Term
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Definition
| Formation of blood in the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of erythrocytes stimulated by hormone erythropoietin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that composes 30% of the volume of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of WBCs, classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes. Takes place in bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Liquid minus blood cells and clotting elements |
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Term
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Definition
Lithium heparin
• lead determinations
• some chemistry machines
• confirm elevated potassium
• used for birds |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethylene diamine tetraaectic acid |
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Term
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Definition
EDTA
• used for hematology
• can spin down to collect plasma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Contains clot activator and gel, but no anticoagulant
• allow 30 minutes to clot |
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Term
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Definition
Buffered sodium citrate
• coagulation panels
• fill 3/4 full |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What makes llamas RBCs special? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Result of inadequate production of red blood cells by bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| The bone marrow has responded to a demand for red blood cells by increasing production and releasing into the circulation adequate numbers of immature red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation in size of red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Increase of larger than normal.
Usually immature
(regenerative anemia) |
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Term
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Definition
Increase number of red blood cells smaller in diameter.
Seen in iron deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal size mature erythrocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrocytes with a bluish tint |
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Term
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Definition
Cells with an increase in area of central pallor
(iron deficiency, will stain lighter red) |
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Term
Hyperchromic
(hyperchromatophilic) |
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Definition
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Term
Poikilocytes
(poikilocytosis) |
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Definition
| Generic name for any abnormally shaped cell |
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Term
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Definition
"burr cell"
Have spine like projections from all surfaces of cell
Most common cause is an invitro artifact
Can be seen in dogs with renal disease |
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Term
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Definition
Contain central, round portion of hemoglobin inside the area of central pallor
Usually due to liver disease |
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Term
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Definition
"spur cells"
Formed due to alteration in cholesterol and phospholipids in the red blood cell membrane
Liver and renal disease |
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Term
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Definition
Red blood cells with a slit like center opening
Seen in membrane defects or anemia
Not very common |
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Term
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Definition
Small dense red blood cells with no area of central pallor
Indicate IMHA |
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Term
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Definition
Fragmented red blood cells
Caused by vascular trauma (neoplasia) or mechanical damage |
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Term
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Definition
Cells appear stacked on top of each other
Normal in equine blood
Poor blood smear can cause as well |
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Term
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Definition
| Clumping of cells seen in IMHA |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by bluish granular bodies on the surface of a red blood cell
Ruminants- regenerative anemia
Small animal- diagnostic for lead poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
Remnant fragments of nuclear material present in red blood cells
Commonly seen in feline and canine regenerative anemia |
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Term
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Definition
Round structures within the red blood cell representing oxidation red blood cells and denatured hemoglobin
Small number may be normally present in feline
May be caused by onion and Tylenol toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
Rare blood parasite in dogs
Organism most commonly appears as a chain of small cocci or rods that stretch across the surface of the erythrocyte
Chains may appear to branch |
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Term
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Definition
Known as FIA
Organisms appear as small coccoid, rod-shaped, or ring-like structures that stain dark purple with Wrights stain
Most common artifact in cats
Rapid onset of anemia and fever are clinical signs |
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Term
|
Definition
Rare parasite in cats
Transmission: ticks
An irregular ring form occurs within red blood cell |
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Term
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Definition
Rare protozoan in dogs
Will produce hemolytic disease in dogs
Appears as large, round, oval or teardrop shaped
Spread by the bite of an infected brown dog tick |
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Term
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Definition
Microfilaria, heart worm of dogs
Can sometimes be found near feathered edge of a smear
Microfilaria is about the width of a red blood cell |
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Term
| 3 functions of leukocytes |
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Definition
1. Phagocytes
2. Aid in immunity
3. Manufacture proteins |
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Term
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Definition
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils |
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Term
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Definition
1. Monocytes
2. Lymphocytes |
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Term
| Most predominant white blood cell (except ruminants) |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of a neutrophil |
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Definition
1. Mainly phagocytes
2. Involved in inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Deeply staining, clumped, segmented nuclei with 3-5 lobes
2. Cytoplasm is usually colorless to pale pink in most species
3. Equine segs- more distinct nuclear segmentation
4. Bovine segs- pink to orange cytoplasm |
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Term
| Band neutrophils are _________ ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The appearance of increased numbers of band neutrophils is referred to as ____ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Not found in peripheral blood unless severe inflammation or infection is present. |
