Term
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Definition
| antibodies attach to certain proteins associated with hemidesmosomes causing them to detach from the underlying basmenet membrane; causes blisters |
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Term
| Effect of Clostridium perfringens |
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Definition
| enterotoxin produced attacks the zonulae occludens allowing massive movement of fluid via the paracellular route and consequent dehydration |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of dynein; individual suffers from frequent respiratory infections; males are infertile due to immotile sperm; females may still get pregnant due to peristalic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor arises from a surface epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor arises from a glandular epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| a carcinoma arising from glandular tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in posterior convexity in the in the thoracic or sacral regions |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in posterior concavity in the cervical or lumbar regions |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral curvature of the spine (in the coronal plane); couple with rotation; causes a rib hump on convex side when person bends forward |
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Term
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Definition
| the two sides of vertebral arches usually in the lower vertebrae fail to fuse during development resulting in an open vertebral canal |
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Term
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Definition
| a defect of the bone only, and a patient is asymptomatic; a tuft of hair on the skin overlying the defect may be the only sign |
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Term
| Herniation of intervertebral disc |
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Definition
| most often compresses the spinal nerve below the named vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal development where the vertebra normally destined to be the 1st sacral vertebra does not fuse to the rest of the sacrum so there are 6 lumbar vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal development where the vertebra that is normally destined to be L5 fuses to the sacrum so there are 6 fused bones of the sacrum |
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Term
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Definition
| Scottie dog appears to be wearing a collar; fracture of the pars interarticularis, no slippage |
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Term
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Definition
| Scottie dog appears decapitated; the forward displacement (slippage) of one vertebrae relative to the one below; occurs because of a defect of bilateral fracture of the pars interarticularis |
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Term
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Definition
| describes narrowing of vertebral foramina in one or more vertebrae as a result of a variety of causes; susceptible to spinal nerve or cord compression |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of a synovial sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus which may cause damage to the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery |
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Term
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Definition
| causes deltoid muscle atrophy and a loss of sensation over the lateral side of the proximal arm |
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Term
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Definition
| during surgery or following trauma arteries may be tied off to avoid bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
| involves a genetic defect in collagen and connective tissue synthesis and structure |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal expression of the fibrillin gene; consequence is abnormal elastic tissue; cardiovascular abnormalities are life threatening; causes dissecting aneurysm of the aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| swelling; if the hydrostatic pressure on the venule side is too high as in congestive heart failure, fluid accumulates in the ECM; if the colloid osmotic pressure on the venule side is too low as in starvation, fluid accumulates in the ECM |
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Term
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Definition
| hemoglobinopathy that is homozygous recessive; sickled RBC's are not flexible and therefore clog capillaries causing ischemia and consequent pain |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced numbers of platelets; patients bruise easily |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the number of neutrophils in the CBC |
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Term
| Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy |
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Definition
| appear to have large muscular calces, yet they continue to weaken; absense of dystrophin |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune disease in which antibodies are made to the ACh receptor; characterized by progressive weakness that remits with rest and is worsened by exercise |
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Term
| Amyotrophic Lateral Aclerosis (ALS) |
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Definition
| most common motor neuron disease; denervation atrophy is seen |
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Term
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Definition
| death of cardiac muscle cells due to prolonged ischemia |
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Term
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Definition
| severe erosion of the articular cartilage (hyaline) in weight bearing joints |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin C deficiency; distorts cartilage columns in epiphyseal plates; negatively affects collagen synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| bones lose mass; postmenopausal women at a greater risk; risk of fracture of the hip, wrist and vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
| mineralization of bone matrix is impaired due to vitamin D deficiency (soft dones) |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin D deficiency in children/growing bone |
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Term
| Brittle Bone Disease (Osteogenesis imperfecta) |
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Definition
| genetic disorder of type I collagen characterized by repeated fractures after minor trauma, thin skin, weak tendons |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency of growth hormone during the developing years which leads to failure of bone growth |
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Term
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Definition
| excess growth hormone during the developing years which leads to an abnormal increase in the length of bones |
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Term
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Definition
| excess growth hormone in adulthood which leads to thickening of the bones since the growth plates have already closed |
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Term
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Definition
