What type of bilirubin does the dipstick look for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things can cause positive blood on a dipstick? |
|
Definition
| Hematuria, hemaglobinuria, and myeloglobin |
|
|
Term
| What 4 test pads are not reliable? |
|
Definition
| Nitrates, specific gravity, urobilogen, and leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are casts from youngest to oldest? |
|
Definition
| Granular, mixed, fine, waxy, hyaline |
|
|
Term
| What are the largest type of cast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Dalmations famous for? |
|
Definition
| Ammonium biurate crystals |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things can an ERD test find? |
|
Definition
| Microalbumuria and early kidney damage |
|
|
Term
| What % of kidney damage must be gone before a BUN can detect it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal urine output? |
|
Definition
| 20-40ml/kg/day or 1-2 ml/kg/hour |
|
|
Term
| What's the most common cause of cloudy urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you watch closely for in diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a iatrogenic cause of crystalluria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Obtaining a urine sample through the bladder wall via a 22-gauge needle |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 ways to collect urine? |
|
Definition
| Voided, cystocentesis, catheterization, and manual expression |
|
|
Term
| What is a calculus in the urinary tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is frequent urination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Odor pertains to the diagnostic evaluation of urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What crystal is the most common in acidic urine? |
|
Definition
| Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals |
|
|
Term
| What crystal is the most common in alkaline urine? |
|
Definition
| Triple phosphate/struvite crystals |
|
|
Term
| Why is the first morning urine sample preferred? |
|
Definition
| It's most concentrated in the morning |
|
|
Term
| What are things to look for in gross examination of urine? |
|
Definition
| Color, transparency, odor |
|
|
Term
| What 3 types of epithelial cells found in urine sediment? |
|
Definition
| Blood cells, squamous, and transitional |
|
|
Term
| What power should urine be examined on first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is specific gravity measured by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where would sqaumous epithelial cells come from in urine sediment? |
|
Definition
| From the walls of the urethra |
|
|
Term
| Where would transitional epithelial cells come from in urine sediment? |
|
Definition
| From renal pelvis to urethra |
|
|
Term
| Why is a cystocentesis the best way to collect urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From the inside of the renal tubules |
|
|
Term
| What is blood that's present in amounts too small to be seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is occult blood detected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a large amount of foam in urine indicate? |
|
Definition
| Increased amounts of protein in the urine |
|
|
Term
| What do fat droplets look like in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do both types of calcium oxalate look like? |
|
Definition
| Monohydrate- Dumbell or pickett fence; dihydrate- envelope |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of using a refractometer over a urinometer? |
|
Definition
| They provide accurate S.G. with only a few drops of urine |
|
|
Term
| What do you need to be careful about when using urine reagent strips? |
|
Definition
| Not letting the test pads run together |
|
|
Term
| What should you check on the reagent strips before using and how do you store them? |
|
Definition
| The expiration date and make sure the strips are the same one as the bottle; store them in a cool, dry place, and with the lid tightly on |
|
|
Term
| What 6 test pads are wrote on a urinalysis? |
|
Definition
| Glucose, bilirubin, ketone, blood, protein, and urobilinogen |
|
|
Term
| What's included in the gross analysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the basic unit of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the basic unit of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nephrons do an avg. cat have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nephrons do an avg. dog have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brings blood/waste products to the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F You should palpate a bladder after a cystocentesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 parts of a urinalysis? |
|
Definition
| Visual evaluation, specific gravity, chemical constituents, and microscopic sediment evaluation |
|
|
Term
| What type of bloody urine doesn't clear after centrifuging? |
|
Definition
| Hemaglobinuria or myouria |
|
|
Term
| What assesses renal tubules ability to concentrate urine or dilutes filtrates from the glomerulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What assesses renal tubules ability to concentrate urine or dilutes filtrates from the glomerulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do standing samples have higher readings of pH? |
|
Definition
| Loss of CO2 and urease-producing bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What test strip is measured in mg/dL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Acidic urine causes false positive protein results. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the renal threshold for glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ketone are test strips most sensitive to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive amounts of what can cause CNS depression and acidosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does ketosis occur with diabetes mellitus? |
|
Definition
| Lack of insulin prevents carbohydrate breakdown |
|
|
Term
| What can cause a false negative for bilirubin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelial cells are most likely clumped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Transitional cells are smaller than epithelial cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color cast are almost always stained light pink |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color are hyaline casts? |
|
Definition
| Nearly transparent or slightly pink with stain |
|
|
Term