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Definition
| Metamyelocyte and myelocyte |
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Term
| 3 things associated with inflammation, infection, and/or drug toxicity |
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Definition
1. Dohle bodies
2. Toxic granulation
3. Cytoplasmic foaminess |
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Term
| Can be seen in the lymphocyte and the neutrophil |
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Definition
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Term
| Appearance of numerous large granules that range in color from dark purple/red to black |
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Definition
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Term
Nuclei with five or more lobes
Normal aging change that implies a nontoxic environment and prolonged circulation of neutrophils |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increased total number of neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased total number of neutrophils |
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Term
T or F
Neutrophils are necessary for the body to fight serious inflammation or infection. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Equivalent of neutrophils in exotics. |
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Term
| What white blood cell is derived from the bone marrow and circulate in the blood briefly before entering the tissues where they become macrophages? |
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Definition
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Term
| Monocytes are the _______ of the white blood cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased in viral infections and chronic inflammation disease (fungal infections or granulomas) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Help control allergic or anaphylactic hypersensitivity reactions |
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Term
| Involved in allergic and parasitic diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| Small medium sized mono-nuclear cells with a thin rim of light to dark blue cytoplasm and a round nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Main function of a thrombocyte |
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Definition
Initiates coagulation factor
Also capable of plugging small ruptures in small blood vessels |
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Term
| Abnormally large platelets can indicate what? |
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Definition
| Bone marrow disease or regenerative anemia |
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Term
| What happens to a blood sample that sits in EDTA to long? |
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Definition
| May cause the platelets to swell |
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Term
| 5 things that may cause thrombocytopenia |
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Definition
1. Conditions affecting bone marrow
2. Bacterial and viral infections
3. Immediately following severe hemorrhage
4. Platelet destruction
5. Drug therapy for leukemia treatment |
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Term
2 reasons for thrombocytosis
(increased platelets) |
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Definition
1. Response to disease
2. Following trauma |
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Term
| Formula to find average number of platelets |
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Definition
| Average number of platelets/10 fields x 20,000 = number of platelets/mm3 |
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Term
T or F
Coagulation disorders are common in cats. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 most common breeds associated with Von Willebrand disease |
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Definition
1. Doberman Pinschers
2. Weimaraner
3. German Shepherds
4. Golden Retrievers |
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Term
| Rat poison inhibits what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary coagulation disorders result from what? |
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Definition
1. Decreased production of platelets
2. Liver disease
3. Leukemia
4. Spleen disorders
5. Infectious agents |
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Term
| Signs of a bleeding disorder |
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Definition
1. Bruising
2. Hematoma
3. Prolonged capillary refill time
4. Hematuria
5. Petechia |
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Term
Normal blood clotting values for:
Dogs and horses |
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Definition
Dogs: 2-10 minutes
Horses: 4-15 minutes |
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Term
| What tube is used for a prothrombin time test? |
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Definition
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Term
| A protein produced by the liver and is involved in blood coagulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Decreased fibrinogen is associated with _____ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased fibrinogen is associated with __________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many factors are there and which on is missing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Von Willebrand disease is which factor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is included in a differential? |
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Definition
1. Count and clarify 100 white blood cells
2. Red blood cell morphology
3. White blood cell morphology
4. Platelet estimate and morphology |
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Term
| How do you estimate platelets? |
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Definition
Count platelets in 10 fields
Average number per field x 20,000= approximate number of platelets |
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Term
| Formula for absolute calculation |
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Definition
| % WBC type (divided by) 100 (multiplied) by total WBC count |
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Term
| PCV stands for ____ _____ ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What range should PCVs be? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
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Term
|
Definition
| Red cell distribution width |
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Term
| Recorded in femtoliters (fL) |
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Definition
MCV
(multiply PCV by 10 and divide by total RBC count) |
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Term
| Results recorded in picograms (pg) |
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Definition
MCH
(multiply the Hgb concentration by 10 and divide by the total RBC count) |
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Term
| Results are recorded in g/dL |
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Definition
MCHC
(multiply the Hgb concentration by 100 and divide by the PCV) |
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Term
|
Definition
2 types
% reticulocytes= 30 reticulocytes counted in 1000 RBCs (ex: 30/1000 or 3%)
CPR (corrected reticulocyte count) = (% reticulocytes x PCV) 45 dog or 37 cat |
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Term
| What are the 2 forms of feline reticulocytes?? |
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Definition
Aggregate
Punctate
(only count aggregate) |
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