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Clinical Diagnosis Quiz for Exam 3
LECOM Yr 1
73
Anatomy
Graduate
08/29/2011

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Term
noted by paradoxical movement; injury to its motor supply from the phrenic nerve; during expiration, the paralyzed dome falls in response to the positive pressure in the lungs
Definition
Paralysis of the Diaphragm
Term
entry of air into the pleural cavity
Definition
pneumothorax
Term
the accumulation of flruid in the plerual cavity that may be due to pleural effusion
Definition
hydrothorax
Term
the accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity; usually due to injury of the intercostal vessels
Definition
hemothorax
Term
obstruction of a pulmonary artery by a thrombus (blood cot) due to fat globule, air from leg vein
Definition
pulmonary embolism
Term
usually results in chest pain that is due to certain inflammatory diseases that produce a pericardial effusion (fluid) in the pericardial sac; heart becomes compressed and somewhat ineffective; heart can no longer expand
Definition
pericardiocentesis (cardiac tamponade)
Term
immotile cilia syndrome; there is a deficiency of dynein, the ATPase necessary for ciliary movement
Definition
Kartegener syndrome
Term
mast cells in the lamina propria release histamine and other vasoactive substances in response to allergens; cause the constriction of smooth muscle in bronchioles
Definition
asthma
Term
autosomal recessive disorder; genetic defect in chloride ion channel protein which results in abnormal transport of chloride ions in exocrine gland epithelium; results in decreased chloride ion secretion and increased sodium ions and water resorption
Definition
cystic fibrosis
Term
antibodies made for type IV collagen; common in males with an average age of 29; can affect the basal laminae of the alveolar septae in the lungs
Definition
goodpasture syndrome
Term
characterized by a permanent dilation of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole; caused by chronic obstruction of the airflow due to narrowing of the bronchioles
Definition
emphysema (COPD)
Term
the lungs become congested with blood; erythrocytes are forced into the alveolar spaces from damaged capillaries
Definition
congestive heart failure
Term
abnormal expression of the fibrillin gene; consequence is abnormal elastic tissue; causes dissecting aneurysm of the aorta
Definition
marfan's syndrome
Term
thickening of the tunica intima; plaques become vascularized by "vasa plaquorum"
Definition
atherosclerosis
Term
capillary basal laminae thickens abnormally; there is evidence of increase laminin and collagen type IV synthesis by endothelial cells
Definition
diabetes mellitus/microvascular disease
Term
blockage of portal drainage causes distension of the paraumbilical veins
Definition
caput medusae
Term
blood or urine fills scarpa's fascia with damage to the urethra
Definition
urinary extravasation
Term
this type of cancer travels to lumbar nodes
Definition
testicular cancer
Term
this type of cancer travels to superficial inguinal nodes
Definition
scrotal cancer
Term
accumulation of fluid around the testis; caused by fluid secreted by tunica vaginalis
Definition
hydrocele
Term
abnormal enlargement of the vein in the scrotum that drains the testicles; low sperm count, not cooled effectively and patient complains of "feeling like a bag of worms"
Definition
variococele
Term
most common type of hernia; leave the abdominal cavity lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels, through the deep inguinal ring; they are prone to strangulation
Definition
indirect hernias
Term
less common hernias; protrude through an area of weakness in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal medial to the inferior epigastric vessels; less prone to strangulation
Definition
direct hernias
Term
hernia which passes into the femoral canal into the medial aspect of the thigh; appears below the inguinal ligament
Definition
femoral hernia
Term
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Definition
ascites
Term
has three major phases: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis
Definition
alcoholic liver disease
Term
accumulation of fat within liver cells; liver can attain three times the normal weight; centrilobular hepatocytes are first affected
Definition
fatty liver
Term
inflammatory, necrotizing disease which elicits a neutrophilic inflammatory response and necrosis of hepatocytes in the central zone (Zone 3, around the central vein); presents a significant mortality
Definition
alcoholic hepatitis
Term
scarring of the liver which can lead to portal hypertension and/or liver failure; fibrous septa form around hepatocellular nodules
Definition
cirrhosis
Term
heart failure which causes liver damage; no noticeable changes in zones 1 and 2
Definition
cardiac cirrhosis
Term
pain can be referred to right shoulder; can cause obstructive jaundice but can remain asymptomatic; can cause severe epigastric or right upper quadrant pain
Definition
gallstones
Term
cholesterol stones; during reproductive years, women are 3 times more likely to develop cholesterol gallstones than men
Definition
cholelithiasis
Term
almost always associated with bacterial cholangitis; related to increased concentration of unconjugated bilirubin in bile
Definition
brown pigment gallstones
Term
an incompetent esophageal valve allows acid to rise into the esophagus; in chronic cases, the lining of the esophagus can change or become eroded
Definition
Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)
Term