| What type of cast can leptospirosis cause? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial cell cast (renal tubular epithelium sloughs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have tons of crystals in their urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of urine can amorphous phosphates be found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What crystals form in equine alkaline urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of urine are amorphous urates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of urine are ammonium urates in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of urine are bilirubin crystals in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of urine are tyrosine crystals in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of urine are cystine crystals in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of urine are calcium oxalate crystals in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of crystals will you only see in antifreeze toxicity? |
|
Definition
| Calcium oxalate monohydrate |
|
|
Term
| What crystals are thornapple or round and can appear as clusters of dumbbells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What only brown crystal is found as rhombic plates or needles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What crystals may appear black in the midsection and are rare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What crystals are hexagonal plates that are flat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What crystal are always flat squares with a notch out of the corner? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things should be noted in a gross evaluation? |
|
Definition
| Color, clarity, and flocculence |
|
|
Term
| T/F Hemaglobinuria has a clear red appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Hemauria has a clear red appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are common when there's inflammation in the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the most common fungi found in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is larger than bacteria and can be confused with a RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 types of parasites can be found in urine? |
|
Definition
| Microfilaria and capillaria |
|
|
Term
| T/F Cellular casts are uncommon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a screening test/result for cushing's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition results from the buildup of toxins from vomiting and diarrhea (less fluids = lower glomerular filtration rate GFR) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What're cells in the arterioles that stretch or shrink depending on BP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does albumin in the urine indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is caused by decreased blood perfusion to the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia can they not concentrate urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia is there a backflow of urine to the kidneys and ammonia goes in to bloodstream due to an obstruction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does brown urine most likely contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might be wrong with a pet if it has a high SG? |
|
Definition
| It might be dehydrated, have decreased water intake, have kidney disease, or be in shock |
|
|
Term
| What's the most common crystal seen in acidic urine? |
|
Definition
| Calcium oxalate dihydrate |
|
|
Term
| What's the most common crystal in alkaline urine? |
|
Definition
| Struvite/Triple Phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What does protein in the urine indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breed of dog has the most problems with crystals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the primary purpose of microscopic examination of the urine? |
|
Definition
| To look for things in sediment that could indicate disease |
|
|
Term
| Herbivores have acidic/alkaline urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urine samples should centrifuged at? |
|
Definition
| Low speed (1000-3000 rpm) for 10 minutes |
|
|
Term
| What's the basic unit of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brings blood/waste products to the nephron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does microalbuminurua mean? |
|
Definition
| Low amounts of albumin in the urine |
|
|
Term
| Why can leaving a urine sample out cause higher pH values? |
|
Definition
| Loss of CO2 and urease-producing bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What's the renal threshold for a dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bilirubin is found in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a ERD test look for? |
|
Definition
| Early detections of renal disease |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between amorphous phosphate and amorphous urates? |
|
Definition
| Amorphous phosphates are in alkaline urine and amorphous urates are in acidic urine |
|
|
Term
| What should urine be examined under first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you look for in gross examination of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do urea nitrogen levels increase in the blood? |
|
Definition
| Renal diseases, such as postrenal azotemia |
|
|
Term
| What's in aa blue top tube? |
|
Definition
| Sodium citrate (anticoagulant) |
|
|
Term
| What's in a tiger top tube? |
|
Definition
| Clotting and seruum separating gel |
|
|
Term
| Where is jaundice noticed 1st? |
|
Definition
| Eye sclera and roof of mouth |
|
|
Term
| What's the average SG of canine urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the average SG of feline urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hat type of urine can cause false positives on protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excited, fearful, and stress can cause what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are produced during fat catabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a byproduct of fat metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause epithelial cell casts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's only seen in antifreeze toxicity? |
|
Definition
| Calcium oxalate monohydrate |
|
|
Term
| What crystals have a thornapple shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What're 4 non-useful reagent pads? |
|
Definition
| SG, Nitrate, Leukocyte, Urobilinogen |
|
|
Term
| What % of blood is filtered per minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells (in arterioles) stretch or shrink depending on BP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the definiton of renal failure (azotemia)? |
|
Definition
| 75% or more nephrons lost |
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia is caused by decreased blood perfusion to kidneys? (Dehydration) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia can they not concentrate urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia is a rise in non-protein compounds due to urinary obstruction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia does urine backflow to the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
