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Clinical Diagnosis Quiz For Exam 1 & 2
LECOM Yr 1
84
Anatomy
Graduate
08/07/2011

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Term
Bullous pemphigoid
Definition
antibodies attach to certain proteins associated with hemidesmosomes causing them to detach from the underlying basmenet membrane; causes blisters
Term
Effect of Clostridium perfringens
Definition
enterotoxin produced attacks the zonulae occludens allowing massive movement of fluid via the paracellular route and consequent dehydration
Term
Kartegener's Syndrome
Definition
absence of dynein; individual suffers from frequent respiratory infections; males are infertile due to immotile sperm; females may still get pregnant due to peristalic activity
Term
Papilloma
Definition
tumor arises from a surface epithelium
Term
Adenoma
Definition
tumor arises from a glandular epithelium
Term
Adenocarcinoma
Definition
a carcinoma arising from glandular tissue
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
increase in posterior convexity in the in the thoracic or sacral regions
Term
Lordosis
Definition
increase in posterior concavity in the cervical or lumbar regions
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
lateral curvature of the spine (in the coronal plane); couple with rotation; causes a rib hump on convex side when person bends forward
Term
Spina bifida
Definition
the two sides of vertebral arches usually in the lower vertebrae fail to fuse during development resulting in an open vertebral canal
Term
Spina Bifida Occulta
Definition
a defect of the bone only, and a patient is asymptomatic; a tuft of hair on the skin overlying the defect may be the only sign
Term
Herniation of intervertebral disc
Definition
most often compresses the spinal nerve below the named vertebra
Term
Lumbarization
Definition
abnormal development where the vertebra normally destined to be the 1st sacral vertebra does not fuse to the rest of the sacrum so there are 6 lumbar vertebra
Term
Sacralization
Definition
abnormal development where the vertebra that is normally destined to be L5 fuses to the sacrum so there are 6 fused bones of the sacrum
Term
Spondylolysis
Definition
Scottie dog appears to be wearing a collar; fracture of the pars interarticularis, no slippage
Term
Spondylolisthesis
Definition
Scottie dog appears decapitated; the forward displacement (slippage) of one vertebrae relative to the one below; occurs because of a defect of bilateral fracture of the pars interarticularis
Term
Spinal stenosis
Definition
describes narrowing of vertebral foramina in one or more vertebrae as a result of a variety of causes; susceptible to spinal nerve or cord compression
Term
Bursitis
Definition
inflammation of a bursa
Term
Synovitis
Definition
inflammation of a synovial sheath
Term
Humeral fracture
Definition
fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus which may cause damage to the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery
Term
Axillary nerve injury
Definition
causes deltoid muscle atrophy and a loss of sensation over the lateral side of the proximal arm
Term
Arterial Ligation
Definition
during surgery or following trauma arteries may be tied off to avoid bleeding
Term
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Definition
involves a genetic defect in collagen and connective tissue synthesis and structure
Term
Marfan's syndrome
Definition
abnormal expression of the fibrillin gene; consequence is abnormal elastic tissue; cardiovascular abnormalities are life threatening; causes dissecting aneurysm of the aorta
Term
Edema
Definition
swelling; if the hydrostatic pressure on the venule side is too high as in congestive heart failure, fluid accumulates in the ECM; if the colloid osmotic pressure on the venule side is too low as in starvation, fluid accumulates in the ECM
Term
Sickle cell anemia
Definition
hemoglobinopathy that is homozygous recessive; sickled RBC's are not flexible and therefore clog capillaries causing ischemia and consequent pain
Term
Thrombocytopenia
Definition
reduced numbers of platelets; patients bruise easily
Term
Neutrophilia
Definition
increase in the number of neutrophils in the CBC
Term
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
Definition
appear to have large muscular calces, yet they continue to weaken; absense of dystrophin
Term
Muscular dystophy
Definition
caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene
Term
Myesthenia Gravis
Definition
autoimmune disease in which antibodies are made to the ACh receptor; characterized by progressive weakness that remits with rest and is worsened by exercise
Term
Amyotrophic Lateral Aclerosis (ALS)
Definition
most common motor neuron disease; denervation atrophy is seen
Term
Myocardial infarction
Definition
death of cardiac muscle cells due to prolonged ischemia
Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition
severe erosion of the articular cartilage (hyaline) in weight bearing joints
Term
Scurvy
Definition
vitamin C deficiency; distorts cartilage columns in epiphyseal plates; negatively affects collagen synthesis
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
bones lose mass; postmenopausal women at a greater risk; risk of fracture of the hip, wrist and vertebral column
Term
Osteomalacia
Definition
mineralization of bone matrix is impaired due to vitamin D deficiency (soft dones)
Term
Rickets
Definition
vitamin D deficiency in children/growing bone
Term
Brittle Bone Disease (Osteogenesis imperfecta)
Definition
genetic disorder of type I collagen characterized by repeated fractures after minor trauma, thin skin, weak tendons
Term
Pituitary Dwarfism
Definition
deficiency of growth hormone during the developing years which leads to failure of bone growth
Term
Gigantism
Definition
excess growth hormone during the developing years which leads to an abnormal increase in the length of bones
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
excess growth hormone in adulthood which leads to thickening of the bones since the growth plates have already closed
Term
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Definition
overproduction of ghrelin
Term
Astrocytoma
Definition