a metaplastic change of the esophageal epithelium from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium; majority of people are smokers and drinkers
Definition
barrett esophagus
Term
dilation of the esophageal veins due to portal hypertension; prone to hemorrhage and are a common cause of death in persons with portal hypertension; usually a sign of alcoholism
Definition
esophageal varices
Term
loss of myenteric neurons in lower esophagus; the lower esophageal sphincter is paralyzed in the constricted state
Definition
achalasia
Term
associated with severe back pain; cancer of the head of the pancreas can often compress the bile duct or the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater); large gallstone can also cause this
Definition
obstructive jaundice due to pancreatic carcinoma
Term
trauma to the ribs can cause this, therefore causing profuse internal bleeding
Definition
spleen rupture
Term
also known as congenital aganglionic megacolon; a failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the distal colon
Definition
Hirschsprung's Disease
Term
fundus of the stomach herniates into the posterior mediastinum; causes symptoms of acid reflux; typically occurs with age
Definition
hiatal hernia
Term
pain referred between T11 and L2; these often pass into ureters and may lodge in the ureter causing spasms of the ureteric muscle
Definition
kidney stones
Term
a localized dilation (ballooning) of the abdominal aorta exceeding the normal diameter by more than 50 percent, and is the most common form of aortic aneurysm; about 90 percent of these occur below the kidneys
Definition
triple A
Term
low RBC count, low hemoglobin; lack of intrinsic factor due to such conditions as atrophic gastritis that can lead to pernicious anemia; can also lead to central nervous system degeneration
Definition
B12 deficiency
Term
has two mechanisms of glomerular injury: immune and non-immune; a primary cause of renal disease is glomerular injury
Definition
glomerulonephritis
Term
result of overproduction of ACE; associated with normal 24 hour renin and aldosterone levels
Definition
essential hypertension
Term
hypertrophy blocks urethra; nocturia most common symptom; painful urination; affects men in their 50's and older
Definition
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Term
70% of these involve the peripheral zone; main treatment is a radical prostectomy
Definition
prostate carcinoma
Term
uses a water soluble radiopaque dye to visualize uterus and uterine tubes; dye fills tubes and enters the peritoneal cavities through the abdominal os
Definition
hysterosalpingogram
Term
allows access to the rectouterine pouch via the posterior fornix of the vagina
Definition
culdoscopy
Term
neck of the bladder slips through the pelvic diaphragm, moving it below the effects of intraabdominal pressure
Definition
stress incontinence
Term
can be very painful; inflammation in anal canal can lead to a fistula between the anal canal and the iscioanal fossa; can spread to the anterior recess and posteriorly through the deep postanal space to the opposite side
Definition
abcess in the ischioanal fossa
Term
believed to be caused by compression of the pudendal nerve in alcock's canal; complain of numbness, some complain of impotence
Definition
bicycle seat neuropathy
Term
important during childbirth, physician uses the ischial spine to locate the region for blockage
Definition
pudendal nerve block
Term
varicosities of the internal or external rectal plexuses
Definition
hemorrhoids
Term
dietary deficiencies, infections, steroids and elevated testicular temperature can affect this
Definition
infertility
Term
increase in the size of the prostate
Definition
benign prostatic hyperplasia
Term
prostate cancer spreads to the vertebral column via Batson's plexus
Definition
prostatic adenocarcinoma
Term
most tried and true method for prostate cancer; full removal of the prostate
Definition
radical prostectomy
Term
any disorder or behavior that impedes blood flow will cause this; low serum testosterone also has an effect
Definition
erectile dysfunction
Term
may occur in the uterine tube; typically oocytes that fail to enter the uterine tube degenerate in the peritoneal cavity
Definition
ectopic pregnancy
Term
most common female malignancy in the US
Definition
breast cancer
Term
epiphyseal plates do not close and therefore, long bones grow in children
Definition
gigantism
Term
excessive secretion of HGH; adult condition
Definition
acromegaly
Term
might result from head trauma that shears the hypophyseal stalk
Definition
central diabetes insipidus
Term
might result from gene mutation or a defective ADH receptor and AQP-2
Definition
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Term
enlargement of the thyroid gland as a result of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
Definition
goiter
Term
autoimmune disease; antibodies to thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin
Definition
hashimoto's disease
Term
autoimmune disease; hyperthyroidism; symptoms include nervousness, weakness, weight loss and heat intolerance
Definition
grave's disease
Term
characterizes adult onset hypothyroidism; accumulation of proteoglycans and fluid in the dermis
Definition
myxedema
Term
overproduction of ACTH by basophilic adenoma of the pituitary stimulates oversecretion by adrenal cortex
Definition
cushing's disease
Term
major cause is chronic administration of corticosteroids
Definition
cushing syndrome
Term
believed to be an autoimmune destruction of islets; circulating antibodies to beta cells
Definition
diabetes mellitus type I
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