| overproduction of ghrelin |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor involving cells derived from astrocytes which are the most common type of primary brain tumor; have a tendency to become more anaplastic with time; mean survival is 8-10 months; seldom metastasize to the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS; pathogenesis undetermined; characterized by remission and relapse; CNS plaques formed by astrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| causes permanent deficits in adults; regeneration severely limited; astrocytes react to injury (gliosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy; affects the PNS myelin only; may be an autoimmune disease; most cases resolve in 2-4 weeks; evidence of T-cells, plasma cells and macrophages around axons |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by ptosis (drooping eyelid) and miosis (small pupil); caused by injury to any of the nerves entering or leaving the superior cervical ganglion |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as congenital aganglionic megacolon; there is a failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the distal colon; 1:5000 births; males affected more than females |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of myenteric neurons (Auerbach's plexus) in the lower esophagus; the lower esophageal sphincter is paralyzed in the constricted state; formerly called cardioplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| pain associated with visceral disease and inflammation is referred to the abdominal wall |
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Term
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Definition
| unopposed tonus of the flexor muscles; injury to the radial nerve in the radial groove results in partial triceps paralysis because only the medial head is affected; however, the entensor muscles supplied by the nerve distally will be paralyzed |
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Term
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Definition
| paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the upper trunk C5-C6 is severed |
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Term
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Definition
| ptosis and miosis caused by damage to T1 white ramus communicantes; Horner's syndrome typically present |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to the long thoracic nerve on the surface of the serratus anterior; scapula protrudes when patient is asked to push hands against the wall |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement of axillary nodes is an early indication |
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Term
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Definition
| They only arise in regions of skin containing sebaceous glands; They typically occur after the age of 40 in fair skinned individuals and are usually found on the eyelids and bridge of nose; rarely metastasize |
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Term
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Definition
| Fair-skinned blonds with outdoor occupations are particularly prone to this form of cancer. Histologically, there is a complete replacement of normal epithelium with pleomorphic cells. In later stages, the cells penetrate the dermis. The prognosis depends more on location, size and depth of penetration than on the degree of anaplasia; relatively few metastasize |
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Term
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Definition
| appears as nests of pigmented melanocytes that penetrate the epidermis; they are metastatic |
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Term
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Definition
| person attempts to make a fist, the 2nd and 3rd fingers remain partially extended while the 4th and 5th digits flex normally because of ulnar innervation; also known as pronator syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| ulnar nerve injury causes difficulty in making a fist because a patient cannot flex their 4th and 5th digits at the distal interphalangeal joints |
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Term
| Degenerative Arthritis of the Hand |
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Definition
| loss of thumb pinch stability; pain |
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Term
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Definition
| compression on the median nerve within the carpal canal |
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Term
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Definition
| disease of the palmar fascia resulting in a thickening of the fibrous bands on the palmar surface of the hand and fingers; surgical excision of the palmar fascia frees the fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| causes decreased tissue perfusion |
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Term
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Definition
| enlarged inguinal lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the gluteus muscles is weak and the pelvis drops to the contralateral side |
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Term
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Definition
| the disruption of the epiphysial plate at the tibial tuberosity and chronic recurring pain during adolescence especially in young athletes |
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Term
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Definition
| ossification of adductor tendons from chronic irritation, inflammation, and finally ossification |
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Term
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Definition
| a loop of small intestines herniates into the femoral canal; the hernia is inferior to the inguinal ligament |
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Term
| Common Fibular Nerve Injury |
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Definition
| inability to dorsiflex and evert the foot; most common nerve injury of the lower limb; causes toe drag |
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Term
| Atherosclerotic disease of the leg |
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Definition
| causes aching and cramping pain in the calves during exertion (walking and running); relieved by rest |
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Term
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Definition
| incompetent valves put more pressure on distal valves and can cause them to fail |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by friction between the skin and the patella causing inflammation of the bursa |
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Term
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Definition
| tearing of the medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament |
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Term
|
Definition
| damage to the anterior talofibular ligament |
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Term
|
Definition
| deviation of the great toe; bunion develops |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the plantar fascia at its attachment site on the calcaneus; can lead to a heel spur |
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Term
|
Definition
| can be caused by neglected plantar fasciiatis |
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Term
|
Definition
| the metatarsal bones lean into each other and pinch the nerve between them; common plantar nerve becomes swollen and makes the condition worse |
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Term
|
Definition
| patient has pain and paresthesia in the sole of the foot, and weakness of the intrinsic muscles of the foot |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal position of the foot that prevents normal weight bearing; sole of the foot is turned medially and foot is inverted; treated by stretching and serial casting, may require surgery |
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Term
|
Definition
| rupture of the proximal head of the biceps tendon |
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Term
|
Definition
| severe eversion injury; avulsion causes fractured fibula |
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