tumor involving cells derived from astrocytes which are the most common type of primary brain tumor; have a tendency to become more anaplastic with time; mean survival is 8-10 months; seldom metastasize to the rest of the body
Term
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Definition
chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS; pathogenesis undetermined; characterized by remission and relapse; CNS plaques formed by astrocytes
Term
CNS injury
Definition
causes permanent deficits in adults; regeneration severely limited; astrocytes react to injury (gliosis)
Term
Guillan-Barre Syndrome
Definition
acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy; affects the PNS myelin only; may be an autoimmune disease; most cases resolve in 2-4 weeks; evidence of T-cells, plasma cells and macrophages around axons
Term
Horner's Syndrome
Definition
characterized by ptosis (drooping eyelid) and miosis (small pupil); caused by injury to any of the nerves entering or leaving the superior cervical ganglion
Term
Hirschsprung's Disease
Definition
also known as congenital aganglionic megacolon; there is a failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the distal colon; 1:5000 births; males affected more than females
Term
Achalasia
Definition
loss of myenteric neurons (Auerbach's plexus) in the lower esophagus; the lower esophageal sphincter is paralyzed in the constricted state; formerly called cardioplasm
Term
Referred pain
Definition
pain associated with visceral disease and inflammation is referred to the abdominal wall
Term
Wrist drop
Definition
unopposed tonus of the flexor muscles; injury to the radial nerve in the radial groove results in partial triceps paralysis because only the medial head is affected; however, the entensor muscles supplied by the nerve distally will be paralyzed
Term
Erb's Palsy
Definition
paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the upper trunk C5-C6 is severed
Term
Klumpke's palsy
Definition
ptosis and miosis caused by damage to T1 white ramus communicantes; Horner's syndrome typically present
Term
Winged scapula
Definition
damage to the long thoracic nerve on the surface of the serratus anterior; scapula protrudes when patient is asked to push hands against the wall
Term
Breast cancer metastases
Definition
enlargement of axillary nodes is an early indication
Term
Basal cell carcinoma
Definition
They only arise in regions of skin containing sebaceous glands; They typically occur after the age of 40 in fair skinned individuals and are usually found on the eyelids and bridge of nose; rarely metastasize
Term
Squamous cell carcinoma
Definition
Fair-skinned blonds with outdoor occupations are particularly prone to this form of cancer. Histologically, there is a complete replacement of normal epithelium with pleomorphic cells. In later stages, the cells penetrate the dermis. The prognosis depends more on location, size and depth of penetration than on the degree of anaplasia; relatively few metastasize
Term
Malignant melanoma
Definition
appears as nests of pigmented melanocytes that penetrate the epidermis; they are metastatic
Term
Hand of Benediction
Definition
person attempts to make a fist, the 2nd and 3rd fingers remain partially extended while the 4th and 5th digits flex normally because of ulnar innervation; also known as pronator syndrome
Term
Clawhand
Definition
ulnar nerve injury causes difficulty in making a fist because a patient cannot flex their 4th and 5th digits at the distal interphalangeal joints
Term
Degenerative Arthritis of the Hand
Definition
loss of thumb pinch stability; pain
Term
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Definition
compression on the median nerve within the carpal canal
Term
Dupuytren's Contracture
Definition
disease of the palmar fascia resulting in a thickening of the fibrous bands on the palmar surface of the hand and fingers; surgical excision of the palmar fascia frees the fingers
Term
Compartment syndrome
Definition
causes decreased tissue perfusion
Term
Lymphadenopathy
Definition
enlarged inguinal lymph nodes
Term
Trendelenburg Gait
Definition
one of the gluteus muscles is weak and the pelvis drops to the contralateral side
Term
Osgood Schlatter Disease
Definition
the disruption of the epiphysial plate at the tibial tuberosity and chronic recurring pain during adolescence especially in young athletes
Term
Riders bones
Definition
ossification of adductor tendons from chronic irritation, inflammation, and finally ossification
Term
Femoral Hernia
Definition
a loop of small intestines herniates into the femoral canal; the hernia is inferior to the inguinal ligament
Term
Common Fibular Nerve Injury
Definition
inability to dorsiflex and evert the foot; most common nerve injury of the lower limb; causes toe drag
Term
Atherosclerotic disease of the leg
Definition
causes aching and cramping pain in the calves during exertion (walking and running); relieved by rest
Term
Varicose veins
Definition
incompetent valves put more pressure on distal valves and can cause them to fail
Term
Prepatellar bursitis
Definition
caused by friction between the skin and the patella causing inflammation of the bursa
Term
Miserable Triad
Definition
tearing of the medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament
Term
Inversion ankle sprain
Definition
damage to the anterior talofibular ligament
Term
Halux Valgus
Definition
deviation of the great toe; bunion develops
Term
Plantar Fasciiatis
Definition
inflammation of the plantar fascia at its attachment site on the calcaneus; can lead to a heel spur
Term
Calcaneal spur
Definition
can be caused by neglected plantar fasciiatis
Term
Morton's Neuroma
Definition
the metatarsal bones lean into each other and pinch the nerve between them; common plantar nerve becomes swollen and makes the condition worse
Term
Tibial nerve compression
Definition
patient has pain and paresthesia in the sole of the foot, and weakness of the intrinsic muscles of the foot
Term
Congenital Clubfoot
Definition
abnormal position of the foot that prevents normal weight bearing; sole of the foot is turned medially and foot is inverted; treated by stretching and serial casting, may require surgery
Term
Popeye's muscle
Definition
rupture of the proximal head of the biceps tendon
Term
Pott's fracture
Definition
severe eversion injury; avulsion causes fractured fibula
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